0

Logbook submission

Yidong Zhang 645216

May 16

1

Content

Week 1............................................................................................2

Week 2 ...........................................................................................6

Week 3........................................................................................... 11

Week 4........................................................................................... 26

Week 5........................................................................................... 34

Week 6........................................................................................... 45

Week 7........................................................................................... 54

Week 8........................................................................................... 58

Week 9........................................................................................... 64

Week 10........................................................................................... 75

References..........................................................................................82

Workshop.........................................................................................87

2

Week 1 - Introduction to construction

Loads and forces

Construction overview

Introduction to materials

3

4

Firstly, we build a square base with anentrance allowing the horse to be able tomove in. We use several pieces ofMedium-density fibreboard (MDF) tomeasure the height of the horse.

However, we decide to stack our blocks horizontally,rather than vertically. This is because we figure thatthis way would be more stable. Thus, we measurethe height of horse again with blocks horizontallystacked. Twelve pieces are needed.

Like stacking bricks,covering gaps betweentwo pieces to make thestructure more stable.

We change the base and theentrance to save pieces. The oldbase is too large, which wastesmany building materials.

We find problem to close theentrance to form the fourthwall. It might be the fault ofsquare shape, so we changethe base to round shape.

Using ‘stairs’ structure to closethe entrance. Hope they canhold the bridge by themselves.

We fall several times, andthis slow down the process.

We never finish the forth wall bystacking MDF to close the entrance, butwe make an another entrance by dig ahole on a complete wall. The wall cansurprisingly hold, instead of fall becauseof the hole in the middle. This makesme rethink of the load.

5

As we build higher, the problem oflack of building material stillappear. Therefore, we change thebase again. Increasing the gap tosave more pieces.

6

Summary:

This experiment illustrates the structural system, and it contains walls and an entrance as theenclosure. This compression structure can separate the loads by each layer to the ground. Mostof MDF pieces work effectively and they bear the weight and loads of the whole structure.

We find that it is important to sketch the plan first. Proposing several different methods asbackups. Drawing the load diagram to figure out how does the load goes.We should be moreclear about the requirement of the experiment. The purpose is not to build the most stablestructure, but as higher as possible. We are supposed to focus on the height. Be more carefulwhen we are building. We fall several times and this would slow down the process. We need tostart more quickly, this week we misevaluate the time. Trying different ways and see whichcan hold higher. We will never know if we do not try. Additionally, changing plan in themiddle of the process results in immature structure and lack of consideration.

It is proved that a hole on the wall may not cause the wall fall, the load can be separated byeach piece of MDF. While the force is divided, it decreases by strength. Thus, when the loadsare transferred to the ground, the structure can hold still. Therefore, it is important to draw acorrect load diagram before we start to build.

The shape of stair structure can slowly separated the load and we should use it more. However,still some difficulties are found when we building it.

In my opinion, round structure can hold stronger because each piece can be support be twoothers which located next to it. The force is within the circle.

Glossary

Load Path A path that loads pass through to the the structural system.Masonry Works constructed by a mason, especially stoneworkCompression The act of compressing or the state of being compressed.Reaction Force A force that acts in the opposite direction to an action force.Point Load A point load refers to a point where a bearing or structural weight is

intense and transferred to the foundation.Beam Beams are rigid structural members designed to carry and transfer

transverse loads across the space to supporting elements.

7

Week 2 - Structural loads and forces

Structural systems & connections

Construction Processes & Systems

ESD and Materials

8

9

We sketches the plan. It is supposedto be larger in the base, andgradually get smaller in each upperfloor. Each floor should be 15cm,15cm, 10cm, 10cm, 5cm, 5cm.

We make 15cm triangle as a base.Triangle might be one of the moststable shape and 15 cm is enough tohold the whole balsa tower withoutwasting building material.

Tape it with tapes.

We find the structure isunstable, thus variouskinds of joints areconsidered.

Changing to sticktapes to re- band joints

Changing to pins andtapes.

We find that is not the problemwith the glue. It is the problemof structure of joints.

Slant structure helps to support two pillarsby building a connection to transform andseparate loads.

10

Notice that joints arethe weakest part in ourbalsa tower.

When it is loaded, it appearstwisted movement. It is becauseof the unstable joints and lackof support on the middle of theeach floor.

Notice that the mostweakest point in each flooris the midpoints of eachpillar.

Finished balsa tower

The original plan of our balsatower

11

Summary:

The balsa tower is a frame and skeleton structure. It has structural system. Nearly half columnsand beams work effectively and they bear tension and loads. However, we use the slantstructure to support the wrong points, and we have very weak joints. The midpoints of eachcolumn are not well supported. They are the weakest points in the balsa tower.

Due to the continuous problem of joints, we abandon the original plan, and we are not finishthe tower. We should consider the accident may happens and possible solution at thebeginning.

We should consider which kind of joints we should use in our tower. We never thought thatwould be a problem. It should be considered that one beam and two column structure will stillinfluenced by lateral force. That explains why our tower are twisted and it has rotationalmovement. It can become a effective frame, when strong joints are applied.

We should consider more about load and how it would separate. I used to think the structure islight, thus we do not need to consider much about the tower’s weight.

We should considered the weakest points in the structure, and try to support it properly.

Glossary

Structural Joints The connection using in construction.Stability The state or quality of being stable.Tension The act of stretching or straining.Frame A rigid structure supporting or constructing things.Bracing A structural member used to stiffen a framework.Column Columns are rigid, relatively slender structure members designed

primarily axial compression load applied to ends of the members.Force It is any influence that produces a change in the slope or movement of

body.

12

Week 3 - Footings & Foundations

Structural elements, Geometry &Equilibrium

Footings and Foundations

Mass and Masonry Materials

13

14

15

Lot 6 Cafe

Structural system - solid systemConstruction systems: Structural system - glass walls and concrete columns

Enclosure system - glass, concrete beams and columns, steel columns andbeams support the openings

- glass doors and windowsMechanical system - lights inside and outside - electricity, water pipe,

Inside elevator

Main material: glass, concrete, and steel. Brick column (logo)Joints: fix jointsConcrete reinforcement

16

Underground carpark & South Lawn (195)

Structural system - solid systemConstruction systems: Structural system - concrete walls and columns

Enclosure system - concrete wallsMechanical system - lights, water pipe,

Elements: concrete columns and slabsMain material: concrete and steelJoints: fix joints

Basement, Concrete reinforcement

17

Arts West Student Center (148)Structural system - skeleton system - steel and wood beamsConstruction systems: Structural system - concrete and brick walls

Enclosure system - concrete and brick walls, glass doors and windowsMechanical system - lights, water pipe, elevator

Elements: beamsMain material: steel, glass, timber, concrete, metalJoints: fix joints, pin joints

18

Stairs on west end of Union House (130)

Structural system - skeleton system - steelConstruction systems: Structural system - steel structure

Enclosure system - noneMechanical system - lights

Elements: beams, stairs, cables and brick wallsMain material: steel and masonry brickJoints: fix joints, roller joints, pin joints

Structural system - membrane systemConstruction systems: Structural system - steel cables, concrete columns and brick walls

Enclosure system - membraneMechanical system - lights

Elements: membrane, cables and brick wallsMain material: ???fabric and steelJoints: fix joints, roller joints, pin joints

19

Beaurepaire Centre Pool (101)

Structural system - solid systemConstruction systems: Structural system - glass walls, brick wall and steel structure

Enclosure system - glass walls, brick wall, glass doors and windowsMechanical system - lights, pool, water pipe

Elements: beams, columns, glass wallsMain material: concrete, glass and steelJoints: fix joints

Large span

20

Oval Pavilion (north side of oval)

Structural system - skeleton system - steelConstruction systems: Structural system - concrete walls and steel structure

Enclosure system - concrete walls and glass doors and windowsMechanical system - lights, water pipe

Elements: beams, column, wallsMain material: masonry brick, steel and precast concreteJoints: fix joints, pin joint

21

New Melbourne School of Design under construction - from various sides (133)

Structural system - solid systemConstruction systems: Structural system - concrete columns and steel structure

Enclosure system - concrete non-loadbearing walls and glass doors and windowsMechanical system - lights, water pipe, elevator

Elements: beams, column, wallsMain material: precast concrete and steelJoints: fix joints

22

Old Geological South Lecture Theatre Entry Structure (156)Structural system - solid systemConstruction systems: Structural system - concrete walls

Enclosure system - brick walls, glass doors and windowsMechanical system - lights, water pipes, heating

Elements: beams and brick wallsMain material: mansonry brick and precast concreteJoints: fix joints

23

Frank Tate Pavilion (west of Sidney Myer Asia Centre (158))Structural system - skeleton systemConstruction systems:

Structural system - steel structureEnclosure system - none

Mechanical system - lightsElements: beams and columnsMain material: wood and steelJoints: fix joints, pin joints

24

Glossary

Movement - the act of changing the location of something (Ching, 2011).

Moment - The tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a

point or line, equal magnitude to the product of the force and te moment

arm and acting in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction (Ching, 2011).

Equilibrium - A state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action

of opposing forces (Ching, 2011).

Retaining wall - A wall of treated timber, masonry or concrete for holding in place a ass of eath(Ching, 2011).

Pad footing - A thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure or

a piece of equipment(Newton, 2014).

Strip footing - The continuous spread footing of a foundation wall (Ching, 2009).

Slab on ground - a concrete slab placed over a dense or compacted base and supported directly bythe ground (Ching, 2011).

Substructure - the underlying structure forming the foundation of a building other construction(Ching, 2011).

25

26

Week 4 - Floor systems & Horizontalelements

Beams and Cantilevers, Span & Spacing

Floor & framing systems

Concrete

27

28

29

30

Group work discussion of scale

Scale is used as a standard during the measurement

WhereWe use scale to represent a larger or tinier object within the area we want. For example, fit in

the paper.

WhenLarge scale is used to show precise details.Small scale contains more information and give a general ideas as a whole. For example, the

building plan and blueprint shows the building in a piece of paper.

Give the reader the idea of sizeSee the standard of the building processUsing constant units

Flexible -small to large large to small.Use in constructing environment

31

32

33

Glossary

Joist- Any of a series of small, repetitive parallel beams for supporting floors, ceilings, or flatroofs (Ching, 2011)..

(Metal) steel decking- Sheet steel strengthened for use as floor or roof decking by cold-rolling aseries of ribs or flutes into it, and usually galvanized for corrosion resistance. The spanningcapability of metal decking depends on the thickness of the steel sheet and the depth of thecorrugations (Ching, 2011)..

Span - It is the distance measure between two structural supports (Ching, 2009). It can bemeasured between vertical and horizontal members or supports. According to Newton (2014), it isnot necessarily the same as the length of the member.

Girder - Main beams

Spacing - It is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements (Ching, 2009). Itis associated with supporting elements (beams and columns). It is measured vertically andhorizontally, often center line to center line (Newton, 2014).

Spacing of the supporting elements depends on the spanning capabilities of the supportedelements (Newton, 2014).

In Situ Concrete - it is foured to formwork and curved on site.-fabrication and assembly of formwork.-need reinforcement-process- pouring, vibration, curving concrete (chemical hydration)-limitations: limit time, air bubbles*Uses - structural purpose. Footings, retaining walls, bespoke*Joints - construction - smaller and manageable

-control - temperature different, material coefficient, dimensions of pieces (Ching,2011).

Precast concrete- fabricated in a controlled environment, then transported to site ensure morestandardized outcomes (e.g. Quality control issue, faster rate progress).*Uses - structure of building, bridge and civil works, self-supporting panel type elements.Common in retaining walls, walls and columns, but rarely in footings.*Joints - construction joints - naturally occurs when one precast meets another *depend onaesthetic uses. - structural joints - to other part of structural critical for overall performance (Ching,2011).Beams - horizontal structural elements to carry loads and transfer them to vertical supports(Newton, 2014).Cantilever - support only one end to carry loads and transfer them to vertical and horizontalsupports (Newton, 2014).

34

Week 5 - Columns, grids & wall systems

Columns, frames & grids

Walls, grids & columns

Timber

35

36

37

38

We were building the model two in the ovalPavillion building.

The materials we bought for building themodel are balsa wood, wood sticks andconnectors, several kinds of cardboard paper,tape, master tape, knives, and glues. We werenot sure about the most suitable material tobuild the frame at the beginning.

We started on a piece of cardboard. We used itas the base because when we cut it into strips,it is too soft to use to build the frame of themodel. However, it is hard enough as the basewhen it performs as a whole piece.

We divided the building plan into four partsfor each team member. Everyone wasresponsible for building two or threestructures and we will combine all thestructure eventually to form the whole model.

We decided to use balsa wood, tape andmaster tape to build our model after we testedthe usability of all materials we had

39

I was responsible for three structures.

Firstly, I calculate the actual lengths for eachpiece of the structure by using the scale in thebuilding plan.

The scale is 1: 20. Therefore, the actual lengthis five times of the length shown on the graph.For example, the left is 12 millimeters on thegraph, so its actual length is 60 millimeter.

I did not measure the smallest pieces in thestructure, because it is too short to be cutprecisely. Also, the model did not have to beaccurate. So, I added final two small pieces toform figure 4, which is the actual structureaccording to building plan in figure 3.

Figure 5 and 6 show another two structuresthat I made during the class.

40

By the end of the class, we finished nearly sixstructures. Two more lateral structures and onecentral big structure are left. We decided tobuild after class.

By the end of the class. The other two groupsalso did not complete their models. They showtheir work in Week 6.

Basement - fiberboard = concrete slabs andwalls

Concrete columns

41

April 5, Saturday.

We met at the workshop room in ground floorin 757 Swanston building to finish our model.

We found the material shortage problem. Wehad no balsa wood to build the frame.Therefore, we used wood sticks and we brokethe wood stick connectors to build the model.

To use wood sticks, the saw was used to cutthe sticks into proper length, and it will behard to tape the heavy round sticks together.

We used the tool in the workshop room; Theyinclude the saws and rulers, in order to makeproper length sticks to build the structures.

We reinforced the joints between sticks bytaping more on it, which shown on the right.We tested nails, which we got in workshoproom, but they did not work. Balsa is too thinand the sticks are too thick and round.

42

The two small lateral structures were built bywood pieces from breaking from stickconnectors and remaining balsa wood, whilethe central long structure is built by all teammembers using wood sticks.

We jointed eight structures, which was madeby every team members, and the centralstructure together to form the whole frame ofthe model.

Tapes are used to joint balsa wood and stickstogether.

We taped the whole structure on the board

43

Final adjustment is made. It included fixingthe loosen joints, misplaced lateral structures.and make sure all parts were located in correctangles that shown on the building plan.

Finished frame of model two

44

Glossary

Stud - Any of a repetitive series of slender, upright members of wood or light-gauge metal formingthe structural frame of a wall or partition (Ching, 2011).

Nogging - One of a number of short wooden pieces inserted between the principal members of ahalf-timbered wall to strengthen the frame and retain the brick infill. Also, nogging (Ching, 2011).

Lintel - A beam supporting the weight above a door or window opening (Ching, 2011)..

Axial load - A tensile or compressive force acting along the longitudinal axis of a structuralmember and at the centroid of the cross section, producing axial stress without bending, torsion, orshear. Also called axial force (Ching, 2011)..

Buckling - The sudden lateral or torsional instability of a slender structural member induced bythe action of a compressive load. Buckling can occur well before the yield stress of the material isreached (Ching, 2011)..

Seasoned timber - timber after seasoning process (Newton, 2014).

45

Week 6 - Spanning & Enclosure space

Trusses, Plate & Grids

Roofing strategies and systems

Metals

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

Glossary

Rafter - Any of a series of small, parallel beams for supporting the sheathing and covering of apitched roof (Ching, 2011).

Purlin - A longitudinal member of a roof frame for supporting common rafters between the ridgeand the eaves. Also, purline, Also called binding rafter (Ching, 2011).

Cantilever - A beam or other rigid structural member extending beyond a fulcrum and supportedby a balancing ember or a downward force behind the fulcrum (Ching, 2011).

Portal frame- As analyzing a multistory frame, the portal method assumes that a point of inflectionoccurs at the mid-length of all members in the frame, and that the frame acts as series ofindependent portals to which the total lateral shear at each level is distributed in proportion to thefloor area each column supports (Ching, 2011).

Eave - The overhanging lower edge of the roof (Ching, 2011).

Alloy - A substance composed of two or more metals, or of a metal and a nonmetal, intimatelymixed, as by fusing or electrodeposition (Ching, 2011).

Soffit - The underside of an architectural element, as that of an arch, beam, cornice, or staircase(Ching, 2011).

Top chord - top trusses of a open web steel joist.

54

Week 7 - Detailing strategies 1

Arches, Domes & Shells

Detailing for Heat & Moisture

Rubber, Plastic, Paint

55

56

57

Glossary

Drip - Any of various devices for shedding rainwater so as to keep it from running down a wall orfalling onto the sill of an opening (Ching, 2011).

Vapour barrier - A material of low permeance, as plastic film or foil, installed in a construction toretard the transmission fo moisture from the interior environment to a point where it can condenseinto water. Also called vapour retarder (Ching, 2011).

Gutter - A channel of metal or wood at the eaves or on the roof of a building, for carrying offrainwater. Also called eaves trough (Ching, 2011).

Parapet - A defensive wall or elevation of earth or stone protecting soldiers from enemy fire.

Down pipe - A vertical pipe for conveying rainwater down from a roof or gutter to the ground.Also called downspout, drainspout leader (Ching, 2011).

Flashing- It refers to thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installedto prevent the passage of water into a structure from an angle or joint (Ching, 2011).

Insulation - materials used to prevent unwanted changes of indoor environment (Ching, 2011).

Sealant - any of various viscous substances injected into a building joint, curing to form a flexiblematerial that adheres to the surrounding surfaces and seals the joint against the passage of air andwater (Ching, 2011).

58

Week 8 - Openings

Deformation & Geometry

Strategies for openings

Glass

59

60

61

Glossary

Window sash: the fixed or movable framework of a window or door in which panes of glass areset (Ching, 2011).

Deflection: is the perpendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course undertransverse loading, increasing with load and span and decreasing with an increase in the momentof inertia of the section of the modulus of elasticity of the material.

Neutral axis is an imaginary line passing through the centroid of the cross section of a beam orother section of a beam or other member subject to bending, along which no bending stressesoccur

Bending moment: is an external moment tending to cause part of a structure to rotate or bend,equal to the algebraic sum of the moments about the neutral axis of the section underconsideration (Ching,2009).

Moment of Inertia: is the sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of itsdistance from a coplanar axis of rotation (Ching,2009).

Door Furniture

Stress: bending stress is a combination of compressive and tension stresses developed at a crosssection of a structural member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value at the surfacefurthest from the neutral axis.

Shear Force:

Transverse shear: occurs at a cross section of a beam or other member subject to bending,equal to the algebraic sum of transverse forces on one side of the section

Vertical shear: develops to resist transverse shear, having a maximum value at the neutral axisand decreasing nonlinearly toward the outer faces

Horizontal or longitudinal shear: develops to prevent slippage along horizontal planes of abeam under transverse loading equal at any point to the vertical shearing stress at that point

62

Scan annotated drawing (with and without tracing paperActual A1

Photo actual points

This part is mydrawing - Roof North

63

External wall of function room: external timber cladding and lining (TIM-05) + internalplasterboard lining (impact and fire resist plasterboard x2 - IL-03)

Waterproof structure: vapour barrier

Function room Plant room behind the brick wall

64

Week 9 - Detailing strategies 2

Stress and structural members

Construction detailing

Composite materials

65

66

67

Glossary

Sandwich panel - A structural panel consisting of a core of relatively light material enclosedbetween two sheets of high-strength material,generally resulting in a high stiffness-to-weight ratio(Ching, 2011).

Skirting - enclosure around the edge where need to be covered (Ching, 2011).

Composite beams - A structural member composed of two or more dissimilar

materials joined together to act as a unit in (Newton, 2014).

Long columns - a slender column subject to failure by buckling rather than

by crashing (Ching,2011).

Bifurcation - The critical point at which a column, carrying its critical

buckling load, may either buckle or remain undeflected (Ching, 2011）.

Cornice - The uppermost member of a classical entablature, consisting typically of a cymatium,corona, and bed molding (Ching, 2011).

Bending - movement that causes the formation of a curve (Ching,2011).

Composite material: materials are created when two or more materials are combined in such a waythat the individual materials remain easily distinguishable (Newton, 2014).

Monolithic material: a single material or materials combined so that components areindistinguishable (e.g. metal alloys).

68

69

70

The basement is part of the substructure ofthe building. In the basement, themechanical service system is exposed andit is visible along the concrete supportingmembers.

The concrete columns and reinforcedconcrete block walls are shown. Steel

This concrete beam is in situconcrete beam, supported byconcrete columns. It is designedand placed to maximize the depthof the beams, in order to increaseits load-carrying ability.

Timber and concrete worktogether

71

The roof is flat roof. Openings anddrainage system is essential for managingrainwater.

The flat roof is mostly in situ concretethat is made on site. However, thepre-cast concrete slabs are shown on theright for special structure (e.g.entrances).

There is no water tank (6 starbuilding does not require a watertank), so most of the rainwater isflow to the ground throughdrainage system.

72

This opening structure isopened from roof toground floor.

Non load-bearing metal studwall is shown. They are lightweight and pre punched forproviding service.

73

Stair with timber framing isshown. It make a passagebetween two floors.

Mechanical system is shown. Cables and pipeswill provide services for the tenants in thisapartment.

Yellow pipe is for gas. Black one is for coldwater. Brown copper one is for electricity. Thered one is for hot water.

*Analyze: Copper lines are easy to startoxidation, especially when they are exposed tothe open, high moisture environment. It maycause corrosion and failure of copper pipes.

Air conditioning provides service for fresh airand temperature regulation.

74

*Analyze: Metals are easy to start rustingwhen they meet moisture. In winter, if thevapour cools down to water and flows downalong the window glass or sliding door to thesill. It will cause corrosion of the windowframe.

75

Week 10 - When things go wrong

Lateral forces

Collapses and failures

Heroes and culprits

76

See actual drawing

77

78

79

80

Glossary

IEQ (health) - Indoor Environment Qualities (Newton, 2014).

Lifecycle - Evaluating the full range of environmental and social consequences assignable to aproduct, process, and service from cradle to grave (Ching, 2011).

Sheer wall - They are structural elements made of rigid materials that resist lateral loads in thevertical plane. They collect the lateral loads from the horizontal resisting elements and transferthem to the foundation (Newton, 2014).

Braced frame - They are essentially truss structures that provide diagonal paths for moving thelateral loads through the structure in the vertical planes. *Most common ones are X andK-bracings (Newton, 2014).

Corrosion - Corrosion is a process that occurs when a material deteriorates due to its chemicalinteraction with the surrounding environment. As a material corrosively deteriorates, its materialproperties likewise degrade (Craig, Lane & Rose, 2006). *Oxidation of metals

Soft story - The "soft-story" buildings feature a space - a glass window or

a garage door - on the ground floor where a wall would ordinarily be, making

their wood frames prone to twisting and buckling in an earthquake (Selna,

2008).

Defect - collapse and failure

Fascia - Any broad, flat, horizontal surface, such as the outer edge of a cornice or roof (Ching,2009).

81

Details - Roof North

Vapour barrier - * waterproof elementExternal timber lining - purpose: good outside appearanceImpact and fire resistant plasterboard - cheap and light-weight. *save cost from transportation.Thermal and acoustic insulation - purpose: to maintain the comfort indoor environmentMetal deck roofFlashing - purpose: to keep water outsider the building. * Waterproof element.Aluminum fascia - light, easy formed. Oxidation- self-protective * Cost effective

Where things go wrong:10 Gap - hard for constructionMetal rust and corrosion.Timber failure over time - decaying

82

References

Ashford, P. (2014). Constructing Environments. Collapses & failure, when things go wrong.Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be

Cameron, R. Constructing Environments. A tale of corrosion – the statue of liberty. Retrievedfrom https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be

Ching, F. D. K. (2011). A Visual Dictionary of Architecture. Van Nostrand

Reinhold Company, ISBN 0-442-02462-2.

Ching, F. D. K. (2009). Buidling Construction Illustrated. Hobken, New Jersey: JohnWiley&Sons, Inc.

Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design EN 1990. Bruxelles: European Committee

for Standarization. 2002.

Hes, D (2014). Constructing Environments. Heros and villains – a framework for selectingmaterials. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.beHutson, A. (2014). The pantheon: An Example of Early Roman Concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aL6EJaLXFY&feature=youtu.be

Lewi, H. (2014). Constructing Environments. ‘Ghery’s House an Exploration of Wrapping.Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqn2bYoO8j4&feature=youtu.be.

Lewis, M. (2014). Constructing Environments. Spanning Spaces. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zx4tM-uSaO8&feature=youtu.be.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. American Society of

Civil Engineers.2006.p.1.ISBN 0-7844-0809-2.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Composite Materials. Retrieved from

83

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Constructing detailing. Retrieved fromhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Engineered Timber Products. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Ferrous Metals and Alloys. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. From Wood to Timber. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Lateral supports. Retrieved fromhttps://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_id=_4336783_1&course_id=_271852_1

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Metals. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Non-ferrous Metals and Alloys. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Spanning and Enclosing Spaces. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Timber Properties and Considerations. Retrievedfrom http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environments. Wall Grids and Columns. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be.

84

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment.Footings and foundations. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Beams. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/BEAMS%20AND%20CANTILEVERS.pdf

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Bricks. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Concrete Blocks. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Floor and Framing Systems. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Geometry and Equilibrium. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2003/GEOMETRY%20AND%20EQUILIBRIUM.pdf

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. In Situ Concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Mansonry. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be

85

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Mass Construction. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Pre-cast concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Span and spacing. Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEEK%2004/SPAN%20AND%20SPACING.pdf.

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Stone. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Constructing Environment. Structural Elements. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Detailing for Heat and Moisture. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Glass. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Openings: Doors & Windows. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Paints. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Plastic. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be

Newton, C. (2014). Rubber. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be

Sader, J. (2014). 10>1: Something Glassy. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NW_GibnyBZc&feature=youtu.be

86

Salna, C. (2014). Retrieved fromhttp://www.sfgate.com/news/article/S-F-leaders-ignore-weak-buildings-quake-risk-3208142.php

87

Appendix - Construction Workshop Report

Spans are shown in the sketch withmeasurements. Joist span and beam span areshown.

Shape: the structure is like a flat roof or floorwith combination of two materials (pine, ply)see figure 11.1.

Strength: the strength and load carrying abilitydepends on the material’s ability that resistingbuckling. The composite structure andcombination of materials make pine and plysupport and strengthen each other to carrymore loads. *Ply acts like bracing, whilepine is the main structure.

Joints: pin joints. (nails, screws)

Material efficiency: according to the loadtesting results. All elements in the structurecarries loads because they all damaged.However, the short joists are the lease efficientpart in the whole structure. Nails fail totransforming loads from beams to joists,because joists are slant in figure 11.2.

Ply bracings are effective, since they bend.Top and bottom beams are effective, sincethey break finally. *knobs- the weakest part inthe timber

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

88

Comparison - Actual construction materials ishard to assemble and shape. Features ofmaterial, like knobs, and other considerations,like shortage of building materials, areimportant because they can cause failing. Ifthe actual one is failing, the outcomes aremore serious

We are group 2: The applied failure load: 320Maximum deflection: 40 cm

Comparison with other groupsGroup 1The applied failure load: 290Maximum deflection: 50 cmSide joists are not effective. The shape ishigher than mine. Ply is thin and weak inhorizontal direction. Generally, this structureis weaker and carry less load than mine. Jointsare weak at two ends.

Group 3 - by teacherThe applied failure load: 350Maximum deflection: 40 cmVery effective use of materials. The shape isshorter than mine and it increases the depth ofstructure. Ply and pine are strengthen eachother with stong connections. Generally, thisstructure is stronger and carry more load thanmine. Joints are strong because they are in theright place to hold the weakest place.

89

Working process:

Material: 1200 * 3.2 * 90 Ply x 21200 * 42 * 18 Pine x 2

Tools: sundry nails, screws, hammers, saws,electronic drills, bench hooker, sliding bevel,square, flexible rule.

We measure the pine and ply with flexible rulefirst

Using square to mark a straight line whichperpendicular with the horizontal pine.

The length of the short joists are 100 mm.

Using saw to cut the short joists on the benchhooker. The bench hooker protects the desk,stabilizes the pine, and makes the cutting saferand more convenient.

Two short joists from one pine, and one shortjoist is from another pine.

90

Nailing the base pine on the ply with thehammer.

We found it is hard to nail with hammer, so wechange to electronic drill to drive screws intothe pine and ply.

Inside structure

Finished work

91

As teacher’s suggestion, we hammer two nailsin two ends to strengthen the combinations ofpine and ply in the ends, so that the wholestructure will not start failing at two ends .

92

93