LINIMENTSPrepared by : M .USMAN TariqRoll num:16228Pharm d (Gcuf)

Liniments

Liniments are solutions or mixtures of various substances in oil, alcoholic solutions of soap, or emulsions and may contain suitable antimicrobial preservatives.

These preparations that may be liquid or semi-liquid are intended for external application and should be so labeled.

They are rubbed onto the affected area; because of this, they were once called embrocation. They are applied with friction and rubbing of the skin, the oil or soap base providing for ease of application and massage.

General uses of Liniments

Antipruritic - used to relieve itching Astringents - causes biological tissue to contract Emollients - products that soften skin or treat dry

skin Analgesics Rubefacient-Substance that causes redness (Rubar) Counterirritant- an agent applied locally to produce

superficial inflammation with the object of reducing inflammation in deeper adjacent structures.

Liniments

Only suitable for external use That are emulsions or that contain insoluble matter

must be shaken thoroughly before use

How Liniments are prepared The vehicle should be selected for the type of

action desired (rubefacient, counterirritant, massage) and also on the solubility of the desired components in the various solvents

Prepared in the same manner as solutions, emulsions, or suspensions

There are two types of Liniments:

Alcoholic liniments

used generally for their rubefacient, counterirritant mildly astringent, and penetrating effects

penetrate the skin more readily than do those with an oil base.

Oleaginous liniments. Milder in their action

but is more useful when massage is required

less irritating to the skin, depending on their ingredients

may function solely as protective coatings.

There are two types of Liniments:

Alcoholic liniments

used generally for their rubefacient, counterirritant mildly astringent, and penetrating effects

penetrate the skin more readily than do those with an oil base.

Oleaginous liniments. Solvent may be a fixed

oil (almond oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil) or volatile substance ( wintergreen oil, turpentine) or a combination of fixed and volatile oil

Liniments:

Liniments should NOT be applied to skin that is bruised/Broken because excessive irritation might occur. This application should be marked for “external use only”

Dermatologist prescribe products of this type but only those containing the rubefacients are advertised extensively and used by consumers for treating minor muscular aches and pains.

Examples of Liniments

Compound Calamine Liniment Efficascent oil White Liniment

Examples of Liniments

White liniments

Formulation

Material Original formular

catergory Uses

Oleic Acid 85mL Turpentine Oil 250mL Corrective Counterirritant Ammonia solution

45mL Alkalinizing agent

provide alkaline medium

Ammonium Chloride

12.5g Active ingredient

Purified water 625ml Diluent Primary solvent

Procedure

1. Mix oleic Acid with turpentine oil2. Dilute ammonia solution with 45ml of water,

previously warmed.3. Add to the oily solution and shake to form

emulsion4. Dissolve Ammonium Chloride in water5. Add the emulsion.

COMPOUND CALAMINE LINIMENT

USE:= Soothing application used to treat the discomfort of dermatitis and eczema.

APPEARANCE:= Yellow suspension

Synonym: Compound Calamine liniment, Applicatio Calamine Composita

EFFICASCENT OIL

USE:= For Temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with:

Simple Backache Arthritis Strains Sprains Counterirritant APPEARANCE:

= green clear liquid Synonym = methylsalicylate camphor