Final Rport of Tb

7/30/2019 Final Rport of Tb

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THE NUMBER OF TUBERCULOSIS CASES IN ADULT 25-45 YRS. OLD

RECORDED IN KAUSWAGAN, TALAMBAN CEBU CITY: A GUIDE TO

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT THIS FEBRUARY 2006

A Thesis Proposal

Presented to

Ms. Florecar Arco

Cebu Doctors University

College of Arts and Sciences Department

______________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Subject

English 12 (Introduction to Research)

By:

Naomi Colleen Balugo

Vanessa Cagas

Donna Martz Lua

Jeanette Mangle

Jaine Lorraine Ong

Rona May Sta. Cruz

Kathleen Tac-an

Richildine Jumao-as

Micheal Kenichi Fumoto

Rayland Del Mar

Mark Cyril Salo

John Kylle Pesquira

(BSN 1-H)


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December 2006

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The making of this research wouldnt have been made possible without

the generous support of the following people who the researchers sincerely

would like to thank:

Their classmates, for all their contributions and suggestions so that the

researcher could catch up to the lesson they were not able to absorb while doing

the research,

Leuterio family, of the undying support and through guidance all

throughout the research process,

Ms. Florecar Arco, for the unfailing motivation and for helping them build a

foundation for our research,

Their parents, for their unceasing financial and moral support so that they

could buy all the necessary things they needed.

Most importantly, the Almighty One for all His goodness to the group so

that they could push through with the work despite all the challenges they met

along the way.

THE RESEARCHERS


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ii

ABSTRACT

THE NUMBER OF TUBERCULOSIS CASES IN ADULT 25-45 YRS. OLD

RECORDED IN KAUSWAGAN, TALAMBAN CEBU CITY: A GUIDE TO

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT THIS FEBRUARY 2006, Naomi Colleen

Balugo, Vanessa Cagas, Rayland Del Mar, Michael Kenichi Fumoto, RIchildine

Jumao-as, Donna Martz Lua, Jeanette Mangle, Jaine Lorraine Ong, John Kylle

Pesquira, Mark Cyril Salo, Rona May Sta. Cruz, and Kathleen Tac-an, Cebu

Doctors University, Cebu City, 6000, Cebu, Philippines, 2006, Adviser: Ms.

Florecar Arco.

This study aimed to find out the number of tuberculosis cases in adult 25-

45 yrs. old recorded in Kauswagan, Talamban Cebu City: A Guide to Prevention

and Treatment this February 2006. Specifically, it sought to determine the actual

cases of Tuberculosis that would prevent the increasing rate of Tuberculosis

infection.

This study used the non-experimental type of research which employed

actual non-experiment in gathering data. Books, Journals, Articles and

Periodicals about Tuberculosis and Questionnaires were prepared. The data

gathered were applied on the research of Tuberculosis cases which are obtained

from the Library and Internet.

The result revealed that the number of Tuberculosis cases were moderate

in adult 25-45 yrs. old, for there were health centers within the vicinity,

immunization of BCG were available, and the environment is properly

maintained.

It is highly recommended that parents should let their children have an

immunization of BCG to prevent Tuberculosis in the near future. Also to the

adult, they should have physical examination annually and good general care.


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iiiTABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Acknowledgment ii

Abstract iii

Table of Contents.. iv

Chapter

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale of the Study.. 1

Theoretical Background .. 2

THE PROBLEM. 10

Statement of the Problem... 10

Statement of Hypothesis. 10

Significance of the Study. 11


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iv

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS 13

Scope. 13

Limitations.. 13

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .. 14

Research Design... 14

Research Locale 14

DEFINITION OF TERMS.. 15

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 20


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v

INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

Tuberculosis usually affects the lungs. Although it can attack almost any

organ in the body. In some people, it can lead to serious complications and even

death, especially if the body is weakened by other health problems. Tuberculosis

has been a serious public health problem since 1800 that caused more than 30%

of the death in Europe. With the advent of anti-tuberculosis antibiotics in the

1940s, the battle against tuberculosis seemed to be won. Unfortunately, because

of factors such as inadequate public health resources, reduced immune

response due to AIDS, the development of drug resistance and extreme poverty

in many parts of the world, tuberculosis continues to be a deadly disease.

World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the a third of the worlds

population (1.5 billion people) is infected with dormant (latent) tuberculosis

infection, of these cases 45% are in low and middle income countries particularly

in Africa and Asia. Tuberculosis kills 3 million people every year, most of these

deaths are in poor countries.


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1

Tuberculosis is caught by breathing-in droplets containing the bacteria,

for example, when an infected person caught on sneezes. Anyone can get

Tuberculosis, but it is more likely if you already have another disease, dont eat

well, or live in very crowded or substandard housing.

In many people who become infected with Tuberculosis, the immune

system (The bodys defense mechanism) successfully fights off the infection. The

bacteria are still in the body, but there are no symptoms and it can be passed on

Except for very young children, few people become sick immediately after

tuberculosis bacteria enter their body. In 90% to 95% of cases, the bacteria

never caused any further problems, but in about 5 to 10% of infected people they

start to multiply It is in this active phase known that an infected person actually

becomes sick and can spread the disease, it often occurs when the persons

immune system becomes impaired due to a very advanced age.

Theoretical Background

Today, tuberculosis (TB) tends to be concentrated among inner city

dwellers, ethnic minorities and recent immigrants from areas of the world where

the disease is still common. Alcoholics, who are often malnourished, are at high

risk of developing the disease, as are people infected with HIV. It can occur

anywhere, and no one is exempt from the threat of infection. (Kozier,et
http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/123/main.htmlhttp://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/123/main.html


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al,Fundamentals of Nursing Concept and Procedure, 3rd Edition,Addison Wesey

1979, pp. 935-939)

Tuberculosis (TB), chronic or acute infectious disease caused by

the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which may affect any tissue of the body

but is usually found in the lungs. The name tuberculosis is derived from the

formation by the body of characteristic cellular structures called tubercles, in

which the bacilli are trapped and walled off. Other alternative names are TB,

Tuberculosis pulmonary, consumption. ((Kozier,et al,Fundamentals of Nursing

Concept and Procedure, 3rd Edition,Addison Wesey 1979, pp. 935-939)

There are two types of TB infection these are the latent TB infection and

active TB infection. In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become

infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing. The

bacteria become inactive, but they remain alive in the body and can become

active later. This is called latent TB infection. People with latent TB infection have

no symptoms, dont feel sick, cant spread TB to others usually have a positive

skin test reaction and can develop active TB disease if they do not receive

treatment for latent TB infection. Many people who have latent TB infection never

develop active TB disease for the TB bacteria remain inactive for a lifetime

without causing disease. But TB bacteria become active if the immune system is

weak and cant stop them from growing. These active bacteria begin to multiply

in the body and cause active TB disease. The bacteria attack the body and


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destroy tissue. It will create a hole in the lungs. People with active TB infection

have symptoms like pain in chest, coughing, weight loss, fever and etc., may

spread TB to others, usually has a positive skin test and may have an abnormal

chest x-ray, or positive sputum, smear or culture.(Smith, Alice Loranie,

Microbiology and Pathology, 9th Edition, St. Louis,The C.V. Mosby Company

1968.)

Causes of Tuberculosis

Tubercle bacilli are transmitted through sputum, mainly in airborne

droplets, or by dust particles of dried sputum. They are rarely spread by excreta

or food products. Unlike other infectious diseases, tuberculosis has no specific

incubation period. A single attack does not confer lasting immunity; rather, the

bacilli may remain latent in the body for a long period, until a weakening of the

body's resistance affords them the opportunity to multiply and produce symptoms

of the disease. The usual site of the disease is the lungs, but other organs may

be involved. Pulmonary TB develops in the minority of people whose immune

systems do not successfully contain the primary infection. The disease may

occur within weeks after the primary infection, or it may lie dormant for years

before causing disease. (Wolf,Weitzel,et. al., Fundamentals of Nursing, 17th

Edition,Philadelpia, J.B. Lippincott 1979, pp. 58-92)

Symptoms of Tuberculosis


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with contaminated eating or drinking utensils, flies or dust. Casual contact is

rarely a source of infection: it usually results from continuous and intimate

exposure to infected individuals within the family circle or institutions. (Halsey,et.

al., Colliers Encyclopedia, Volume IV, New York:Macmilla Educational

Company, 1989 & www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis )

Diagnosis

A diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is established by development of a

data base derived from thepatients interview: specific inquiries should be made

to document if the patient has a previous history of tuberculosis, the presence of

tb infection or disease among family members or close associates. Response to

tuberculin skin testing (Mantoux Test): procedure for the diagnosis of

tuberculosis infection by the introduction into the skin, usually by injection on the

front surface of the forearm, of a minute amount of purified protein derivative

(PPD) tuberculin. This is a substance made from dead tubercle bacilli. When the

test is positive, a region of swelling 10 mm (0.4 inch) or greater in diameter,

usually accompanied by redness, occurs within 48 hours at the site of injection it

indicates a positive reaction. The test is a help to the physician in determining the

source and time of an infection and in distinguishing tuberculosis from other

pulmonary conditions. A chest x-ray examination: An X ray of the lungs may

show typical shadows caused by tubercular nodules or lesions. (Bannster,et. al.,

Grays Anatomy, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1989 , Smith,) , (Alice Loranie,
http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis


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6

Microbiology and Pathology, 9th Edition, St. Louis,The C.V. Mosby Company

1968.) & (www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis )

Treatment

The treatment of tuberculosis now consists of drug therapy and good

general care. Nowadays antimicrobial drugs were discovered that revolutionized

the treatment of patients with tuberculosis. Isoniazid, rifampicin, and streptomycin

are the three main drugs used to treat tuberculosis; all three are capable of

virtually eradicating the tubercle bacillus from the human body. Other such drugs

are ethambutol, para-aminosalicylic acid, thiacetazone, and pyrazinamide.

Before these drugs were available, treatment consisted of long periods, often

years, of bed rest and often surgical removal of useless lung tissue. With early

drug treatment, surgery is now rarely needed. One problem with drug therapies,

however, is that the bacilli may become resistant to some of the drugs. This is

avoided mainly by giving combinations of the drugs. The patient is usually made

noninfectious quite quickly, but complete cure requires treatment for several

months at least. If the patient does not continue treatment for the required time or

is treated with only one drug, the resistant bacilli multiply and the patient

becomes sick again. If subsequent treatment is also incomplete, the surviving

bacilli may become resistant to several drugs. These multidrug-resistant (MDR)

strains of bacilli cause an acute form of the disease that is extremely difficult to

cure and in most cases proves fatal. (Small PM,Fujiwara PI(2001). Management
http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis


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of tuberculosis in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(3):

189-200.) & (www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis )

If you miss doses of medication or you stop treatment

too soon, your treatment may go on longer or you may have to start over. This

can also cause the infection to get worse or lead to antibiotic-resistant infections

that are much harder to treat. Resistance arises when patients fail to complete

their drug therapy, lasting six months or longer. (Small PM,Fujiwara PI(2001).

Management of tuberculosis in the United States. New England Journal of

Medicine, 345(3): 189-200.) & (www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis ).

Preventions and Control of Tuberculosis

The methods of control and prevention of tuberculosis are as follows: the

health personnel should recognize the disease and report it. This is done by

medical examination and the use of X-rays. Another method is to isolate the

patient. This is preferably done in a sanatorium or hospital. The principles of

medical aseptic technique should be applied in the handling of tuberculosis

patients. Needless to say that this kind of method and precaution cannot be

maintained at home; therefore, such patients should be removed from the home

in order to prevent spread of the disease to other members of the family circle.

The management of many tuberculosis sanitoria prefer all members of their

personnel either to be inactive cases or to have positive tuberculin skin reactions,
http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://health.yahoo.com/ency/healthwise/hw207301/hw207304;_ylt=AujE0LPZSY4YxKPH9w00A9vogrMF#%23http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://health.yahoo.com/ency/healthwise/hw207301/hw207304;_ylt=AujE0LPZSY4YxKPH9w00A9vogrMF#%23http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis


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since such personnel is relatively immune. The next method is through education

of the public concerning the methods of diagnosing tuberculosis, its spread its

danger, and the methods of its control. Next thing to do is to safely engineer the

removal from industry the dangers of inhaling highly abrasive substances which

produce such precursors to tuberculosis as silicosis in miners and stonemasons.

We also have to sterilize milk and milk products by pasteurization and other

methods. We also have to separate the babies from tuberculosis mothers at

birth. There should also be improvement in nutritional intake and of housing

conditions in the underprivileged. And lastly, BCG vaccination in highly

susceptible racial groups or in individuals whose occupation or living conditions

produce unusual or continuous exposure to active cases.

(Fritzgerald D, Haas DW(2005). Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In GL Mandell et

al., ed., Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed., pp.2852-2886.

Philadelphia: Elsavier.) , (www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis ) &

(www.tuberculosis_org.com)
http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://www.tuberculosis_org.com/http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://www.tuberculosis_org.com/


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9THE PROBLEM

Statement of the problem

The study was intended to identify the number of Tuberculosis cases in

adults 25-45 yrs. old recorded in Kauswagan, Talamban Cebu City this: A guide

to prevention and treatment this February 2006.

The findings will be used as basis for counseling and teaching. The study

aimed to answer the following specific questions:

1. Is there a high or low number of Tuberculosis present?

2. Why there is such a number?

3. What causes the spread of Tuberculosis infectious disease?

4. What are the ways in preventing tuberculosis?

5. Which areas in Kauswagan, Talamban these diseases often occur?

Statement of Hypothesis


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The environment is well-sanitary and hospitals are easily access, our

hypothesis states that there shall be less number of Tuberculosis cases in adult

25-45 yrs. old.

Significance of the study

The people themselves are the once who will benefit in this study. They

will benefit in a sense that they can apply various preventions and treatments

presented. This study can also be an aid in knowing which age level is most

commonly affected.

The study was made possible in the hope that the following recipients will

benefit the findings of the study:

Nursing Practices

The outcome of the study would yield additional information regarding the

usefulness of the neonatal vaccination in relation to the reduction of Tuberculosis

cases among preschoolers. Also, this knowledge may serve as a guide,

especially for community health nurses, in there venture to serve the public

through health education and immunization, as means of promoting health and

preventing diseases. This would also enable them to be more knowledgeable

conversant about Tuberculosis and maybe a resource for community health


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education programs and a tool to advice parents about the BCG vaccine.

Findings of the study can be use as basis for health teachings or as a care guide.

Nursing Education

The information gained from this study is vital to aspiring nursing students,

especially those who are on the verge of becoming professionals. The findings of

the study would serve as reference in the classroom discussions on

immunization programs and hoping that this study would motivate individuals to

participate in prevention of Tuberculosis, considering some possible

improvements in the current program.

Nursing Research

The additional information that would be taken from this study may serve

as a stepping stone for other researchers who wish to conduct further study in

the prevention of Tuberculosis

The findings of this study may serve as an eye opener for the department

of health personnel because this would enlighten their minds about the present

health status among adults 25-45 years old. Especially those who are suffering

from Tuberculosis. This would also give them a birds eye view of the


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effectiveness of neonatal BCG vaccine and advice the community not only about

the vaccine but also the primary prevention of Tuberculosis. This may also lead

them to improve their immunization programs in order to decrease the incidence

rate of Tuberculosis among those already vaccinated with BCG.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Scope

This study is aimed to preventing practices of Tuberculosis in adult 25-45

years old in Kauswagan, Talamban Cebu City.

Limitations

The number of the study subjects was limited due to the following

reasons:

1. Location

2. Unavailable data on registered adult with Tuberculosis

3. Families and neighbors would not want to be bothered or hesitant to be

surveyed.

4. Change of residence of adults with Tuberculosis

5. Limited time to interview and observe adults with Tuberculosis

Being non-experimental descriptive survey study the validity of the data

may be affected by the respondents range of memory recall as there may be

chances of forgetting some needed information considering the time factor. The


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validity of the data is also dependent upon the honesty, sincerity and accuracy of

the respondents in answering the questions. The questionnaire-checklist used

was also a researcher-made tool and thus is limited to the researchers

capabilities.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study was an applied type of research and used the non-

experimental Descriptive Survey Approach. In conducting the research, several

factors were given high consideration. Some of these factors were the need,

positive effect and applicability of the study. This study utilized research

instruments which cost less. The survey questions were formulated carefully so

that accurate and desirable results came out. These factors were cautiously

reflected on, particularly in performing the survey since they may produce distinct

effects to the research or even the weight of the research.

Research Design

A questionnaire was made with all the necessary questions about

Tuberculosis. Then it was distributed to the people in Brgy. Kauswagan. All data

were tabulated in the Observation Table. From the data gathered the conclusion

was based.

Research Locale


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The research was done at Kauswagan, Talamban Cebu City.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Adult - mature; having attained full size, strength and reproductive ability.

- In human society and law making, having attained the ability to handle

personal affairs, of full legal age or majority.

Guide - one who leads or directs another in his way.

- one who exhibits and explains points of interest.

- Something that provides a person with.

Prevention - the act of preventing or hindering.

Treatment - the act or manner or an instance of treating someone or something.

Tuberculosis - characterized by the development of tubercles in the body tissue

and by fever, anorexia and loss of weight.


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15Dear Respondent,

We the students of Cebu Doctors University are conducting a survey on

the number of tuberculosis cases for the month of February here in Kauswagan,

Talamban, Cebu City. This is in line of our research paper for the completion of

the requirements of our English 12 class. The rest is assured that any in

formation obtained would be held strictly confidential to keep your right of privacy

secured and safe. We are very please if you answer genuinely and honestly.

Thank you for your full support and cooperation on this project.

Sincerely,

Michael Kenichi Fumoto

Group Leader


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TB HISTORY

1. Have you ever had a positive TB skin test?

Yes No Don't know

2. Have you ever had an abnormal chest x-ray?

Yes No Don't know

If yes, how long ago?

3. Have you recently had the mucous you cough up tested for TB?

Yes No Don't knowIf yes, were you told it was positive?

Yes No Don't know

4. Have you ever been told you have Infectious Tuberculosis?

Yes No Don't know

If yes, how long ago?

5. Have you ever been treated with medication for Infectious TB?

Yes No Don't know

If yes, how may medications?One Two Over two

6. Are you still taking TB medicine?

Yes No

Did you take all the TB medicine until the health care professional told youthat you were finished?

Yes No

First Name:

Middle Initial:Last Name:

Positive TB SkinTest (PPD) Date:Last Chest X-RayDate:


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19BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Smith, Alice Loranie, Microbiology and Pathology, 9th Edition, St.

Louis,The C.V. Mosby Company 1968.

Frobisher and Fuest, Microbiology in the Health and Diseases, 13th

Edition, Reprinted under authority of presidential decree no.285 by

National Book store 701 Rizal Avenue Corner St.

Kozier, et al,Fundamentals of Nursing Concept and Procedure, 3rd

Edition,Addison Wesey 1979, pp. 935-939.

Wolf,Weitzel,et. al., Fundamentals of Nursing, 17th Edition,Philadelpia, J.B.

Lippincott 1979, pp. 58-92.

Halsey,et. al., Colliers Encyclopedia, Volume IV, New York:Macmilla

Educational Company, 1989.

Bannster,et. al., Grays Anatomy, New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1989.

Fritzgerald D, Haas DW(2005). Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In GL

Mandell et al., ed., Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6

th

ed., pp.2852-2886. Philadelphia: Elsavier.

Small PM,Fujiwara PI(2001). Management of tuberculosis in the United

States. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(3): 189-200.


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20Periodicals

Al-Kassimi, Feisal Abdullah et al. Does the Protective Effect of Neo-natal

BCG Correlate with Vaccine induced Tuberculin Reaction, American

Journal of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, Vol. 154, No. 1575-1577,

March 24, 1995.

Vijayalakshimi, V. et al. Optimum age of a child for BCG vaccinations,

Indian Pediatrics, Vol.31, No. 1500, December 1994.

Websites

www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosis

www.tuberculosis_org.com
http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://www.tuberculosis_org.com/http://www.healthproblems.com/tuberculosishttp://www.tuberculosis_org.com/

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