Final Stretch! Who was Charles Darwin? HW: Begin Evolution Study Guide w/Word Bank
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Final Stretch!
Who was Charles Darwin?
HW: Begin Evolution Study Guide w/Word Bank
Agenda: 1. Turn in Genetic Disorder Brochures 2. Discuss EOCT Review Tue & Thur 3. Discussion: Charles Darwin and Theory of Evolution
Georgia Performance Standards:SB 5: Evaluate the role of natural selection in the theory of evolution
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15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Darwin on the HMS Beagle
Evolution
His job was to collect biological and geological specimens during the ship’s travel.
Chapter 15
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What can explain the large extent of biological diversity on earth?
• Evolution – change over time– How life has changed over time
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The Galápagos Islands
Evolution
Darwin began to collect mockingbirds, finches, & other animals on the 4 islands.
He noticed that the different islands seemed to have their own, slightly different varieties of animals. Later called descent with modification
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Chapter 15
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The Galapagos Islands• West of South America• Group of islands each with
different climates• Tortoises varied from island to
island in neck length and shell shape
• Finches varied in beak shape• Characteristics of plants and
animals varied from island to island
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Evolution
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Chapter 15
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Darwin Continued His Studies
Evolution
Darwin inferred that if humans could change species by artificial selection, then perhaps the same process could work in nature. Think of Biotechnology and Agricultural
Engineering today!!
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
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Journal Entry January 7, 20101.How life has changed over time is:a.Natural Selection b. Descent with modification c. Evolution
2. According to Darwin, the fact that plants & animals may look similar but show variation is due toa. Natural Selection b. Descent with modification c. Evolution
3. The process, or driving force, that causes organism to gradually change in response to their environment is:b.Natural Selection b. Descent with modification c. Evolution
4. The use of biotechnology today can be considered an example of:a. Natural Selection b. Artificial Selection c. Derived trait
5. Charles Darwin took his voyage aboard the HMS _______________ and did most of his research in______________.a. Bagel; Australia b. Evolution; South Africa c. Beagle; Galapagos
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What did Darwin call the process by which an individual changes over time?
Agenda: 1. Review: Natural Selection 2. Discuss Support/Evidence for Evolution
Georgia Performance Standards:SB 5: Evaluate the role of natural selection in the theory of evolution
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Natural Selection
Evolution
Individuals in a population show variations. Variations can be inherited. Organisms have more offspring than can survive with
available resources.
Variations that increase reproductive success will have a greater chance of being passed on.
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Chapter 15
“Survival of the Fittest”
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The Origin of Species
Evolution
Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859.
It is a means of explaining how evolution works.
15.1 Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Chapter 15
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Lamarck’s Theory• Pre-Darwin scientist• Inheritance of acquired traits due to use and disuse of features• Structures not used would shrivel and disappear• Early scientist to recognize that organisms had changed over
time
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15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Support for Evolution
Evolution
The fossil record
Glyptodont
Provide a record of species that lived long ago.
Show that ancient species share similarities with species that now live.
Armadillo
Chapter 15
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15.2 Evidence of EvolutionSupport for Evolution
Evolution
Biological Molecules Nucleotide changes (mutation) cause a change in amino
acid sequences Species with a common ancestor will have fewer
differences in their genes and amino acids.
Chapter 15
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Geographic Distribution
Evolution
The distribution of plants and animals that Darwin saw first suggested evolution to Darwin.
Rabbit Mara
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Support for Evolution
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Evolution
Derived traits are newly evolved features, such as feathers, that do not appear in the fossils of common ancestors.
Ancestral traits are more primitive features, such as teeth and tails, that do appear in ancestral forms.
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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Homologous StructuresAnatomically similar structures inherited from
a common ancestor
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Evolution
Same function but different structure
NOT inherited fromcommon ancestor.
Analogous Structures
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Vestigial Structures Structures that are the reduced
forms of functional structures in other organisms.
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Evolutionary theorypredicts that features of ancestors that no longer have a function for that species will become smaller over time until they are lost.
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Evolution
Comparisons of the similarities in organisms are seen in comparative anatomy and in the fossil record.
Organisms with closely related morphological features have more closely related molecular features.
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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More Terms• Fitness – ability of an individual
to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
• Adaptation – inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival–Can be physical traits as well as behavioral traits
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Evolution
Camouflage
Allows organisms to become almost invisible to predators
Leafy sea dragon
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Mimicry
One species evolves to resemble another species.
Western coral snake California kingsnake
15.2 Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Natural Selection
Acts to select the individuals that are best adapted for survival and reproduction
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Stabilizing selection operates to eliminate extreme expressions of a trait when the average expression leads to higher fitness.
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
Ex. Siberian Husky
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Evolution
Directional selection makes an organism more fit.
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
Favors the extremes Ex. Greyhound Dog
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Evolution
Disruptive selection is a process that splits a population into two groups.
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
Ex. Black, White, & Gray Rabbits
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15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Mechanisms of Evolution
Evolution
Population genetics Hardy-Weinberg principle states that when allelic
frequencies remain constant, a population is in genetic equilibrium.
Chapter 15
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Evolution
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
Write these down & know these!
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Evolution
Genetic Drift A change in the allelic frequencies in a population
that is due to chance and random mating
In smaller populations, the effects of genetic drift become more pronounced, and the chance of losing an allele becomes greater.
Marble Example
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary TheoryChapter 15
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Evolution
Nonrandom Mating
Promotes inbreeding & could lead to a change in allelic proportions favoring individuals that are homozygous for particular traits
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Founder Effect
The loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
Mainland
Island 3
Island 2
Island 1
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Evolution
Bottleneck a significant percentage of a population or species
is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing and can rebound later
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Often caused by a natural disaster
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What is a gene pool?• Gene pool – combined genetic
info of all members of a population– Contains two of more alleles
(genes) for the same trait– Allele frequency – number of
times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared to the number of times another allele occurs (expressed in percents)
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Sample Population
48% heterozygous
black
36% homozygous
brown
16% homozygous
black
Frequency of Alleles
allele for brown fur
allele for black fur
Relative Frequencies of AllelesSection 16-1
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Gene Flow• Genes entering or leaving a population
• AKA. Migration– Emigration Genes LEAVING a population– Immigration INCOMING genes in a population
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What are sources for genetic variation?
• Mutations – random change in the DNA, may cause evolution in future populations
• Genetic shuffling – occurs in meiosis when gametes are formed
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Evolution
Sexual selection operates in populations where males and females differ significantly in appearance.
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Prezygotic isolation prevents reproduction by making fertilization unlikely.
Eastern meadowlark and Western meadowlark
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
• In behavioral isolation, patterns of courtship may be different.
• In temporal isolation, different groups may not be reproductively mature at the same season, or month, or year.
• In ecological isolation, not in the same habitat where they are likely to meet.
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Postzygotic isolation occurs when fertilization has occurred but a hybrid offspring cannot develop or reproduce.
Evolution
Prevents offspring survival or reproduction
Liger
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Allopatric Speciation
A physical barrier divides one population into two or more populations.
Abert squirrel Kaibab squirrel
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Sympatric Speciation
A species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier.
The ancestor species and the new species live side by side during the speciation process.
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Adaptive Radiation
Can occur in a relatively short time when one speciesgives rise to many different species in response to the creation of new habitat or some other ecological opportunity
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Coevolution
The relationship between two species might be so close that the evolution of one species affects the evolution of the other species.
Mutualism
Coevolutionary arms race
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Unrelated species evolve similar traits even though they live in different parts of the world.
Convergent Evolution
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
Rate of Speciation
Evolution proceeds in small, gradual steps according to a theory called gradualism.
Punctuated equilibrium explains rapid spurts of genetic change causing species to diverge quickly.
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15
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Evolution
15.3 Shaping Evolutionary Theory
Chapter 15