Financial Accounting Theory Craig Deegan Chapter 11
Transcript of Financial Accounting Theory Craig Deegan Chapter 11
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Financial Accounting TheoryCraig Deegan
Chapter 11
Reactions of individuals to financial reporting:
an examination of behavioural research
Slides written by Craig Deegan and Michaela
Rankin
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Learning objectives
In this chapter you will be introduced to how behavioural research differs from capital market
research
how different accounting-related variables can be
manipulated in behavioural research
how the results of behavioural research can be ofrelevance to corporations and the accounting profession
for anticipating individual reactions to accounting
disclosures
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Learning objectives (cont.)
how the results of behavioural research can form thebasis for developing ways to more efficiently use
accounting-related data
the limitations of behavioural research
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Introduction to behavioural research
Behavioural research examines how individualsreact to various accounting disclosures
Grounded in behavioural decision theory
Goal is to describe actual decision behaviour,
evaluate its quality and develop and testhypotheses of the underlying psychological
processes
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Brunswick Lens Model
Used to explain behavioural research Perspectives about the environment are generated
(observed) through a lens of imperfect cues
Statistical modelling is applied to determine the
weighting (importance) of the various cues(independent variables) to the criterion event of
success (dependent variable)
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Brunswick Lens Model (cont.)
Right-hand side models how the individual usescues to make an ultimate decision about the issue
under investigation
Left-hand side models the relationship between
the actual phenomenon or event and the particular
cues provided
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Applicability of the Lens Model
Structure of the Lens Model can be applied toalmost any decision-making scheme
e.g. lending decision
explicitly considers inputs (use of cues), the decision
process and outputs (ultimate decisions)
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Types of issues to be considered
At input level scaling characteristics of individual cues
methods of presentation
context
At the level of processing the information
characteristics of the person making the judgement
characteristics of the decision rule
At the output or decision level
qualities of the judgement
self-insight
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Input leveluse of cues
How and whether particular cues are used indecision making is particularly relevant to the
accounting profession
If information items in financial statements are not
used, then they could be deemed not material and
therefore not requiring disclosure
The accounting profession is also interested in
whether presentation (in financial statement or in a
footnote) impacts decision
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Research evidencethe use of
information items
In making predictions of financial returns, analystsare found to acquire earnings and sales
information more often than other types (Pankoff &
Virgil 1970; Mear & Firth 1987)
Studies questioned the provision of current cost
information, subjects relied more on historical cost
information (Heintz 1973; McIntyre 1973)
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Research evidencethe presentation of
information
Different presentation formats found to influenceusers decisions
including bar charts, line graphs, pie charts and tables
Moriarity (1979) found students and accountants
using Chernoff faces were able to outperform
those using ratios in predicting bankruptcy, and
models of bankruptcy
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Research evidencethe presentation of
information (cont.)
Studies examining decision making by loanofficers based on whether information is
incorporated within the financial statements or
included as footnotes found presentation made no
difference (Wilkins & Zimmer 1983)
Provision of segment information reduced
subjects reliance on past share prices (Stallman
1969; Doupnik & Rolfe 1989)
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Decision-making process
Studies have examined how the various cues areweighted
Judgements have been found to be consistent
over time
Decision makers also have been found to employsimplifying heuristics when making a decision
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Decision-making heuristics
Three main simplifying heuristics have beenidentified
representativeness
anchoring and adjustment
availability
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Decision-making heuristics
representativeness
Decision makers often assess the likelihood ofitems belonging to a category by considering how
similar the item is to the typical member of the
category
An implication is that the subjects typically ignore
the base rate of the population in question
may overstate the number of cases in a particular
category
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Decision making heuristicsanchoring
and adjustment
Individuals make an initial judgement or estimateand then only partial adjust their view as a result of
additional information
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Decision making heuristicsavailability
Relates to whether recollections of relatedoccurrence or events can easily come to mind
The actual base rates of occurrence of an event
are ignored
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Knowledge of heuristics in research
Useful to know of heuristics in use if the heuristic results in inappropriate decisions being
made, the tendency can be highlighted and action
taken
the use of a heuristic by experts could be efficient
relative to costly data-gathering and processing novices could then be advised to use the rule of thumb
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Decision outputdecision accuracy
Research has considered how accurate thepredictions are relative to the actual environmental
outcomes
loan officers found to predict bankruptcy fairly regularly
(Libby 1975)
bankers and accounting students also found to correctlypredict bankruptcies (Zimmer 1980)
decision makers working in a team can outperform
individual decision makers
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Protocol analysis
This form of behavioural research requiressubjects to verbalise their thought processes while
making decisions or judgements
common in auditing research
Understanding how judgements are made is
important in improving those judgements
Useful in examining information search
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Protocol analysis (cont.)
Disadvantages include the process of verbalising can have an effect on the
decision process
a considerable portion of the information utilised may not
be verbalised
subjects may provide verbalisations which are parallel butare independent of the actual thought process
criticisms of the coding methods
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Limitations of behavioural research
Research examining similar issues has generatedconflicting results
difficult to determine causes of inconsistencies
Settings of studies often different to real-world
settings
implications for generalisability
Very difficult to replicate cues available in the
workplace
Students often used as surrogates
Small number of subjects often used