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TOURISM AND DISASTER PLANNINGDue to the growth of disasters and natural hazards a growing emphasis has been given to disaster

management and reduction in the last decade through the United Nations declaring 1989 to 1999 the

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR) under resolution 235 of the General

Assembly. For the tourism industry this culminated in a joint publication by the World Tourism

Organization and the World Meteorological Organization on natural disaster reduction for tourism.

In particular, the publication noted that tourism development is frequently located in areas whichare exposed to, or more likely to be exposed to, sudden-onset disasters, in particular in beach and

coastal areas, river valleys and mountain regions (WTO, 1998: 1)

DISASTER PLANNING

For planning purpose disaster as a whole has been divided into four stages:

Assessment-which means understanding the risk and vulnerabilities of the particular tourists sitesand assessing how those can be prevented or mitigated. Land use planning is one of the largest

methods of modifying and reducing vulnerability of humans to hazards and is one of the major

issues to reduce vulnerability to tourism disasters, as tourists and the tourism industry may be

attracted to areas which are vulnerable to natural disasters.

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stopped coming.

Source: Tourism Concerns; fighting exploitation in tourism(2005)

RECOVERY PLAN

The phuket action plan(PAP)

In February 2005, the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) organised a meeting of tourism experts

from 42 countries, the private sector and several international organisations. The WTO is aspecialised agency of the United Nations and the leading international organisation in the tourism

field. The meeting produced the Phuket Action Plan (PAP), a recovery action plan for Indonesia,

Thailand, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. India opted not to seek assistance. The main goal was to

speed recovery in the affected destinations and to restore travellers confidence. In collaboration

with UN organisations, the action plan aimed to put systems in place that would promote disaster

reduction regimes in the region and long-term environmental and social sustainability. It focused on

the human element, developing assistance to unemployed tourism workers, saving jobs, re-

launching small tourism-related businesses and recovering the visitor flow that makes these

economies work.

The action plan prioritises five action areas: marketingand communications, community relief,professional training, sustainable redevelopmentand risk managementwhich itself is a good newand an optimistic approach but the bad news is the way the different governments are implementing

C A S E S T U D Y O N T S U N A M I A N D I M P A C T O N T O U R I S M

C O U N T R YI M P A C T R E A C T I O N O F T H E T O U R I S T A U T H O R I T I E SR E C O N S T R U T I O N

S R I L A N K A

T H A I L A N D

N D I A

D a m a g e t o t h e t o u r i s m s e c t o ra t a r o u n d 2 6 . 2 b i l l i o n S r iL a n k a n r u p e e s ( U S $ 2 5 0

m i l l io n ) , T h e l i v e l i h o o d s o f a r o u n d 3 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l ein v o l v e d in t o u r i s m h a v e b e e n

a f f e c t e d , t o u r i s t a r r i v a ln u m b e r s h a v e d r o p p e d .

S r i L a n k a s t o u r is m m in i s t e r A n u r aB a n d a r a n a i k e h a s l a u n c h e d a t w o - p r o n g e dr e c o v e r y s t ra t e g y c o m b i n i n g f a s t -t ra c k

r e s t o r a t i o n o f t o u r is m f a c i l i t ie s w i t h a nin t e r n a t io n a l m a r k e t in g c a m p a ig n c a l le d'B o u n c e B a c k S r i L a n k a. '

T h e ta s k f o rc e t o R e b u i l d t h e N a t is e t u p b y t h e S r i L a n k a n g o v e r nR e g i s t eh o t e l ie r s a n d t o u r i s m b u s in e s s e s

p o s t -t s u n a m i l o a n s c h e m e o f ( $ 9 5 , 0 0 0 ) a t a n i n t e r e s t ra t e o f y e a r g r a c e p e r io d b e f o r e r e p a y, A p l a

c o n v e r t t h e G a l l e P o r t i n t o a

a t t r a c t u p - m a r k e t v i s i t o r s w a s u n

2 , 2 4 8 f o r e ig n n a t io n a l s f ro m

3 7 c o u n t r i e s d ie d ,S t r u c t u r a ld a m a g e t o T h a i la n d s t o u r is min f r a s t r u c t u r e i s e s t im a t e d a t

$ 1 b i l l io n , v i s i t o r n u m b e r s a r ed o w n 4 0 % f r o m A u g u s t 2 0 0 4 ,1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p le m a y h a v e

lo s t j o b s i n t h e

t o u r is m in d u s t ry

T h e T o u r is m A u t h o r it y o f T h a i la n d p l a n s t o

d e v e l o p n e w t o u r is m a t t r a c t io n s t h a tin c l u d e aT s u n a m i T r a il T o u r a n d ac o n t r o v e r s i a l ,T s u n a m i M e m o r ia lM u s e u m

f e a t u r in g a h ig h -t e c h c r y s t a l p r i s m s h o w in gv i c t im s n a m e s , a s t h e r e w a s n o o b v i o u sp r o v i s io n fo r c o n s u l t in g lo c a l c o m m u n i t ie s .

C a s e s w a s f o l l o w e d u p b y a c t io n

a s s i s t a n c e a n d r e c o v e r y ,g o v e r n m e n t d idM a s t e r P la n s fo r t h e r e b u i ld in gr e s o r t s . H o w e v e r t h e p r iv a t e s e c t

g o v e r n m e n t fo r in a c t io n , h a s st o u r is m a m e n i t ie s .

T s u n a m i h i t In d ia d u r i n g t h e

p e a k h o l id a y s e a s o n a n d

t o u r i s t a r r i v a l s d r o p p e dc o n s i d e r a b l y .

In O c t o b e r 2 0 0 3 , a s e v e n -p o i n t a c t io n p la n

f o r t h e g r o w t h o f t o u r i s m w a s p r o d u c e d in

T a m il N a d u , w h ic h in c lu d e s a g g r e s s iv e a n df o c u s e d m a r k e t in g a n d e c o - t o u r is ms c h e m e s , c o n t in u e s t o b e t h e g u id i n g fo r c e

f o r t h e f u t u r e .

T h e 1 9 9 1 C o a s t a l R e g u l a t io n Z

r e c la s s i f ie d b y T a m i l N a d u G o vIn j u

2 0 0 5 In d ia ( A n d a m a n i s la n d( P h u k e t ) s ig n e d a f i v e - y e a r a g r et o u r is t s t o t h e A n d a m a n Is la n d s

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their own measures with little reference to the PAP. To make matters worse, progress is not being

monitored in a systematic, transparent manner that involves all the relevant stakeholders, including

local communities.

TOURISM PLAN IN INDIA

In order to develop tourism in India in a systematic manner, position it as a major engine of

economic growth and to harness its direct and multiplier effects for employment and povertyeradication in an environmentally sustainable manner, the National Tourism Policy was formulated

in the year 2002. Broadly, the Policy attempts to:-

Source: tourism.indiabizclub.com

Britton argues that in todays global tourism due to its immense commercialization, profits often

flow to overseas corporations and local elites and small, locally owned enteprise are either relegatedto activites which lie beyond the immediate interests of larger corporations, of find roles as

subcontractors. The final outcome of which is a form of tourism that primarily satisfies the

commercial interests of overseas concerns and only partially meets local development.

CONCLUSION

Though there is a high risk of natural hazards being transformed into a disaster to various tourists

destination of different countries, few intiatives are taken to mitigate this as most of the

stakeholders involve in this business are profit oriented and sometimes completely ignore the

dependencies of the indigeneous people. In order to reduce this types of problems there is a need for

governance and accountability from central government and more research should be taken up and

there has to be a serious coordination of the research. However for the client(tourists) they shouldbe made aware of what type of hazards the places are prone to so that they can be mentally prepared

to that particular type of hazards and able to enqurire more about it so that the impact can be less

P L A N N I N G I N I N D I A N C O N T E X T

P O L I C I E S V A R I O U S S C H E M E S R E C E N T I N I T I A T I V E S

P o s i t i o n t o u r i s m a s a m a j o r e n g i n e o f e c o n o m i c

g r o w t h ;e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p r o v i d i n gi m p e t u s t o r u r a l t o u r i s m ; F o c u s o n d o m e s t i ct o u r i s m a s a m a j o r d r i v e r o f t o u r i s m g r o w t h ;P o s i t i o n I n d i a a s a g l o b a l b r a n d ;A c k n o w l e d g e s t h e c r i t i c a l r o l e o f p r i v a t es e c t o r ; C r e a t e a n d d e v e l o p i n t e g r a t e d t o u r i s mc i r c u i t s b a s e d o n I n d i a s u n i q u e c i v i l i z a t i o n ,h e r i t a g e , a n d c u l t u r e i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h

S t a t e s , p r i v a t e s e c t o r a n d o t h e r a g e n c i e s ;E n s u r e t h a t t h e t o u r is t t o I n d i a g e t s p h y s i c a l l yi n v i g o r a t e d , m e n t a l l y r e j u v e n a t e d , c u l t u r a l l ye n r i c h e d , s p i r i t u a l l y e l e v a t e d a n d f e e l I n d i af r o m w i t h i n

S c h e m e f o r P r o d u c t / I n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d

D e s t i n a t i o n D e v e l o p m e n t ;S c h e m e f o r I n t e g r a t e d D e v e l o p m e n t o f T o u r i s t C i r c u i t s ;S c h e m e f o r S u p p o r t t oP u b l i c P r i v a t e P a r t n e r s h i p s i nI n f r a s t r u c t u r e ( V i a b i l i t y G a p F u n d i n g ) ;S c h e m e f o r M a r k e t D e v e l o p m e n tA s s i s t a n c e ( M D A )

D u r i n g 1 1 t h F i v e Y e a r P l a

o f T o u r i s m p r o p o s e t o c o n to f w o r l d c l a s s i n f r a s t r u c t u re x i s t i n g t o u r i s m p r o d u c t s ca n d e x p a n d e d t om e e t n e w m a r k e t re n h a n c e t h e c o m p e t i t i v e n ed e s t i n a t i o n .T y p e s o f T o u r i s m : H e r i t a gB e a c h a n d S e a T o u r i s m , E

t h e N E R e g i o n

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