FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S
Transcript of FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S
![Page 1: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BEDD104CCT
Learning and Teaching
1
![Page 2: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
C
7- ISBN: 978-93-80322-13-1
Edition: June, 2018
2018
3600 155
Learning and TeachingEdited by:
Dr. Talmeez Fatma NaqviAssistant Professor, CTE-Bhopal, MANUU
On behalf of the Registrar, Published by:
Directorate of Distance Education
In collaboration with:
Directorate of Translation and PublicationsMaulana Azad National Urdu UniversityGachibowli, Hyderabad-500032 (TS)E-mail: [email protected]
2
![Page 3: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
500032- Phone No.: 1800-425-2958, website: www.manuu.ac.in
3
![Page 4: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
5 6 7
9 1:
29 2:
47
3:
94 4:
110 5:
4
![Page 5: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
![Page 6: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1998
2018
17
6
![Page 7: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2
3
4
5
7
![Page 8: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
![Page 9: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
1 Understanding the Learner and Teaching-Learning Process
1.1
1.2
1.3
(Characteristics of the Learners)
1.3.1
Needs of The Learneers
1.3.2
1.4
(Learning Style) 1.4.1
(Teaching Style) 1.4.2
1.4.3
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
(Cognitive) 1.5.2.1
(Affective) 1.5.2.2
(Psychomotor) 1.5.2.3
1.6
(Known to unknown). 1.6.1
(Simple to Complex) 1.6.2
(Conrete to Abstract) 1.6.3
9
![Page 10: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
(Particular to General ) 1.6.4
(Whole to Part)
1.6.5
(Observation to Analysis) 1.6.6
(Analytical to practical ) 1.6.7
(Psychological to Logical ) 1.6.8
(Skills of Teaching and Learning) 1.6.9
(Intructional Skills) 1.7
1.8
(Glossary) 1.9
1.10
1.11
--:(Introduction) 1.1
:(Objectives) 1.2
.1
2
3
1.3
(Characteristics of the Learners)
1.3.1
(motivational characterstics)
10
![Page 11: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
(self efficacy) 1
Attribution Patterns 2
Goal orientation 3 1 2
(Intrinsic Extrinsic Motivation)- - 4Intrinsic Motivation 1
Extrinsic Motivation 2
Developmental Characteristics Learning Styles
levels and types of intelligences Existential Intelligence 1
11
![Page 12: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
inter/intra personal intelligence 2inter personal intelligence 1
inter personal intelligence 2
Bodily Kinesthetik 3
Visual-Spatial Intelligence 4
Musical / Naturalist intellegence 5
Logical-Mathamatical Intellegence 6
verbal linguestic intellegence 7
(Prior Knowledge)
12
![Page 13: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Economic / Home life /
1 2
/ 3 4
value Emotional Quotient(E.Q.) 1
(Culture) 2(Language) 3
(Social skills) 4
(Health) 5Needs of The Learners
1.3.2
Simpson and Ure 1994)
(Examples of learner's needs)
cognitive 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(social) II 1 2
13
![Page 14: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3 4 5
(Explore and challenge conentims) 6 7 8
Affective III 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Psychomotor IV 1 2 3 4
/ 5 / 6
7 8
-:(Other Characteristics and Needs of the Learners )
1.1
.1
.2
3.
14
![Page 15: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
10
.11
.12
200
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(MatchingTeaching Style With Learning Style) 1.4
:(Learning Style) 1.4.1
" " 1
" " 2
(Types of Learning Style)
15
![Page 16: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Visual Learners
1
Auditory Learners
2.
Kinesthetic Learners
3.
-:(Teaching Style) 1.4.2
- Lecture style (1
Demonstration style (2
Facilitator (3
Blended style (4
1.4.3
16
![Page 17: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
(MatchingTeaching Style With Learning Style)
-1
-2
-3
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
1
2
3
4
17
![Page 18: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
.11
.12
1.5
Delieation of Instructional Objectives; cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor
1.5.1
1.5.1
Cognitive Affective Psychomotor (Knowledge)
(Understanding)
(Application) (Analysis) (Synthesis)
(Evaluation)
(Receiving) (Responding)
(Valuing) (Organisation)
(Charactrisation)
(Imitation) (Manipulation
(Precision) (Articulation)
(Naturalisation)
18
![Page 19: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1.5.2
--(Knowledge) 1.5.2.1
(2)
(3)
(4)
(Understanding).2
(1)
(2)
(3)
-(Application) .3
(1)
(2)
(3)
-: (Analysis) .4
(1)
2)
(3)
19
![Page 20: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
-:(Synthesis) .5
(1)
(2)
(3)
-(Evaluation) .6
2
(1)
(2)
(Affective) 1.5.2.2
(6) 1964 (Masia) (Kreth Wehl) BS Bloom
--:(Receiving) .1
Receiving
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
-:(Responding) .2
20
![Page 21: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
1
2
3
-:(Valuing) .3
(attitude )
-:(Organisation) .4
--:(Characterisation) .5
-:(Psychomotor) 1.5.2.3
-:(Immitation) .1
21
![Page 22: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
(Neuromuscular)
--:(Manipulation) .2
-:(Precision) .3
Precision
--:(Articulation) .4
Articulation
22
![Page 23: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
-:(Naturalization) .5
Bike
Articulation
1
(d) (c) (b) (a)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
200 2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
1.6
(Skills of Teaching and Learning and Maxims of Teaching)
Known to unknown 1.6.1
Simple to complex 1.6.2
23
![Page 24: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Conrete to abstract 1.6.3
Particular to General 1.6.4
Whole to Part
1.6.5
Observation to Analysis 1.6.6
Analitica to Practical (Synthesis) 1.6.7
Psychological to Logical
1.6.8
24
![Page 25: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(Instructional Skills) 1.7
1.8
(Instructional Objectives)
Known to unknown
Simple to complex
25
![Page 26: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
conrete to abstract
Particular to General
Whole to Part
Observation to Analysis
Analitical to Practical(Synthesis)
Psychological to Logical
(Glossary) 1.9
1.10
1.10.1
.1
26
![Page 27: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
1.10.2
1
2
2 3
4
5
' ' 6
7
8
9
1
2
27
![Page 28: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1.11
1 2 3 4 5
67) Cronbach,I.J.(1970),Essentials of Psychological Testing,3rd ed., New York, Harper and Row
Publishers
8) Dandapani, S.(2007). Advanced Educational Psychology, New Delhi, Anmol Publications
Pvt. Ltd.
9) Ebel, Robert L,.(1979), Essentials of Psychological Measurement, London, Prentice Hall
International Inc.
10) Kulshestra, S.P. (1997), Educational Psycholgy - Raj Printers - Meerut Kuppuswamy,
B.(2006), Advanced Educational Psychology ,New Delhi. 11) Sterling Publishers Private Ltd.
28
![Page 29: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
2 Learner's Diversity
Structure Introduction 2.1
Objectives 2.2
Critical Thinking
The Concept and Nature
Importance of Critical Thinking in Education
Developing Critical Thinking among Learner's
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3
Creativity
Concept, Defination and Nature
Creative Process
Identification
Fostering Creativity in School
2.4.1
2.4.2
2.4.3
2.4.4
2.4
Intelligence
The Concept of IQ (Intelligence Quotient)
Types of Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence
Two Factor Theory
Mltifactor Theory
Guilfords Theory
IQ 2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.3.1
2.5.3.2
2.5.3.3
2.5
29
![Page 30: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Attitude
Concept
Nature
Characteristics
Formation of Attitude
Factors Influencing Attitude
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
2.6
Glossary 2.6
Points to Remember 2.7
Unit end Activities 2.8
Suggested Books 2.9
Introduction 2.1
Objectives 2.2
30
![Page 31: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Critical Thinking 2.3
The concept and nature 2.3.1
Clarity (1)
Accuracy (2)
Precision (3)
Relevance (4)
Depth (5)
Breadth (6)
Logic (7)
Significance (8)
Fairness (9)
31
![Page 32: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
(Clarity) (1)
(Accuracy) (2)
(Precision) (3)
(Relevance) (4)
(Depth) (5)
(Breadth) (6)
(Logic) (7)
(Significane) (8)
(Fairness) (9)
Importance of Critical Thinking 2.3.2
32
![Page 33: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Developing Critical Thinking in Learners
2.3.3
1 2
3
(Prejudice) 4
(Superstition) 5
(Egocentrism) 6
33
![Page 34: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
(Sociocentarism) 7
Peer Pressue 1Conformism 2
Provincialims 3Narrow Mindedness 4
Close Mindedness 5Distruct in Reason 6
Relativistic Thinking 7Stere Typing 8
Uwarranted assumption 9Selective Memory 10
Denial 11Wishful thinking 12
Short-term thinking 13Selective Percetive 14
Fear fo Change 15
200 _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Creativity
2.4
34
![Page 35: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Concept , Definition and Nature 2.4.1
(Kogan) (Taylor) (Guilford)
) (i)
(iii)
(iv)
(Stein)
35
![Page 36: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
2.4.2
(Torence and Mayers) 1 2 3 4 (Wallas)
(Preparation) 1(Developing) 2
(Illumination) 3(Verification) 4
(Stein) (Preparation) 1
(Hypotheses formation) 2(Hypotheses testing) 3
(Communication of the result)
4
(Identification) 2.4.3
1 2
36
![Page 37: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
3 4
Thematic Appreciation Test 1Inkblot Test (2)
(Sensibility towards the Problem) (ii)
(Flexibility) 2
(Originility) 3(Fluency) 4
(Elaboration) 5(Redefination) 6 (Torrence)
1 2 3 4
Fostening Creativity in School
2.4.4
1
37
![Page 38: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
2 3 4
5 6
(a)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(b)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
38
![Page 39: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1923(Boring)
(Freeman)
(Terman)
Stern Burt
The Concept of IQ (Intelligence Quotient) IQ 2.5.1
MA (Mental IQ1912(William Stern) 6 (Chronological)4 Age 5 Age)
100 Chronological Age Mental Age IQ
IQ=(MA/CA)x100
8 100 IQ (CA) (MA) IQ 125 IQ 10 Types of Intelligence 2.5.2
Abstract Intelligence 1Concrete Intelligence 2
Social Intelligence 3
39
![Page 40: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
(Abstract Intelligent) 1Symbols
(Concrete Intelligence) 2
(Social Intelligence) 3
(Theories of Intelligence) 2.5.3
(Two Factor Theory) 1
(Multi Factor Theory) 2(Guilford's Theory) 3
(Two factor theory) 2.5.3.1
1904 Spearman S ' ' ' ' g
S g
s g g S
Spearman S PGS
PerformanceP
General FactorG
Specific FactorS
40
![Page 41: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
(Multifactor Theory) 2.5.3.2
E.L. Thorndike
Thorndike
(Guilford structure of Intellect) 2.5.3.3
(Dimension) Operation 1 Context 2 Product 3
Products Context Operational Units (U) Figural factor (F) Evaluation (E)
Classes (C) (Symbolic) (S) (Convergent Thinking (C) (Relation (R)
(Systems) (Semantic) (M) (Divergent Thinking (D)
(Transformation (T) (Behavioral) (B) (Memory (M)
(Implications (I) (Cognition (C)
150 5x6x4=120
41
![Page 42: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
IQ 1
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Attitude 2.6
2.6.1
Nature 2.6.2
Characteristics of Attitude 2.6.3
1 2
(Valence) 3
42
![Page 43: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
4
2.6.4
1 2 3 4 5
6
2.6.5
1 2 3 4 5
6
200 _________________________________________________________________________________
Points to Remember 2.7
43
![Page 44: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
IQ1912(William Stern)
Abstract Intelligence 1Concrete Intelligence 2
Social Intelligence 3
S g
Glossary 2.8
Concept
Nature
Thinking
Critical Thinking
Clarity
Accuracy
Relevancy
Creativity
Hypotheses
44
![Page 45: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Intelligence
Attitude
Unit End Excencies 2.9
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
I.Q 3
4
5
Objective Type Questions
1
d c b a 2
d c b a 3
d c b a 4
d c b a 5
d c b a 6
45
![Page 46: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
b a d I.Q c
7
d c b a 8
d c b a 9
d c b a
10
d c b a
Suggested Books 2.10
1 2 3 4 5
67) Cronbach,I.J.(1970),Essentials of Psychological Testing,3rd ed., New York, Harper and Row
Publishers
8) Dandapani, S.(2007). Advanced Educational Psychology, New Delhi, Anmol Publications
Pvt. Ltd.
9) Ebel, Robert L,.(1979), Essentials of Psychological Measurement, London, Prentice Hall
International Inc.
10) Kulshestra, S.P. (1997), Educational Psycholgy - Raj Printers - Meerut Kuppuswamy,
B.(2006), Advanced Educational Psychology ,New Delhi. 11) Sterling Publishers Private Ltd.
12) Mangal, S.K (2007), Advanced Educational Psychology Prentice Hill of India Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi
13) Mathur, S.S. (2007), Educational Psychology, Agra .Vinod Pustak Mandir.
14) Schopler, J. Weisz, J. King R & Morgan, C (1993), Introduction to Psychology Prentice Hill
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
46
![Page 47: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
3 (Approach to Teaching)
3.1
3.2
Nature of teaching 3.3
3.4
Level of Teaching / 3.4.1
Memory Level 3.4.1.1
Understanding Level 3.4.1.2
Reflective Level 3.4.1.3
Phases of Teaching 3.4.2
(Planning Stage Pre - Active Phase 3.4.2.1
Interaction Phase 3.4.2.2
Post - Active Phase of Teaching) 3.4.2.3
3.5
Behaviourism) 3.5.1
(Cognitivism) 3.5.2
(Constructivist) 3.5.3
Participatory) 3.5.4
(Co-Operative) 3.5.5
Personalized) 3.5.6
(Wholistic ) 3.5.7
47
![Page 48: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
3.6
(Concept Attainment Model) 3.6.1
(Advance Organizer 3.6.2
Jurisprudential Inquiry Model 3.6.3
(Inquiry Theory Model) 3.6.4
3.1
3.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9
Nature of teaching 3.3
48
![Page 49: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Cognitivist
Facilitor
200 _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
49
![Page 50: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
3.4
Level of Teaching / 3.2.1
Hunt and Bigger
Memory Level 3.2.1.1
Understanding Level 3.2.1.2
Reflective Level 3.2.1.3
Memory Level 3.4.1.1
passive Active)
1
2
3
Model of Memory Level of Teaching 3.4.1.1
Focus 1
Syntax 2
Social System 3
Support System 4
Evaluation System 5
50
![Page 51: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Focus 1
Syntax 2
Preperation
(Presentation)
Comparison and Association
Generalization
51
![Page 52: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
(Application)
Recapitulation
SocialSystem
authority
Support System
Evaluation System
(Understanding Level of Teaching) 3.4.1.2
Model of Understanding Level of Teaching Morrison
52
![Page 53: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Focus 1
Syntax 2
Social System 3
Support System 4
Evaluation System 5
Focus
Syntax
Exploration i
Presentation ii
worksheet
Focused Discussion
53
![Page 54: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Assimilation
iii
1
2
3
Organization iv
Outline Term Paper
Recitation
v Capstone
54
![Page 55: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
(Supportive Role)
Social System
Support System
(Evaluation System)
Reflective Level 3.4.1.3
(Problem Centered)
Bigge & Hunt
Model of Reflective Level of Teaching 55
![Page 56: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Hunt
Focus 1
Syntax 2
Social System 3
Support System 4
Evaluation System 5
Focus
Syntax
(Problem) 1
(Collection and Analysis of Data) 2
(Projection and Elaboration of Suggestion or Idea) 3
(Experimental Application and Testing) 4
(The Resulting Conclusion or Judgement) 5
(Thought Intellectualization)
Casual
Links
56
![Page 57: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Platform
Reflective
Reflective
Social System
Support System
Evaluation System
57
![Page 58: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Phases of Teaching 3.4.2
Planning Stage Pre - Active Phase 3.4.2.1
(Sslection of the content) 1(Organisation) 2
3 4 5
1
2
1 2 3 4
58
![Page 59: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
3
4
Interaction Phase 3.4.2.2
i
i
(Knowing the Learner) ii
59
![Page 60: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
( Selection and Presentation of Stimulus) a
(Feedback) b
1
2
3
( Teaching Strategies ) c
60
![Page 61: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Post - Active Phase of Teaching) 3.4.2.3
1
2
3
1
2
61
![Page 62: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
3
(i)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
200 (iii)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
200 (iv)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3.5
Behaviourism) 3.5.1
62
![Page 63: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
(Ivan Pavlov)
Psychology as the Behaviourist view '' 1913
''it
1
2
3
(Behaviourist)
1
2
(Prediction) (Natural science)
3
4
(Qualitative)
63
![Page 64: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
5
1
2
3
4
(Programmed Learning) 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
64
![Page 65: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
4
5
6
7
(Cognitivist Teaching Approach) 3.5.2
(Cognition)
(Black Box)
(Mental Representation)
(Equelibriem)
Equilibrium--New Situation--Disequilibrium--Accommodation-Assimilation
65
![Page 66: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
(Assimilation)
(Accommodation)
1970 1960
Information
processing model
66
![Page 67: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
(Reductionist)
(Constructivist Teaching Approach) 3.5.3
(Guinea Pig)
(Giamba Hista Vico)
( r e c o n s t r u c t i o n )
67
![Page 68: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
(reorganization)
(accomodation)(assimiltion)
(disequibrium) (equibrium)
(Bruner) (Vygotsky)
(Reflection)
(Kelly)
(Kelly)
(Twomy Fosnot)
(inventing)
68
![Page 69: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
(1986)
69
![Page 70: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
(Social Skill)
(Extensive)
Participatory Teaching Approach) 3.5.4
70
![Page 71: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
''Pedagogy of the oppresed''
(Banking of Education)
(Deposit of Knowledge)
(Problem Solving)
Case Study
Brainstorming
Activity profile
Community Survey
Consultation with Specialist
Field Visit
Folk Song
71
![Page 72: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Local Histories
Making Puzzle
Memory Game
Participation Game
Participatory Discussion
Presentation of Experience
Puppet Show
Skills or Plays
Time line
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
Co-Operative Teaching Approach 3.5.5
72
![Page 73: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Elements of Co-operative Teaching (David Johnson&Roger Johnson)
(Positive Interdependance) 1
(Face to Face Interaction) 2
(Individual and group Accountability) 3
(Group Processing) 4
(Group Behaviour) 5
Productivity) 1937(May & Doob) (
73
![Page 74: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
1930-40
(Positive Social Interdependance)
1975
(Co-operative Learning Method)
Think-Pair-Share 1
(Frank.T.Lyman)
(Jigsaw Learning Technique) 2
Expert Group Home Group
(Imoth AHdeen 2003)(Robert Salvia 1980) (Inside - Outside Circle)
74
![Page 75: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
(Reciprocal Teaching) 3
Brown&Paliscar 1982
Team Game Tournament 4
(Game)
Personalized Teaching Approach) 3.5.6
(Victo Gracia Hoz) (Helen Parkhurst)
(Responsive) Structured
The Personalized learning Foundation
75
![Page 76: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
(Assessment for Learning) 1
(Formative Assessment)
(Effective Teaching&Learning) 2
3
4
5
(Instruction)
(Counselling Mentoring)
76
![Page 77: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
1
Self-paced 2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
(Wholistic Approach Of Teaching) 3.5.7
(Self-Actualization)
(Ultimacy)
(Sagacious Competency)
77
![Page 78: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
(Ultimacy)
1
2
3
4
5
6
(Transformative Approach of Learning) 1
2
78
![Page 79: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
3
4
(Meta Learning)
(Grade)
79
![Page 80: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
200 1
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3.6
i
1
80
![Page 81: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
2 3 4
5
6
ii
(Focus) 1
(Syntax)
(Social System) 2
(Principles of reaction) 3
(Support System) 4
(Application) 5
Model of
Teaching
(Social Interaction Model) (Information Processing Model) 2
81
![Page 82: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
(Personal Model) 3
4
(Concept Attainment Model) 3.6.1
1960 'A Study of Thinking'
(Indretive
twenty model)
(Syntax) 3.6.1.1
82
![Page 83: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
(Social System) 3.6.1.2
(Support System) 3.6.1.3
3.6.1.4
(Advance Organizer) 3.6.2
(Meaningful Verbal Lerning)
1
2
3
Advance Organizer Model
Orientation of the Model
83
![Page 84: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
(Define) (Concrete) (Abstract) (Information Processing
(Intellectual Map) System)
Case Study (Brokrage Home)
Organizer
Advance Organizer Advance Organizer
Advance Organizer Model 3.6.2
84
![Page 85: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
(Syntax) 1
Advance Organizer Organizer
(Social System) 2
(Principles of Reaction) 3
85
![Page 86: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
(Support System)
Organizer Advance Organizer
Jurisprudential Inquiry Model 3.6.3
(Syntax)
86
![Page 87: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
4 3 2 1 6 5
(Support System)
(Inquiry Theory Model) 3.6.4
87
![Page 88: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
1
2
3
4
88
![Page 89: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
(Support System)
(Application)
89
![Page 90: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
200 1
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
_________________________________________________________________________________
3.7
(Problem Centered)
-
Behaviourism)
90
![Page 91: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
(Responsive) Structured
(Problem Centered)
91
![Page 92: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
-
3.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3.10
1 2 3 4 5
6Cronbach,I.J.(1970),Essentials of Psychological Testing,3rd ed., New York, Harper and Row 7)
92
![Page 93: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Publishers
2 3 4 5
67) Cronbach,I.J.(1970),Essentials of Psychological Testing,3rd ed., New York, Harper and Row
Publishers
8) Dandapani, S.(2007). Advanced Educational Psychology, New Delhi, Anmol Publications
Pvt. Ltd.
9) Ebel, Robert L,.(1979), Essentials of Psychological Measurement, London, Prentice Hall
International Inc.
10) Kulshestra, S.P. (1997), Educational Psycholgy - Raj Printers - Meerut Kuppuswamy,
B.(2006), Advanced Educational Psychology ,New Delhi. 11) Sterling Publishers Private Ltd.
12) Mangal, S.K (2007), Advanced Educational Psychology Prentice Hill of India Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi
13) Mathur, S.S. (2007), Educational Psychology, Agra .Vinod Pustak Mandir.
14) Schopler, J. Weisz, J. King R & Morgan, C (1993), Introduction to Psychology Prentice Hill
of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
93
![Page 94: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
4 Teaching as a Profession
4.1
4.2
4.3
Skills & Competencies Required for a Teacher 4.3.2
Professional Ethics for a Teacher 4.3.3
Teacher's Professional Development 4.4
Concept 4.4.1
Factors 4.4.2
Personal & Contesnal Factors 4.4.2.1
Approaches to Teachers Professional Development 4.5
Self Directed Approaches 4.5.1
Advantages 4.5.1.1
Limitations 4.5.1.2
Co-operative Approaches 4.5.2
Advantages 4.5.2.1
Limitations 4.5.2.2
Collaborative Approach 4.5.3
Advantages 4.5.3.1
Limitations 4.5.3.2
Teacher & Classrom Managemet 4.6
94
![Page 95: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.1
4.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
95
![Page 96: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Role and Functions of a Teacher 4.3.1
Medialor of Learning 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Facilitator of Learning 12 13 14 15
Mentor 16Coach 17
Supervisor and Manager 18 19
96
![Page 97: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Skills & Competencies Required for a Teacher 4.3.2
NET/Ph.D.
ICT 22 1 23 2 24 3 25 4 26 5 27 6 28 7 29 8
97
![Page 98: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
30 9 31 10 32 11 33 12 34 13 35 14 36 15 37 16 38 17 39 18 40 19 41 20 42 21
Professional Ethics for a Teacher 4.3.3
1 2 3 4
I
1 2 3 4 5
98
![Page 99: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
6
II
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
III
1 2 3 4 5 6
IV
1 2 3 4
1
_________________________________________________________________________________
99
![Page 100: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Teachers Professional Development 4.4
Concept 4.4.1
Resource Person
100
![Page 101: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Factors Influencing Professional Development
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Commitment Dedication 13 14 15
Personal and Contextual Factors 4.4.2.1
Approaches to Teacher Development 4.5
101
![Page 102: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Self Directed 1Collaborative 3 Co-operative 2
Self Directed Approaches 4.5.1
Complementary
Advantages 4.5.1.1
Flexibility 1
2 3 4 5
Limitations 4.5.1.2
1 2
102
![Page 103: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
3 4
Co-operative Approach 4.5.2
In-service
Professional Dialogue i
Carriculum Development ii
Peer Supervision iii
Peer Coaching iv
Action Research v
Advantages 4.5.2.1
1 2 3 4 5
Limitations 4.5.2.2
1 2
Confhit 3 4 5
Collaborative Approach 4.5.3
103
![Page 104: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Share
Advantages 4.5.3.1
1 2 3 4 5
Limitations 4.5.3.2
1 2 3
(a)
200 (b)
1
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Teacher & Classroom Managemet 4.6
104
![Page 105: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
200 _________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
105
![Page 106: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
8
4.8
Dictionary Encyclopedia
Journals
Discipline
Mediator
Eligibility Test
Logic
National Eligibility Test NET
Information and Communication Technology ICT
106
![Page 107: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Communication Vocabulary
Innovative
Critical Divergent
Convergent Listener
Various
Multidimensional
4.9
1 2 3 4 5 6
107
![Page 108: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
7
4.10
1 (2)
3 4 5 6
78) Cronbach,I.J.(1970),Essentials of Psychological Testing,3rd ed., New York, Harper and Row
Publishers
9) Dandapani, S.(2007). Advanced Educational Psychology, New Delhi, Anmol Publications
Pvt. Ltd.
10) Ebel, Robert L,.(1979), Essentials of Psychological Measurement, London, Prentice Hall
International Inc.
11) Kulshestra, S.P. (1997), Educational Psycholgy - Raj Printers - Meerut Kuppuswamy,
B.(2006), Advanced Educational Psychology ,New Delhi. 11) Sterling Publishers Private Ltd.
12) Mangal, S.K (2007), Advanced Educational Psychology Prentice Hill of India Pvt.
Ltd. New Delhi
13) Mathur, S.S. (2007), Educational Psychology, Agra .Vinod Pustak Mandir.
14) Schopler, J. Weisz, J. King R & Morgan, C (1993), Introduction to Psychology Prentice Hill
of India Pvt. Ltd., New D
108
![Page 109: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
5
109
![Page 110: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
/ 5.3.4
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
12/ 5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.4.6
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
110
![Page 111: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
5.5.6
5.5.7
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.6.5
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.1
111
![Page 112: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Reciprocal Teaching Cooperative Teaching Approach
Approach
5.2
.1
- 1 - 2
3
5.3
1916 21200228
The Conditions of
1987 Air Pilot 1965 Learning
conditions8 9
5 "Instructional Theory Foundations"
5.3.1
Verbal Information 1Intellectual Skills 2
(Cognitive Stratiles) 3Motor Skills 4
112
![Page 113: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Attitude (5)
Gagne's Assumption Gagne 9 5
5.3.2
Gagne
Gagne
, 8 5.3.3
1956
Gagne
4
Signal Learning
1
Classical Pavlov Condit ioned
Subject Conditioning
Response Un conditioned
Stimulus- Response Learning 2
Skinner
Operant
Responce
113
![Page 114: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Trail & Error
Chaining 3 Subject
Complex Psychomotor Skills
Chaining / Homogenous a
( Heterogenous b
Verbal Association 4
Verbal Chaining Chain
Associate Learning - Hierarchy
Paired
Discrimination Learning / 5
Interference
Forgetting
Concept Learning 6
Subject Stimulus Concept
Stimulus
Rule Learning 7
114
![Page 115: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Cognitine Process Subject
Procedures General Rules
Problem Solving 8 Rule
5.3.4
Learning Event Instructional Event
1- Reception 2- Expectancy
3- Retrieval 4-Selective Perception
5- Semantic encoding 6- Responding
7 - Reinforcement /8 - Retrieval
9- Generalization
1 Shock factor
Short video / Audio clip
anology quote
115
![Page 116: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
"Demo" Ice breaker activities
Orient 2
3
audioText
Brain Storming
Quiz
4 Content Maerial
"Chunks" Material
simulations demos
Web 2.0 tools
Provide learner Guidance 5
116
![Page 117: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Mnemonics
Contrast Highlights DrawingMind/Maps
Pit falls Ancedotes/ Analogies / Inferences
Rubrics
Check List Guidelines
Study Guidances
Eliciting Performance Practice 6
Instructor
Practices /Group colloboration
labs
7 (Constructive Criticism)
117
![Page 118: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
( Rubrics
(Good Job, Very Good )
8
Authentic Assessment
Written assignment Formal Assignment
Presentation Performace
creation of Particular product
9 Learning Stick Transition
Coming Attractions
118
![Page 119: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Brain Based Learning 5.4
-
BBL
1994
Meaning Full (Meaning full Learning) Surface curing
Learning Maximum Memonazation
BBL Principles common sense
May)
"Brain based Learning is to learn with the brain in our mind." (Jensen, 2000)
Why Brain Based Learning
119
![Page 120: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
1997
BBL The Aim of Brain Based Instruction 5.4.1
Neuroscience BBL
Memorizing BBL
Relaxed alertness and being ready for easy comprehension 1
Immession 2 Active Processing 3
Relaxed alertness and being ready for easy comprehension 1
General Relaxity aInnate Motivation b
Relax Open or Pair discision
Immersion 2 Wholeness
Context Local Memory Active Processing 3
Purposefully Knowledge
5.4.2
3 2 1
120
![Page 121: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
6 5 4
Pruning
Cellular 1
Pints Mass
glial 300,000 glial 30
Liquid and Electrical Congreuence 2
Survival Brain Stem 1Autonomic Nervous System )Cerebellum 2
Emotion Limbic 3Reason Logic Cortex 4
Cortex Front Lobe 5
Wernicke's area Upper Temporal Lobe 6
CortexLower Frontal Lobe 7
Broca's Area Spatial order- Ocapital Lobe 8
Patterns
121
![Page 122: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Parietal Lobe 9 Motor Cerebellum 10
Posture MotorMotion
Neurons Chemical
Messages Information
1 DNANucleus
1 Learning Connections
5.4.3
Parallel Processor 1
Physiology 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FFF Challenges 9
Patterning
10
Memory 11
12
BBL 5.4.4
1994Edelman Hemisphere
122
![Page 123: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
BBL 1970 City's Switchboard 1900
Paul Mc Clean Triunebrain Triune brain
5.4.5
Communication Extensions input Sensory
dendrites
AXOD Network Neurons Dendrites
synapse point Myelin Neurotransmitters (Liquid)
BBL 5.4.6
BBL BBL
BBL
display Bulletin Products Material
123
![Page 124: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Desks Tables
Space
Connections
BBL
BBL 1_________________________________________________________________________________
BBL 2
_________________________________________________________________________________
Constructivist Theories 5.5
124
![Page 125: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Construct
(1898-1980)
1
2
3
4
125
![Page 126: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
Bruner's Discovery Learning 5.5.1
Harvard University 1947 1915 PhD
Piaget
1966 Fusion Strategies Theory
Constructivism
Towards
Theory of Instruction
126
![Page 127: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Discovery Passive
Generalisation Piaget
Modes of Pripersentation
Enactive Stage 1
Concrete (Sensori Motor Stage)
Manipulation Stage
Tiles Iconic Stage1-6 2
Concrete
(Pictorial Stage) Shapes, Diagrams
7Symbolic Stage 3
Abstract
Abstract
127
![Page 128: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
z y, x 3, 2,1
What is Discovery Learning
5.5.2
1
2
"It is not Everybody's Cup of Tea."
3
4
128
![Page 129: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
5
5.5.3
Self concept
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
129
![Page 130: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Ausubel's Reception Learning 5.5.4
Pennsylvania 1918 Psychitory
1973
Durg addichion Ego Development
Psychiatry
1976
Verbal Learning 1211
Reception Learning
130
![Page 131: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
The Process of Meanigful Learning 5.5.5
4 Derivative Subsumption 1
Correlative Subsumption 2
Superordinate Learning 3
Combinatiorial Cearning 4
1 Situation
1
Correlative Subsumption 2
2
Accomodate
Superordinate Learning 3
Apple Oak Maple 3
Deciduous Combinatorial Learning 4
Idea Anology
Papyrus 4
131
![Page 132: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Ausubel
Advance Organizer Model
What is expository Teaching 5.5.6
132
![Page 133: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Educational Implications 5.5.7
1
2
3
4
Holistic 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Advance Organizer 13
14
15
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5.6
Task common
133
![Page 134: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
62 Rewords system
conflict Interpersonal Skills
5.3.4
J o h n D e w y Progressive
Constructivist approach
Language based Interaction Lev Vygotsky
share
3
Challenge 1 2
Task 3
Academic Achievement 1Acceptance of diversity through interdependent work
2Development cooperative social skills 3
Jigsaw Group for Cooperative Learning 1
communication
134
![Page 135: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Numbered Heads Together Coopeative Learning Steategy 2
accountable
5.6.1
Eelements of Cooperative Teaching Approach 5 David & Roger Johnson
Face to Face Interaction 1 assignment
Positive Interdependance 2
(grade)
Individual Accountability 3 contribute
Group Processing 4
(Colloburative Skills) 5
Conflict Management (Communication)
Phases of Cooperative Teaching 5.6.2
6
135
![Page 136: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
I
II
Text Graph Verbal III
(Transition) IV
Task Team Work assist
V Assessment
VI
Recognition Presentation, News
Letters, Displays
Learning Environment in Cooperative Learning 5.6.3
(Problem Solving Skill)
Coopeative Learning Approach 5.6.4
136
![Page 137: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
54 Jigsaw 1
Expert expert original
original original www.jigsaw.org
(TPS) Think-Pair-Share 2 Stratgey
TPS TPS
Brain storm 1
ideas Pair 2 Ideas ideas pair 3
send a problem 3
Heterogenous Round Robin 4 Clockwise
Visually Mind Mapping Mind Mapping 5
Keywords
137
![Page 138: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
visual Visual
Mind Map Mind Map 5.6.5
skill
6
classless egalitarian
______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
"
138
![Page 139: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Reciprocal Teaching Approach 5.7
Reciprocal Teaching Annemaric Approach
Sullivan Palinscar
reading skill
Higher Order Thinking context
Text Reciprocal Reciprocal Teaching
dialogs (Shared Learning Experience) thinking process
open dialogue
cognition Vygatsky Social Interaction
text Zone of Proximal DevelopmentZPD Vygatsky
Feedback support
Reciprocal Teaching 5.7.1
Pallenscar, Brown and Reciprocal Teaching Campionee
Predict
reciprocal
139
![Page 140: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
(Oczkus, 2003) Fabulous four
Predicting questioning clarifying summarizingFabulous four discussion Insraction
Borkowski-1992 Monitoring text
reading Wikipedia
4 discussion
4 3 2 1 "Reciprocal Teaching is an Innovature and powerful classroom strategy to improve reading
skills."
"Reciprocal Teaching refers is an instructional activity that takes place in the form of a dialogue
between teachers and students regarding segments of text. The dialogue is structured by the use
of four strategies: summarizing, question generating, clarifying and predicting. The teacher and
students take turns assuming the role of teacher in leading this dialogus."
Reciprocal
passage reciprocal
integrate passage segments
140
![Page 141: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Questioning or Question Generating
Meta Campaign ideas
Puzzling Information 2 unclear Parts 1
Relation with Old concepts
3
Clarifying 3 (comprehension) passage
2 1 4 3
decoding
decoding
Predicting
Subheading,
141
![Page 142: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Heading
Reciprocal
dialogue - - 4
TV
The Dialogue dialogue
reading
5.7.2
4
142
![Page 143: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Summary Questioning Clarification Predicter
puzzling
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Cooperative Teaching Approach
143
![Page 144: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Progressive Approach Constructive Approach
Academic Achievement Accountability
Group Processing Facilitaor
Higher Order Thinking Reciprocal Teaching Approach
Comprehension
5.8
(Creative Technique) (Alex Fouckney
(Osborn) (Applied Imagination) 1953 Osbrm)
(Creative) (Campaign) (Osborn) 1939 (Your Creative Idea)
(How to organize a squad to create ideas) 33 "Osborn"
Defer Judgement 1Reach for quantity 2
Go for quantity (1)
(divergent)
144
![Page 145: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
(Maximum quantity breeds quality)
Withhold Criticism (2)
"hold"
(Welcome Wild Ideas) (3)
(combine and improve ideas) (4)
"1+1=3"
"Osborn"
Explain the process (1)
145
![Page 146: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Explain the problem (2)
Gather Ideas (3)
Capture all ideas publicly (4)
flip chat
Sort the Ideas (5)
Cull the ideas (6)
Note
( . ) Types of Brain Storming
(A)
Traditional brian storming (1)
Advanced brian storming (2)
(B)
Nominal group Technique (1)
Group passing Technique (2)
Team Idea mapping method (3)
Directed brain sotrming (4)
Individual brain storming (5)
Question brain storming (6)
146
![Page 147: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Electronic brain storming (7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Prioritize the remaining Ideas
Decide what will happen next with top few ideas
( r o l i c a l )
(Constraints)
147
![Page 148: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Programmed
"Radical"
No matter how old you get, if you can
keep the desire creative your
the man-child alive
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Concept Mapping 5.9
conceptual diagram (Concept map) Instructional designers
Cornell University 1970 Joseph-D-Novak
(Constructivism) Constructivism
David Ausubel Novak
Novak
"The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already Ascertion
this and teach accordingly"
Concept Map Novak
148
![Page 149: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
"Learning how to learn"
Meaningful Learning envolves the ossincelation of new concept and propositions existing
cognitive strucutre
Concept Mapping Ray McAleese off-loading Mapping 1998
Concept Map
Sentence diagram
Concept Map
Concept Map
Concept Map
(Linking Phrase)
Label
(Linking words) (Proposition) (Sementic Unit)
Concept Map
Concept
Labels
Discovery Learning Process Label
149
![Page 150: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Prepositional evolutionary Reception Learning
Prepositions Hand on Activity props Concrete experiences
Concept Map 1
Concept Map 2
(Hierarchial Structure) concept 3
"Focus question" concept 4 concept
25 15 5 6
Aproximate Concept "Parking Lot" 7
"Parking Lot" (IHMC Cmap Tools 8
Buteler Paper (http://cmap.ihmc.us.)
Linking 9
Cross-Link 10 domain Cross-Link
domain (Synthesis (evaluation) (1956) 11
150
![Page 151: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
of Knowledge)
Link
(A new model for Education : A concept map ceulered learning environment)
(Use/benefits of concept mapping)
(1)
Brain Storming (2)
(3)
(4)
Summary wote taking (5)
advance organizer Ausubel (6)
Meta-Cognitive (7)
(8)
knowledge Organizing (9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5.8
151
![Page 152: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
5.9
divergent
Criticism
Traditional
Programmed
Constructivist
off-loading
Linking Phase
Concept
Reception
Cross-Link
Radical Idea
Constraints
Cooperative
Reciprocal
Progressive
Positive Interdependance
Group Processing
5.10
1
152
![Page 153: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
9
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
153
![Page 154: FINAL WORK EDITED DDE Dr Arshad S](https://reader031.fdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022012510/618794dac4d3122b8b2369d4/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
12
13
14
15
16
17
5.11
Aggrawal J.C. Essential of Educational Psychology, New Delhi : Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd.
Duffy, Lowyek, & Jonassen (1992). Designing environments for constructive learning. New
York: NATO.
Dumont, H., D. Istance and F. Benavides (eds.) (2010). The Nature of Learning: Using
Research to Inspire Practice, OECD Publishing.
Gergen, K.J. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American
Psychology, 40, 266-275.
Illeris, Knud (2004). The three dimensions of learning. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Co. ISBN
9781575242583. Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264086487-en. This is available as free
e-book
Lewin, k. (1951). Field thories in social science. New york : Harper and Row.
Koffka, K. (1924). The growth of the mind. Londan : Routeledge and Kegan paul
Ormrod, Jeanne (2012). Human learning (6th ed.). Boston: Pearson. ISBN
The Office of Learning and Teaching, 2004. Melbourne: Department of Education and
Training; OECD, 2010. Nature of Learning, Paris: Author; http://www.p21.org/
Thorndike, E.L (1931). Human Learning. New York : Cambridge, MIT Press.
Vygotsky, LS (1978) Mind and Society: The Development of Higher Mental Processes.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
154