Final revision

Present Perfect

The Future

Have to / Don’t have to / Must

First Conditional

Second Conditional

Giving advice

Present Perfect TenseFORM: have / has + past participle

Affirmative: I have seen the film before. She has seen the film before.

Interrogative: Have you seen the film before? Has she seen the film before?

Negative: They haven’t seen the film before. He hasn’t seen the film before.

1- Recent events: It is used to describe recent events without a definite time. We use just in positive sentences to say that something happened very recently.

Present Perfect TenseUses of the present perfect

Would you like a coffee?

No, thanks. I´ve just had one.

Present Perfect Tense

2- Personal experiences: It is used to express personal experiences, there is not a definite time given. The time expressions ever and never are very often used with this meaning

Have you ever been to Japan?

No, I’ve never been there.

Present Perfect Tense

3- It is used to express actions which started in the past and are still continuing in the present, the time period is not finished.

I have lost my keys.

(And I haven’t found them yet.)

Present Perfect + already and yet

We often use the present perfect tense with already and yet.

Already: Something happened before now or earlier than expected

You can use already in positive sentences. Put already before the main verb.

Yet: Until now.

You can use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet is usually at the end.

Example: A) Have you done your homework yet?

B) No, I haven’t done it yet. / Yes, I’ve already done it.

Present Perfect + for and since

To talk about actions and states which started in the past and are still true now.

- How long have you lived in Granada?

- I’ve lived in Granada since 1990 / for 20 years.

(I live in Granada now.)

Present Perfect or Past Simple

We use definite expressions with the Past simple tense: yesterday, last week, … ago, etc, while we don’t use definite time expressions with the Present perfect tense.

I have been to France three times.

When did you go there?

I went there last summer.

Present Perfect or Past Simple

• Use the present perfect + how long? / for and since to talk about a period of time from the past until now. - How long have you been married?- I´ve been married since 1999 / for 10 years.(I am still married).

• Use the past simple + how long? / for or from to to talk about a period of time in the past.

- How long were you married?- I was married for 3 years / from 1995 to 1998.(I am divorced now).

Present Perfect or Past SimplePresent Perfect or Past Simple?

Rose works in a factory. She ___________ (work) there for six months. Before that she ___________ (be) a waitress in a restaurant. She ___________ (work) there for two years but she ___________ (not/enjoy) it very much.

A ___________ (you/ever/been) to Florida?

B Yes, we ___________ (go) there two years ago.

A ___________ (you/have) a good time?

B Yes, it ___________ (be) great.

Present Perfect + Superlatives

We often use a superlative with the present perfect.

That is the smallest house I have ever seen.

Make sentences as in the example. • It / noisy pub / I be to• He / boring person / meet• It / bad book / I / read

WILL / WON’T(BE) GOING TOPRESENT CONTINUOUS

THE FUTURE

PredictionsPromisesOffersInstant decisions

You will win the lottery…

Will: Predictions

I will always love you.

I will take you sightseeing.

Shall I open the window?

I’ll have the steak, pleaseMeat or

fish?I will have the steak,

please

Meat or fish?

PredictionsDecisions that you have planned before:

future plans and intentions

It is going to rain

(be) going to: predictions

She’s going to save money.

(be) going to: future plans and intentions

Future arrangementsThe sentence usually contains an adverb

which refers to the future

I am going to the dentist tomorrow.

18.30: Dentist

FIRST CONDITIONAL

2 You can also use the imperative or can.

If you need my car, take it.

If you miss the bus, you can get a taxi.

1 Use IF + PRESENT SIMPLE ... WILL/WON’T + INF to talk about a future situation and its consequence.

If he wakes up early, we will go for a walk.

FIRST CONDITIONAL

Complete the following sentences.

1 I will go to the cinema if I .................... (have) time.

2 If it is foggy this evening, I .................... (stay) at home.

3 .................... (you, come) to a picnic next Sunday if it’s sunny?

4 If the road .................... (be) wet, (watch out).

SECOND CONDITIONAL

1 Use IF + PAST SIMPLE ... WOULD/WOULDN’T + INF to talk about an improbable / impossible or hypothetical situation and its consequence.

If he woke up early, we would go for a walk.

2 Remember with can, use could + INF:

If I had money, I could go on holiday.

3 With the verb be you can use were (instead of was) after I, he/she/it:

If he was/were here, he’d help youIf I were you….

SECOND CONDITIONAL

Complete the following sentences.

1 If I could go anywhere in the world, ……………..

2 I would be very happy if ……………..

3 I’d buy a house if ……………..

4 If I had more free time ……………..

Have to / Don’t have to / Must / Mustn’t

Use have to + INF to talk about rules and obligations.She has to get up very early.

Use don’t have to + INF to say there is no obligation, or something is not necessary.

You don’t have to work on 11 June.

Use must + INF to talk about rules and obligations.You must do your homework.

Use mustn’t + INF to say something is prohibited.You mustn’t smoke here.

Have to / Don’t have to / Must / Mustn’t

Mustn’t and don’t have to have completely different meanings:

You mustn’t go. = It’s prohibited.

You don’t have to go. = You can come if you want, but it’s not necessary.

Use must or have to when you say what you think is necessary, when you give your opinion:

Its a fantastic film. You must see it or You have to see it.

When you are not giving your opinion, use have to (not must):

In many countries, men have to do military service.

(This is not my opinion, it’s the law in those countries.)

Have to / Don’t have to / Must / Mustn’t

Complete the following sentences with mustn’t or dont have to.

1 Gary gave me a letter to post. I __________ forget to post it.

2 There’s plenty of time. You __________ to decide now.

3 This is a valuable book. You __________ lose it.

4 A What sort of house do you want to buy? Something big?

B Well, it __________ be big - that’s not so important, but it must have a nice garden.

GIVING ADVICE

Use should / shouldn’t + INF to give somebody advice. You can also use ought to / ought not to + INF or If I

were you, I would + INF.

A I’ve got a cold. What should I do?

B You should go to the doctor. / If I were you I’d go to the doctor.

GIVING ADVICE

Let’s see if you know how to give advice.

1 I´m always late.

2 I don’t have many friends.

3 I eat too much chocolate.

4 I´m late for work and my car broke down.