Final update 2

NORTHERN AFRICA &

SOUTHWESTERN ASIA

GROUP MEMBERS

• 1. MARIYAH FATIHAH BINTI MALEK FAIRUS

• 2014411212

• 2. INTAN SHAHIRAH BINTI SAHARAN

• 2014269612

• 3.KHAIRUNNISA’BINTI ZAINAL

• 2014614418

• CLASS : BM246M

PREPARED FOR :

SIR AHMAD SHAZEER BIN MOHAMED

THAEER

WORLD MAP

MAP OF NORTH AFRICA & SOUTHWEST ASIA

INTRODUCTION

• North Africa included the region of Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt and Sudan.

• Southwestern Asia included region Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Oman.

• There are three peninsulas which are the largest of the three is the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolian Peninsula, and Sinai Peninsula

Country, Capital City And Population For Northern

Africa

Country, Capital City And Population For

Southwest Asia

NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS

1. Climates in Northern Africa

2. Climates in Southwest Asia

Climates In Northern Africa

Climates In Southwest Asia

Natural Resources

1. Water

• Key to life in this arid environment, since the beginning of time

• Major competition for industrial

• agricultural uses

• For example, Nile river as an exotic river because it receives water as run off in humid regions or from highland zones and then flows across large expanses of desert before reaching the Mediterranean Sea.

2. Oil & Natural Gas

• Oil is certainly the most important resource of North Africa and southwest Asia.

• Major Producers include Gulf States, Iran, Iraq, Libya, Algeria, & Tunisia

• Minor Producers include Egypt & Turkey

• Saudi Arabia ranked as the world’s leading producer according to OPEC(2009) with 13.1 % followed by (Iran 5.8 %) the (United Arab Emirates 3.6 %), (Kuwait 3.3 %) and (Libya 2.2 %)

3. Mineral Resources

• Chief among the mineral resources of the region are chromite and phosphate of lime.

• Phosphate rock:-

- used in the manufacture of fertilizer.

- world’s leading producers: Morocco (15.5%) and Tunisia (5.1%)

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

1. Soil Erosion Problem

2. Water Pollution

3. Oil Pollution

4. Air Pollution

Soil Erosion Problem

• In Northern Africa included country ( Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Libya and Tunisia) are all facing the same problem which is “Desertification”.

• Desertification is the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.

• It causes the overgrazing, agricultural land that being lost to urbanization and windblown sands, In Morocco , the land degradation effect to soil erosion that resulted from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation.

• In Tunisia, involved deforestation, overgrazing , soil erosion and desertification.

• In Southwest Asia included country Iran, Yemen, Jordan , UAE, Saudi Arabia and Iraq facing the same major problem as Northern Africa except for Oman.

• For Iraq and Iran they are facing soil degradation (salination)

The process of Salinization

Water Pollution

• For Northern Africa included Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt are causes dumping raw sewage.

• For Libya, Tunisia and Egypt they have limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile River.

• Major polluter for water came from oil industry that causes the leakages of water near ocean terminals.

• For Southwest Asia included Oman, Saudi Arabia, UAE , Iraq, Jordan and Yemen are limited natural fresh water resources.

• For Iran and Syria they are facing raw sewage and industrial wastage.

Oil Pollution• For Northern Africa included Algeria, Egypt and Morocco

except Libya and Tunisia are facing oil wastage that occur at Mediterranean Sea, also threaten coral reefs, beaches and marine habitats.

• For Southwest Asia included Iran, Saudi Arabia, Oman , UAE except for Iraq, Jordan and Yemen are facing oil spills at beach and also wetland losses from drought at the Persian Gulf.

Air Pollution

• At Iran, they are facing air pollution because of vehicles emission refinery operation and industrial effluent at urban areas.

Culture & Political History Of Northern Africa And South Western Asia

• Religions• Languages• Empire and colonies

Religions

LANGUAGES

MAJOR LANGUAGE FAMILIES EXPLANATION

Afro-Asiatic family •Represents most language speakers of the region with such languages as Arabic, Berber, and Hebrew.

Indo-European family •Have four major languages which are Armenian, Baluchi , Kurdish and Farsi.

Nilo Saharan family •Spoken in a number of countries across the African continent especially in Luo of Kenya, and Kanuri of Nigeria.

Altaic family •which is Turkic, member of the of languages is spoken in Turkey.

Empires And Colonies

1. Persian Dynasties

• Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia and Egypt.

• They ruled one of the greatest Persian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia.

• Safavid Iran was one of the Islamic "gunpowder empires", along with its neighbours, its arch rival the Ottoman Empire, and the Mughal Empire.

• Safavid dynasty also which established Shi‘a Islam as the official religion of their empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam

2. Ottoman Turks• Turkish Ottoman Empire, Egypt was divided into twenty-four

districts and each had its own Mamluk bey, who was formerly called an emir.

• During the reign of Sulayman I began (1535) the traditional friendship between France and Turkey, directed against Hapsburg Austria and Spain. Sulayman reorganized the Turkish judicial system, and his reign saw the flowering of Turkish literature, art, and architecture.

• In the progressive decay that followed Sulayman's death, the clergy ( ulema ) and the Janissaries gained power and exercised a profound, corrupting influence.

3. European Colonies and Protectorates

• North Africa became colonies of France that included Tunisia , Morocco, Algeria while for Italy included Libya, and Britain included Egypt, Sudan, and much of the southern of Arabian Peninsula and Gulf coast.

• During World War 1, British and French built Arab Nationalism to expel the Turks from became Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, jordan, Iraq and Arabian Peninsula.

• The animosities against former Turkish and European colonial power that were generated by colonial decision that made by Israel.

Global Significance

Political And Economic Organization In North Africa & Southwest Asia.

1. Arab League

2. Palestine Liberation Organization

3. Organization of Islamic Conference

4. Organization of Petroleum exporting countries

Arab League• The Arab League is an organization that consists of

independent Arab States on the territory of northern and north-eastern part of Africa and southwest Asia.

• According to the Arab League’s main document, Charter of Arab League, the organization’s main goal is “strengthening of the relations between the member-states, the coordination of their policies in order to achieve co-operation between them and to safeguard their independence and sovereignty; and a general concern with the affairs and interests of the Arab countries.

• The members of the Arab League included Palestine Liberation Organization(PLO).

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

• an organization providing umbrella for many smaller groups that demand a country for Palestinians.

• To help Palestinians “to recover their usurped homes” and to replace Israel with a secular Palestinians state.

• From 1958 to 1961, Egypt & Syria had joined as the United Arab Republic under the leadership of Colonel

Jamal Nasser.

Organization Of Islamic Conference (OIC)

• In 1970, foreign ministers of Muslim countries set up the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), which now has 57 members.

• Function of OIC :-– Enhance and consolidate the bonds of fraternity and solidarity among

the Member States

– Reaffirm its support for the rights of people as stipulated in the UN Charter and International Law

– Exert efforts to achieve sustainable and comprehensive human development and economic well-being in member states

– Protect and defend the true image of Islam, to combat defamation of Islam and encourage dialogue among civilization and religions

– Enhance and developed science and technology and encourage research and cooperation among member states in these fields

Organization Of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec)

• OPEC was founded in Baghdad, Iraq, with the signing of an agreement in September 1960 by five countries namely Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.

• Currently, the Organization has a total of 12 Member Countries.

• The objective of OPEC is to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies among Member Countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers, an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry.

• One of the main advantages of OPEC is that they control the price of oil. They do this by talking to the Middle East and other countries where most of the oil is imported from and have helped influence the oil prices since 1973. However, this is currently also a disadvantage as OPEC’s short term plans has caused a continuous stream of fluctuations in oil rates and often dramatic rises in these prices.

Water Politics

TYPE OF POLITICS LOCATIONS EXPLANATION

Increase of populations

Area of Jordan River( Lebanon, Syria, Israel , Jordan and West Bank)

- Groundwater aquifers are the principle source for water supplies

- Israel use the greatest amount of water availablein the basin, next is Jordan.

- The increase in population (both through natural increase and Israeli settlements) has led to significant challenges in managing limited water supplies.

- Water sharing agreement between Syria and Israelhas been signed.


Irrigation schemes - Tigris and Euphrates River, and Jordan River (Turkey)

- Syria obtains approximately 85 % of the renewable water supply

- Iraq obtains 100 % from the combination of both rivers

- Iraq, Syria and Turkey have constructed a dams along the river for the purpose of agriculture, hydroelectric power and industrialization.


Privatization of water Nile River - privatization of the water resources has caused many people displaced by dams along the rivers, and the unequal distribution of water supplies amongst neighbouring countries.

- The Egyptians have used military force to ensure their control over the headwaters of the Nile.

- Sudan, Ethiopia, and Uganda have constructed various river projects to increase their annual water withdrawals


Privatization of water Nile River (African countries)

World Bank in Washington

- National governments have agreed to share water that flows between their countries.

- e.g: the leaders of Uganda, Sudan and Egypt signed the Nile Water Agreement to share the waters of the Nile River

- An agreement between Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian ministers

- E.g: construction of a desalination plant on the northern tip of the Red Sea in Aqaba, providing Jordan and Israel with a new source of drinking water.

DESALINATION PROCESS

Agriculture

TERMS LOCATIONS CAUSES EXPLANATIONS

Due to the arid lands of NorthenAfrica and Southwestern Asia, it leave little oppurtunity for farming, requiring most countries food.Agricultural productive areas are on the fringers of the region such as in Turkey.There are many of the problems in agricultural production stem from the type of economy established by colonial countriesAgriculture is geared in many areas to export crops

TYPE OF ECONOMY

LOCATIONS CAUSES EXPLANATIONS

Agriculture Northern Africa & South western Asia

Irrigation • Due to the arid lands of Northern Africa and Southwestern Asia, it leave little opportunity for farming, requiring most countries food.

• Agricultural productive areas are on the fingers of the region such as the dams in southeastern Turkey

• agricultural production stem problems from the type of economy established by colonial countries

• Agriculture is geared in many areas to export crops.

• Government have encouraged greater cultivation of domestically needed crops.

SUBREGIONS OF NORTH AFRICA AND SOTHWESTERN

ASIA

NORTH AFRICA

SUBREGIONS

ISRAEL AND PALESTINE

NILE RIVER VALLEY

ARAB SOUTHWEST

ASIA

NORTH AFRICA

North Africa

• There four countries of North Africa which are Algeria, Libya, Morocco (with western Sahara) and Tunisia.

• The town of Moulay, Idriss and that area (Mountainous environment) is known as Maghreb

• The harsh is the largely arid an often mountainous natural environment of north Africa

• Although located at the considerable distance in Southwest Asia the people still consider Islam as the almost exclusive region and Arabic as the official language.

Economic Development

of North Africa

ALGERIA

LIBYA

MOROCCO

TUNISIA

TYPE OF ECONOMIC

LOCATION EXPLANATION

AGRICULTURE SECTOR

MOROCCO & ALGERIA -Major agricultural products include dairy products, meat, fruit, and vegetables, in which Morocco is self-sufficient.Example of Company are : CentraleLaitière that produce dairy product in Morocco

- 90 % of the land, mostly comprised of small land holdings, is dependent on rainwater.

-1 million hectares is comprised of modern export-oriented farms that produce 80 % of Morocco's citrus and wine production, 33 % of its vegetable output, and 15 % of its cereals production.

-These irrigated farms, concentrated in the Gharbplain around Fez and Meknes, the Doukkalaplain around Casablanca, and the Beni Mellal and Berkane areas, also produce tomatoes, potatoes, and beet and cane sugar, as well as oil and olive oil for export.

Morocco is also a producer of grains, which are grown on 68 percent of the cultivated land, plus sugar, oils and tea

Steel industry TunisiaLibya

-Has a small steel industryLibya also made some steel and aluminium

-Manufacturing industries are mainly concentrated in Casablanca, Fez, Rabat, Tangier, and Settat.

-Morocco's industrial base consists mostly of food processing, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and the processing of phosphate rock into phosphoric acid and fertilizers.

Manufacturing sector Morocco -Is the least developed but includes substantial craft industry.

-Major U.S. companies, such as Microsoft, Compaq, and Oracle, have a presence in the country.

Tourism sector Morocco and Tunisia - In Morocco, tourism sector is the major source of income.

-Several state-owned hotels were sold to private investors, mainly foreign companies from France and the United Kingdom. Worldwide hotel chains, such as the Sheraton, Hilton and Intercontinental, have a presence in Morocco, but the majority of hotels are locally owned.

-For Tunisia also, tourism is the major source of income for the country.

-Basically on their sunshine, coastal location

Oil and natural gas Algeria and Libya - Algeria is the leading natural gas producer in Africa, the second-largest natural gas supplier to Europe outside of the region, and is among the top three oil producers in Africa. Algeria became a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).

-Algeria uses multiple coastal terminals to export crude oil, refined products, LPG, and NGPL. These facilities are located at Arzew, Skikda, Algiers, Annaba, Oran, and Bejaiain Algeria and La Skhirra in Tunisia.

Libya -Libya is a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, the holder of Africa's largest proved oil reserves, and an important contributor to the global supply of light, sweet crude oil.

-Libya was the third country in the world, after Algeria and the United States (Alaska), to begin exporting liquefied natural gas (LNG)

NILE RIVER VALLEY

It is the longest river in the world.

The name of the river is derived from the Greek word “Neilos” which means the river.

Two major sources of the river are Lake Victoria which flowing the White Nile branch, and Lake Tana which flowing the Blue Nile branch.

Provides a living –giving water supply to Egypt and Sudan that has sustained a human presence in the dry eastern Sahara since the early days if farming and civilization.

They do not have sufficient export income to pay for the imported need of its people

Building of Aswan High Dams

Borders of Egypt and Sudan

- captures the world's longestriver, the Nile River, in the world's third largest reservoirs, Lake Nasser.

- reservoir was named for the former president of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, who died in 1970

- Benefits of Aswan Dams:-• controlling the annual floods

on the Nile River• prevents the damage which

used to occur along the floodplain

• provides about a half of Egypt's power supply

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION IN

EGYPT

SUDAN’S ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION IN EGYPTTYPE OF ECONOMY LOCATION EXPLANATION

Manufacturing sector Egypt

- ALCOTAN Cotton Trading & Export Co., Alyasser for Import and ExportTextile.

Thomson Reuter Zawya Co.

- One example in manufacturing sector is textile as it is one of the largest industry in Egypt.

- Earn income through export of oil, cotton, textiles

- Import machinery and wood products

- Heavy industry including iron, steel production Helwan outside Cairo and in Dikheila near Alexandra.

- Aluminium production is base in Nag Hammadi while the production of chemicals is concentrated in Aswan

Weapons Aid Egypt

UPPER EGYPT (SOUTH OF CAIRO)

- Egypt’s agreement with Israel in the late 1970s.

- Egypt has received over $2 billion per year in economic,military equipment, up keep and training from United States.

- Ranks poorly in infant mortality, adult literacy, health services, schools, and unemployment

Tourism Nile river - Egypt’s historic treasurescontribute to their economy such as pyramids and temples

- In 1990s, Islamic fundamentalists have periodically attacked foreign tourists causing slumps in the number of foreign tourist.

PYRAMIDS

KHUFU PYRAMID KHAFRE PYRAMID

MANKAURE PYRAMID

Sudan’s economic activities

ECONOMIC SECTOR LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS

Agriculture sector Sudan - They grows a variety of crops that include:-

- cereal (wheat, sorghum, millet, corn and rice)

- oil (sesame, groundnuts and sunflowers)

- cotton, sisalhemt, and fodder crops

Manufacturing sector Khartoum

KenanaSugarCompany

- Sudan manufacturing industrial base is dominated by process in food and beverage products.

- Sugar refining is a major activities as the production vegetables and soap, ginning of cotton and production cotton & textiles

TYPE OF ECONOMIC PLIGHT

LOCATIONS EXPLANATIONS

Human trafficking Arab Southwest Asia (Qatar & United Arab Emirates)

- Many Sudanese people are sent to Qatar & United Arab Emirates.

- Others are sent to help terrorists in Uganda and the Democratic republic of Congo.

TEMPLES

DENDERAH TEMPLE EDFU TEMPLE

KOM OMBO TEMPLE

ARAB AND SOUTHWEAST ASIA

Map of Arab and South Western Asia

The heart of Islamic world.

The world center of Islam which located at Mecca, where Muhammad was born and Medina which is become His power base after he was expelled from Mecca.

Known for their oil wealth and involvement in Arab-Israel peace process

Economic development

Income on oil producing countries

Diversification in oil producing

countries

Tourist and pilgrimage sites

Countries with little or no oil

Type of economic countries

Oil producing -Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,UAE.

-1965 Saudi Arabia’s GDP was $2bill and had risen to $623 bill-Kuwait's GDP had risen from $2.1 bill to $117 bill.-example of company :Saudi Aramco, Kuwait oil company, Bunduq oil company.

Diversification in oil –producing. (manufacturing,education, media and information).

-Bahrain, UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Dubai

-Manufacturing• Bahrain and UAE operate

aluminum smelters.• Example of company Balexco• Qatar and Saudi Arabia

produce steel.• Example of company: Qatar

steel company.

-Education• $10 bill was

endowment is created for King Abdullah University science and technology in Saudi Arabia.

• $8 bill was set up at Sidra medical and research at Qatar.

-Media and information• Dubai internet city

hosts 1,400 that include Cisco, Dell,Microsoft,and etc.

Tourism and pilgrimage sites

-UAE and Saudi Arabia -the hot, sunny climate as major stopover for international airline passenger.-contains religious centers , political stability and shopping opportunities.-Makah and Medina are the most visit place in Arab

Countries with little or no oil

-Syria, Jordan, Lebanon,Yemen.

-Syria• Farmers growth

cotton and cereal grain and fruits nearEuphrates river.

-Jordan• Export of phosphate as main

source of income.• Tourist industry expanded with

special interest in historic sites such as the rock –hewn city of Petra.

-Yemen• Remains the poorest countries

and depends on aid from foreign donors.

-Lebanon• Income generated from banking

and financial corporations based in its capital Beirut.

• Example of bank : AhliInternational Bank, Al Bilad Islamic Bank

ISRAEL AND THE PALESTINIAN TERRITORIES

Map Of Israel And Palestine

• Israel is unique example of a country created by the United Nations for a particular ethnic group, despite opposition from those living in and around it.

• In 2008 Israel celebrated 60 years of very hard work growing prosperity democratic government.

• Has strong economy and powerful military.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ISRAEL

INDUSTRY AGRICULTURE

SERVICE

Industry -Diamond industry-High tech industries (software, electronics and equipment)

-Diamond industry• Leading world for

manufacturing and trading center.

• World leader for both cutting edge technologies and craftsmanship.

• Tax- free rough and polished diamond ensure competitive price.

• Exported most its diamonds to Hong Kong, US, Belgium and Switzerland.

• The diamond industry located at Ramat Gan at Tel Aviv city.

-High tech industries• Almost 80% percent high

tech are exported.• Silicon Wadi is area high

concentration of high tech industries.

• Many technology company have research and development facilities in this region including Intel, Google, Facebook, Microsoft.

Agriculture -wheat, sorghum, corn-citrus, avocados, kiwifruit, guavas, and mangoes-flowers

-is a highly developed despite the fact the geography is not conducive for agriculture.-is agriculture rose 26% between 1999 and 2006.-The Agro tech exhibition held once every three years to showcase Israel agriculture technologies. -example of company: Agrexco, Netafirm

Service -tourism -consist of 65% of GDP.-Tourism is a major industry but often disrupted by conflict and war.-tourist are attracted by Israel geographical diversity, archeological and religious sites and modern resort facilities such as Lake Kinneret, Red sea and Dead sea

Economic activities in Palestine

Agriculture Service

CommunicationHandicraft

EconomicActivities

Agriculture -olive trees , grapevine, almonds, figs and citrus

-The production of agricultural goods support the population sustance needs.-According to the council of European Palestinian Relation, the agricultural sector employ 13.4% of the population and informally employ 90% of population.-Palestine agriculture suffer from several problems such as Israel military attacks.

Service -Tourism -Tourism• In 2010 4.6 million visit the

Palestine.• Major travel guides write

recently that “the West Bank is not the easiest place to travel but the effort is richly awarded.

• Foreign tourism is pleasantly restricted to East Jerusalem and the West Bank.

Communication -Telephone(Paltel)-Mobile(Jawwal and Wataniya)-Radio(Ajyal Fm, Raya Fm)

-The telecom infrastructureIs growing at very rapid pace and continually being updated.-in 2008 acces to internet in the palestine remain relatively opened, although social flittering of sexually explicit content has been implanted in Gaza

Poverty in Gaza and West Bank

Have poorer condition for human development.

Palestinian accuse the Israel of paying unequal attention to their needs.

Israel accuse Palestinian harboring terrorist.

The Palestinian authority has received billions of dollars in international aid but not enough because of war.

THANK YOU

Final update 2

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