Final Report for 28th Aug,09-Coffee Shop

8/9/2019 Final Report for 28th Aug,09-Coffee Shop

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A REPORT

ON

INDIAN INTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIR

Under the guidance of : By:

Dr Sheenu jain Savita Aggrawal

Faculty-Marketing Management Meena Kumari

Dr. Ekta Chauhan Mandeep Singh

Faculty- Soft Skills Rubeena Chib

IBS NOIDA Sonam Thakur

Prashant Hirawat

DECEMBER 7, 2009


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who has been instrumental in

the completion and presentation of this project.

I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. K.P. Chinda, The Dean, SBMJC ICFAI

Business School, Noida for his support and guidance. I wish to place on my records,

my profound thanks to Mr. Abhinav Saxena, our business guide.

Dr, Ekta Chauhan, my project guide, and Prof. Sheenu Jain have played instrumental

role with their constant guidance and valuable inputs. They supported my endeavors

by timely provision of all the requisite information.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends whose support has largely

contributed towards the successful completion of the report.


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Uttar Pradesh (UP) is situated in northern part of India and is surrounded by Bihar inthe east, Madhya Pradesh in the south, Rajasthan, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh andHaryana in the west and Uttaranchal in the north.The state has a population of 166million.The state has the longest network of rivers and canals at 28,500 km fostering theagriculture sector. The mineral resources in the state are mainly limestone, dolomite,glass-sand, marble, bauxite, non-plastic fireclay and uranium. Endowed with fertileland, salubrious-climate and perennial river systems, the state has long been, thegranary of India. Agriculture is the major source of income for about 72 per cent ofthe population. The state is one of the leading producers of food drains and othercommercial crops in the country.

The state has a well-developed traditional industry besides mineral based industry. UPis now flexing its status as the leading agricultural state in the country to emerge as apreferred destination for the food-processing industry in the country.The state has some of the oldest powerhouses and currently is one of the largest

power producers in the country.The state has good communication network includingone of the longest rail and road lengths.The state is keen to improve the industrialinfrastructure and has developed integrated industrial townships like Noida with state-of-the-art facilities. Noida export zone enjoyed a good inflow of investment frommany domestic and international players.The state has established four agro exportzones and three Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are under implementation. Centre forMonitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) index of Relative Development of Infrastructureof the state (2002-03) is at 103.3 against an all India figure of 100.

The state has a well-developed agro-based industry. Being one of the largest producers of sugar cane, the state is Indias sugar bowl. UP accounts for 28.03 percent of Indias sugar production.The affluence of agriculture spurred the growth ofallied industries like cold storages and warehousing. In addition to industrial areas,many centres like Kanpur, Ghaziabad and Lucknow have an established traditionalindustry.The large livestock population allowed the leather industry to flourish in thestate. Kanpur and Agra emerged as the hubs for leather goods in the country.Textileindustry is the other promising sector in the state.

Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of electronic goods and is the fourth largestexporter of software products from the country. UP accounted for close to 10 per centof IT & BPO exports from the country in 2003-04.With a productive and costeffective

manpower, the state has attracted some of the largest MNCs to set-up theirmanufacturing facilities Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Glaxo, Daewoo, Honda, and Piaggio toname a few.The state with its human resource potential, proactive policies and commitment toensure encouraging climate to the investors is poised to emerge as a manufacturinghub in the country.The state has become a hub for corporate R&D with manydomestic players and MNCs establishing their facilities.


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Disaster Management has to be a multi-disciplinary and pro-activeapproach. Besides various measures for putting in place institutional and policy

framework, disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness enunciated in this paperand initiatives being taken by the Central and State Governments, the community,

civil society organisations and media also have a key role to play inachieving ourgoal of moving together, towards a safer India. The message being put across is that,

in order to move towards safer and sustainable nationaldevelopment, development projects should be sensitive towards disastermitigation.Our mission is vulnerability reduction to all types of hazards, be it natural ormanmade. This is not an easy task to achieve, keeping in view the vast

population, and the multiple natural hazards to which this country is exposed.However, if we are firm in our conviction and resolve that the Government and the

people of this country are not prepared to pay the price in terms of massive casualtiesand economic losses, the task, though difficult, is achievable and we shall achieve it.

We have taken the first few but significant steps towards vulnerabilityreduction, putting in place prevention and mitigation measures and preparedness for a

rapid and professional response. With a massive awareness generation campaign and building up of capabilities as well as institutionalization of the entire mechanism

through a techno legal and techno financial framework, we are gradually moving inthe direction of sustainable development.

Our vision 2020 is to build a safer and secure India through sustainedcollective effort, synergy of national capacities and peoples participation. What

looks a dream today will be transformed into reality in the next two decades. This isour goal and we shall strive to achieve this goal with a missionary zeal. The pathhead, which looks difficult today, will become a lot easier as we move along together.


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7$%/(2)&217(17

AUTHORISATION.....ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.....iii EXECUTIVESUMMERY.iv

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1.1 INTRODUCTIONOFTHE PROJECT7-10

y INTRODUCTION..7-10

1.2 OBJECTIVE.10

y OBJECTIVE...101.3 DATACOLLECTIONMETHODOLOGY10-11

y LIMITATIONOFTHESTUDY11

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2.1 INTRODUCTIONOFUTTAR PRADESH12-13

2.2 TARGETMARKET.13

2.3 PROMOTIONAL PLAN.. 13-14


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2.4 PRODUCTCLASSIFICATION14

2.5 PRODUCTANDSERVICES14-16

2.6 CUSTOMERVALUE16

2.7 MARKETING PLAN .16-18

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3.1 INTRODUCTIONOFUNITEDKINGDOM19-20

3.2 MARKETENVIORNMENT..20-21

3.3 TECHNOLOGY.22-24

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4.1 ABSTRACT 25

4.2 INTRODUCTIONOFDIASATERMANAGEMENT...26-27

4.3 CONTENT.27-35

CONCLUSION36


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INTRODUCTION

INDIAINTERNATIONALTRADE FAIR

Venue: Pragati Maidan

Country: New Delhi, India

Start Date: 14-NOV-10 End Date: 27-NOV-10

Industry:Household Consumables

IITF TRADE FAIR.

Multi-products, capital goods, scientific and technological achievements in all sectors

of industry, agriculture, IT and telecommunications, infrastructural facilities, servicessector, consumer durables, food and food products, textiles and clothing, giftware,kitchenware, toys, sports goods and equipment, building materials, medical and herbal

products, leather goods, all kinds of engineering goods, electronic entertainmentproducts etc. earch and rescue tools and safety tools, major incident management /emergency response equipment, disaster relief and assistance, emergency medicalservices, extinguishing system, fire fighting, communication, detection systems,geographical information system and services

EVENT PROFILE

The INDIAINTERNATIONAL TRADE FAIR (IITF 2010) being a multi -product exhibition hason display a wide range of products and services. However, beneath the welldispersed spread of products, the Fair has focus on a few identified areas in the formspecial displays. This annual event provides a common platform for themanufacturers, traders, exporters and importers.

HIGHLIGHTS

Over 5,500 enterprises are participating in this fair.This includes over a hundred fromOverseas.Among the foreign participants are Germany, Japan, UK, Korea,Bangladesh, Myammar, Bhutan and Pakistan. The Indian State pavilions are also

there.

VISITOR'S PROFILE

Fair is open for every industry and general visitors. Professionals related to thefollowing industries: Agriculture, Biotechnology, Chemicals, Electronic Goods, IT,Food & Beverages, Leather, Pharmaceutical, Telecom, Textiles etc.

EXHIBITOR'S PROFILE


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Profile for exhibit include Coir Products, Jute, Textiles, Garments, HouseholdAppliance, Kitchen Appliances, Processed food, Beverages, Confectionery, Drugs,

Pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Cosmetics, Bodycare & Health care products,Telecommunication, Power sector, Electronic Sector, Furniture, Home Furnishings,

Sports Goods, Toys, Engineering Goods etc.

Indian international trade fair is the nodal agency of the Government of India for

promoting the country's external trade. IITF, during its existence of nearly three

decades, in the form of Trade Fair Authority of India and Trade Development

Authority, has played a proactive role in catalysing trade, investment and technology

transfer processes. Its promotional tools include organizing of fairs and exhibitions in

India and abroad, Buyer-Seller Meets, Contact Promotion Programmes, Product

Promotion Programmes, Promotion through Overseas Department Stores, Market

Surveys and Information Dissemination.


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IITF, the premier trade promotion agency of the Ministry of Commerce & Industry,Govt. of India is committed to showcase excellence achieved by the country indiverse fields especially trade and commerce.

IITF provides a wide spectrum of services to trade and industry and acts as a catalyst

for growth of India's trade. IITF approves holding of international trade fairs in Indiaand regulates holding of various expositions in India primarily to avoid anyduplication of efforts while ensuring proper timing. It manages India's world classexhibition complex which is constantly upgraded to keep it in a high standard ofreadiness. Spread over 149 acres of prime land in the heart of India's capital, NewDelhi, Pragati Maidan offers about 61,290 sq. mtrs. of covered exhibition space in 16halls, besides 10,000 sq. mtrs. of open display area. The state-of-the-art exhibitionhalls have enhanced the appeal of Pragati Maidan as the ideal center for an increasingnumber of fair organisers and business visitors from different parts of the world.

IITF has an extensive infrastructure as well as marketing and information facilitiesthat are availed by both exporters and importers. IITF's overseas offices assist buyers

seeking information relating to sourcing products from India. IITF's overseas officesat New York, Frankfurt, Tokyo" Moscow and Sao Paulo are pursuing opportunitiesfor enhancement of India's trade and investment.

Similarly, IITF's regional offices at Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai,through their respective profile of activities, ensure a concerted and well coordinatedtrade promotion drive throughout the country.

With the commissioning of the state-of-the-art Chennai Trade Centre (CTC) inJanuary 2001 and the Trade Centre Bangalore in S ptember 2004, IITF hassuccessfully completed the first phase of the setting-up of modern exhibition facilitiesoutside Delhi. The Chennai Trade Centre which addresses a long-felt need for a

permanent and modern exhibition venue in Tamil Nadu, has already emerged as a hubof trade-related activities in the region. During the year 2006-07, CTC hosted 49 tradefairs and 85 conventionsrelated programmes.

Likewise, the formal commissioning of the Trade Centre Bangalore (TCB), atWhitefield on September 20,2004 as a joint initiative of TPO and the Karnataka StateIndustrial Area Development Board, is the harbinger of an added impetus to trade

promotion through fairs,exhibitions and associated activities of the State and Southernregion. During 2006-07,TCB hosted 21 trade-related events.

On the advice of Department of Commerce, IITF has been coordinating the

construction of an exhibition-cum-trade complex 'North East Trade Centre' atSarusajai, Guwahati under 'Assistance to Sates for Developing Export Infrastructureand Allied Activities(ASIDE)' Scheme, for facilitating trade in North-EasternStates.Spread over an area of 10 acres on the NH-37; the constructed exhibitioncomplex under Phase-I of development, consists of three fully air-conditioned halls of800 sq.mtrs.each,entrance lobby and plaza, mini convention-cum-conference room ina total plinth area of 8,700 sq. mtrs.


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IITF is also providing assistance to State Governments in setting up Regional Trade

Promotion Centres (RTPC) in various State's Capital and major cities. Initiatives have

been taken by IITF for establishing Trade Fair Complexes and Convention Centres at

Kolkata (West Bengal), Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) and Sri nagar (Jammu & Kashmir),

in close association by the State Governments and Industrial Development

Corporations/Boards of these States.

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to collect information from the Indian International Trade Fair

about all the given topic in the assignment, i.e Uttarpradesh, United Kingdom,

Disaster management. This study is to get to know about their marketing strategies

like their promotional plan, pricing etc.Through this project our objective has been to

understand the following

To get information out about the current scenario.

The various steps required for advertisement

Realizing how marketers deals with the needs and wants of consumers and fulfill

them.

DATACOLLECTIONMETHODOLOGY

While preparing a report the most important element is data, which provides the

information needed for analysis and interpretation and information. Data can be

classified as primary or secondary data.

y Primary DataPrimary data are those data that are collected for the first time and they are original in

character. Since the project undertaken involves an exhaustive study of the market, it

contain primary data.

The sources of information:-

1) Interviews


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2) Questionaires

y Secondary DataSecondary data are those data which are already collected by someone else for a

purpose and are available for the present study.

The various sources of the secondary data used for this study are:

y Old recordsy Magazinesy Internet

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The various limitations of the study are:

y Assessment of data: the study has been undertaken by studentspossessing limited skills. It is an arduous task to comprehend the vast amount

of marketing data and use relevant information. High levels of understanding

of the various aspects of marketing were called for.

y Time constraints: the project had to be undertaken in a specific timeduration which did not permit an analysis for a longer time which would have

resulted in better project.

y Resource constraints: the study is undertaken with limited resources as itis conducted by students.


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Exhibitor :UTTARPRADESH

Contact Person : Mr. Mohd. Iftakharuddin, Mr. K.C. Vishwanathan

Address :

U.P. Trade Promotion Authority Directorate of

Industries, G.T. Road, Kanpur,Kanpur-208002India

Telephone : 91-512-2218401/6450240/2216663/2218830

Fax : 91-512-2216663/2218830

Company's Profile :

Uttar Pradesh Trade Promotion Authority is a bodycorporate constituted by the Government of UttarPradesh, which is duly registered with the Registrar ofSocieties, U.P. under Act No.21 of 1860.

Product Profile :

Agriculture Product, Telecommunication, Health

scenario, infrastructure, Environment, I.T., LeatherGoods, Brass Handicraft/Artware, Silver, Carpets,

Durries & Rugs, Artistic Ceramic Products andPotteries, Silk & Silk Dress Materials. Chikan

Readymade Garments, Zari & Zardozi Products, twoWheelers, Four Wheelers and Bi-cycles, PU FoamProducts, Coil Materials, Marble Products, WoodCarving, Herbal Products, Builders Hardware,Handicrafts, Self Adhesive, Tapes, Liquid Polish,Invertors, CVT, UPS Batteries, Food Products, StorageSystem, Dhoop Agarbatti, Toys, Jewellery, Beads, andTourism Scenario Items

Uttar Pradesh is the land of art and artisans. The state boasts off some of the mostpopular centers of art tradition in India. The state has patronized art forms since the

days of Moguls. Emperors like Akbar, Shah Jahan, Dara Sikoh and Farrukhsiyar werethe great patrons of art and promoted various traditions during their reign. Nawabs ofAwadh and other nobles later carried the tradition forward. This is the primary reasonwhy from Benaras to Agra, every small or big town is famous for some or other craftin Uttar Pradesh.

Varanasi or Benaras is famous for its Zari works. They are done on various items suchas textiles, artifacts and drapes. The prominent among these is the one done on Sarees.


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Banarsi Sarees are one of the most magnificent items to buy for in Uttar Pradesh.Embroidery work on Muslin, called Chikankari in Uttar Pradesh, is also very popular.

It is confined to city of Lucknow where it was first conceived in the courts ofNawabs. This is only one of its kinds in the world. A different, more complex, form of

embroidery is also done in the city of Agra. This is known as Zardozi and contrary toother embroideries in Uttar Pradesh, is 3-dimensional in its pattern.

Moradabad, the city of Brass, is known all over the world for its brassware. This artbrassware looks distinct because of the heavy decorative patterns. The busts andminiatures molded in this city are in demand all over the world. Equally famous arethe marble artifacts that are manufactured in the city of Agra. These miniatures are themajor export item of this city. Apart from the marble replicas of Taj Mahal, the inlayworks done by the artists here are in demand in various countries. Close by isFirozabad. The town has slowly become synonymous to Bangles. Apart from bangles,the city is also famous for other glassware such as cutleries and chandeliers.

Bhadohi near Benaras is famous for some of the best silk carpets in the south Asianregion. These carpets are of fine qualities and have Persian patterns on them. They are

exported throughout the world. Equally famous if not more are the Hand Printed itemsof Farrukhabad. These printings that are mostly done in two patterns namely 'Polka

Dots' and 'Tree of Wisdom', has a die hard craze among the Europeans.

The arts and crafts in Uttar Pradesh are not famous only in India but all over theworld. Right from the silken saris to the earthen pottery, carpets weaving tochikankari embroidery, Uttar Pradesh are always on the forefront in artifacts. Specificregion deal with the specific art or craft such as Varanasi for its silken saris, Mirzapurand Bhadoi for it carpets, Agra and Kanpur for their leather craft, Moradbad for itsmetal ware, Lucknow or its cloth work and embroidery, and the entire state for its

pottery. Your visit to any of the emporium or handicraft hub will definitely tempt tograb for it.

Target market-

They were targeting differentiated market. In which they offered same product in

some specific or selective segments. As they were targeting the youngster,

middleclass people and old citizens, but they were serving the same product to them.

Pattern of Target Market Selection-

They were following product specialization pattern.

Promotional Plan


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Carpets

After the Persian and Arabian carpets it comes the turn of our local carpets preparedat Bhadoi, Shahjahanpur and Mirzapur. The majority of populations in these areas are

affiliated with the profession of carpet leaving. With the exotic designs of flora andfauna, Taj Mahal, "Kethariwala ", "Jamabaz", "Kandhari", etc. the industry has

succeeded in attracting not only the nation market but due to some attractive Chinesedesigns international market is establishing as well.How to find the designs of othercountries on the carpets in India. You can also place an order to get a carpet of yourtaste.

Art Metal Brass Ware:-

In Uttar Pradesh's Moradabad produces the large quantities of art metal ware. It isespecially famous for its color enameling and engraving. There are two types of

engravings one is called nakshi and done on the tinned surface while other is knownas khudai and is done on lac coated unpolished brass. The pointed steel pencil is used

to make design in khudai type. The metal brass ware consists of the traditional vases,

Ganeshas, laughing Buddhas, stools, trays and contemporary beautiful bowls.TheNatraja is the most beautiful article in the brass ware to be gifted and kept asadecorative item.

Glass Ware

Fearozbad has become synonymous with the name of glassware. Earlier only glassbangles where produced but with the help of sophisticated machines the full-fledgedglassware is produced. The entire populace is involved in this industry. Varanasispecializes in making the glass beads and exports the most of the production.Similarly thin glass plates are produced which after cutting into pieces called tikklu

are used by women to decorate their fabrics. In Saharanpur intriguing glass toys arefilled with the coloured liquid called rachkora and the mouth piece of hukka areproduced. The glass bangles with multitude of colours matching with every dress is a

most used ornament in the state. The glass bangles may add to your beauty just youwill decide rest yourself.

Pottery

In Uttar Pradesh Khurja has evolved its own style in the earthenware. By adding

colour to the dull and unattractive pottery khurja gave a lease of life to it. The shades

and the designs in contrast to its background can attract the attention of any person

with the aesthetic sense. Apart from Khurja , Rampur surahis along with the water

containers from Meerut and kanpur are famous all around the nation for their shapes ,designs, colours and their ability to keep the water cold even during the harsh summer

days. Its attractiveness calls every one and purchasing a mug for coffee is not a good

idea at all Take Home the Magic Touch of Golden Hands The hands of the legendary

artisians and the master craftsmen have the magic to turn the ravage into gold. The

silken touch with the casterly style produces the best sketches, designs, patterns and

structure that are unique in their own nature captivating the hearts of every one who

have glance to it. The states articulate craftsmanship is the intimate part of the


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tradition, the Banarasi silken saris, glass bangles from Fearozabad, chikankari suits

from Lucknow aretheimportant artifacts thatenchant its every visitor. If you want

to feel the heat attend any fair and you will get clean bowled by the first sight of

these masterpieces thatnot only looks fabulous butthevisitor to ownevery item.

The Hub ofArts and Crafts The state of Uttar Pradesh offers you the best symbols of its arts and crafts. Thetraditional handicraft displays a wide range of artifacts that allure the tourists from allover the world. It is believed that the arts and craft of U.P is the backbone of thestates economy.

Chikankari Embroidery From the City ofnawabsThe chikankari embroidery is one of the best needlework one on the thin muslin cloth

with the thread of the same colour. This work is usually done on the saris and suits.The Nawabs are said to be very fond of the chikankari embroidered Kur'ta Pyjama's.

You can get a one from the Lucknow at a very reasonable rates.

Varanasi's Sari -

The Varanasi saris are made of pure silk and has a beautiful geometric designs ofgolden thread work on silver background. The zari worked end pieces or pallas of thesaris are also famous from this city. It is privilege to own a silken sari from Varanasi

but before that learn how to tie it.

Stone Carving - TheMasterly Art ofAgraDefinitely we cannot make a replica of Taj Mahal but it is not beyond our reach, wedo can have a Taj. The superb art of the stone craftsmanship can be imagined by the

Taj miniatures that looks like the small reflection of Taj. Pick up few Taj for yourspacious crawing room.

Brass Ware - Metal With The Golden Shine The Moradabad is the only hub for brassware. The traditional brass bases, wall hangings, brass furniture can only be picked

from the bustling bazaars of this town. The intricate engraving design on thesedecorations increased its demand and is exported to various countries. The brass

statue of Natraja is the perfect souvenir you can take back home.

Customer value

The value delivery process:-

Strategic Marketing

1) Choose the value:


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a)Customer segmentation- We segmented our customers in three parts on the basis

of their age, social class(Demographic factors), life style(Psychographic factor),

and benefits seekers( Behavioral factor).

Our customers are basically the youngsters, middleclass people.

b)Market selection/focus- We selected differentiated(segmented) marketing

c) Possible value propositions- We have the same price for more benefit type

proposition.

Factors influencing customer behavior-

a) Social factorb) Personal factor.

Marketing Plan

Price - The price range for all the product was from low to high. As we know their

target people are middleclass people and youngster, which are very price conscious so

they put the price such which attract these people to buy the products. For example,

for the handicraft work they put price such which can give them revenue by attracting

more people.

Product

Salient features ofhand made carpet

1. Single biggest handicraft industry of india2. Employ more than 20 Lacs rural artisans.3. Earns valuable foreign exchange of US $ 600 million every year.4. 100% export oriented.5. About 2500 small scale industry are working in the industry.

Promotion - They were doing promotion by words of mouth, through the Local

television broadcast, through their pamphlets and kiosk. i.e they were doing direct

marketing.

Pricing- The price range for all the product was from low to high. As we know their

target people are middleclass people and youngster, which are very price conscious so

they put the price such which attract these people to buy the products. For example,


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for the handicraft work they put price such which can give them revenue by attracting

more people.

Feedback

Comment Cards:

With each purchase, customers will receive comment cards to fill out. The cards will

have questions about quality, speed of service, and overall satisfaction from the

experience.


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Country : United Kingdom

Exhibitor : QUEEN ANNE TABLEWARE LTD.

Contact Person : Mr. Gary Sadler

Address :

Classic Works, Holyhead Road,Wednesbury-WS107PDUnited Kingdom

Telephone : 44-121-5561471

Fax : 44-121-5564966

Email : [email protected]

Website : http://www.queenanneuk.com

Product Profile : Silver Plated Tableware and Gift ware

UK- SIVERCOATED UTENSILS

J.H. Tee Antiques Ltd. specializes in fine quality antique and estate silverware. Britishand North American sterling silver predominates our stock although we do carry

pieces from Europe and other parts of the world. We always have a large selection ofBirks sterling silver and Birks flatware in the shop. We carefully select our stock from

sources around the world to ensure the highest quality and best condition possible.

The firm was established in Vancouver in September of 1990. A life longVancouverite and third generation antique dealer, Justin Tee, started the business as a

part-time endeavour while completing his Bachelor of Commerce at the University ofBritish Columbia. In 1993, Justin began his career in the antiques business in earnestwhen J.H. Tee Antiques opened up it's showroom on the premises of R.H.V. Tee &

Son's Granville Street location.

JH Tee Antiques Ltd. is a member of the Canadian Antique Dealers Association.SPECIALISTS IN:

Fine Antique Silver

Birks Sterling Flatware

English Silver Flatware

Estate and Antique Hollowwa

Tips for Easy Living with Your Silver

You can cut the cleaning time of your silver significantly by following these simple

suggestions:

y Use a quality silver polish containing a tarnish preventive ingredient, such asGoddards. The preventive ingredient slows down the tarnishing process so your

silver will stay clean longer.y Use Goddards Silver Dip for the tips of fork tines and other stubborn stains (it is

important to use this sparingly as it is a very strong cleaner).


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y For your sideboard, coffee table and other display silver, use Silver PolishingGloves or Cloths during the weekly dusting. They contain cleaners and tarnish

preventives so you really can go months without getting out the polish.y Silver in cabinets and cases will stay sparkling for 12-24 months if you use

camphor blocks or Hagerty Protection Strips.

y FOR HEAVILY TARNISHED SILVER: First wash the items in a strongdetergent to degrease them. (Polishes are water-soluble and can't cut throughgrease). Next, line your sink (or bath tub for large pieces) with aluminum foil.Fill with hot water, add a handful of WASHING soda (not baking soda) and

make sure it is fully dissolved. Place your silver on the foil - each piece must havedirect contact - and leave for 1 or 2 minutes. Repeat if necessary but do not leavethe silver in for longer than a couple of minutes at one time. Your silver shouldcome out dull but clean (completely black silver will turn to yellow or brown).

To restore the lustre, apply some polish with a damp sponge or soft cloth (neverpaper towels - they'll scratch). Let polish dry. Wipe off with damp sponge, softcloth or even under running water and your silver will be gleaming withminimal elbow grease needed.

The same effect can be achieved with Goddards Silver Dip which is convenientfor small articles.

Please note: this process will vastly reduce cleaning time for highly tarnishedsilver but we do not recommend it for regular cleaning or for Antique silver as itmay affect the patina.

y Dishwashers are not recommended (particularly for Antique silver) but if youcant live without the convenience here are a couple of suggestions: use a liquidsoap with no chlorine bleach and avoid putting sterling and stainless together onthe rack. Remove your flatware before the heated drying cycle and dry by hand if

possible.y For long term storage you should make sure your silver is clean and dry. Then

pack it in clean tissue or cloth and put it inside a sealed plastic bag.

Living with silver should be enjoyable, even fun. The smallest piece can add a touchof luxury to everyday life, a sparkle to the dullest day. However, if the time comes todownsize or you wish to winnow out and upgrade, do remember J.H. Tee Antiques

buys silver as well as sells it.

What is sterling silver?Sterling silver is a metal alloy which contains at least 92.5% silver (925 parts per

thousand). The rest of the alloy is usually copper. It is the standard alloy forsilverware used in the United Kingdom, North America and many other countries.The word sterling has become synonymous with solid silver in the English speakingworld, however it is not the only standard. There are a number of other standardsused, particularly in Europe where alloys typically range from 750 to 950 parts perthousand. Pure silver is very soft. By combining it with small amounts of other metalsin an alloy it is possible to create a much harder, more durable metal without losingany of the beauty and malleability.


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What is silver plate?

Silver plate is a base metal such as copper or nickel that is coated with a thin layer ofpure silver using electrolytic deposition.

How can I tell the difference between sterling and plate?

Virtually all sterling silver, and other solid silver alloys are stamped with markingsthat indicate the fineness of the alloy. Pieces made in North America should bestamped with the word sterling, pieces made in Europe are often marked with aseries of symbols, known as hallmarks, that indicate the fineness of their alloy and

pieces from other parts of the world are often stamped with numbers such as 900 or925 indicating the fineness. If there are no marks indicating solid silver it can be verydifficult to tell. Weight is not a good indicator. Consult an expert if you are unsure.

What condition are your pieces in?

All of the pieces offered on our site are in excellent condition. They have been gentlyused and well cared for. If there are any issues with condition, however minor, theywill be noted in the description. Our estate Birks flatware is refurbished wherenecessary and is difficult to distinguish from new.

How do you ship your products?

Shipping methods vary with size, value and destination. We are always happy toprovide a quote

Pieces:Antique English flatware services come with 8 standard pieces, 2 forks, 3 spoons and2 knives.

Forks

Table Forks (known as dinner forks in North America) are typically about 8 inlength and 2.5- 3 troy ounces in weight. (That is about longer and 40-50% heavierthan a modern dinner fork) They are used for the main course. Dessert Forks areapproximately 7 (the same size as a North American luncheon or place fork) and are

commonly used for desserts, salads, or starters.

Spoons

Tablespoons are approximately 8.5 in length; they were originally used for soupsand stews but today they are commonly used for serving. Dessert Spoons have an oval

bowl and are typically 7, intended for desserts but they get used for just abouteverything.


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Teaspoons

vary from 5 to 6 and as the name suggests they are for tea although they are alsosuitable for delicate desserts.

Knives

In the 18th and 19th century knives were made by a cutler rather than a silversmithand they usually had bone or ivory handles with carbon steel blades. They really

werent made to stand the test of time and are rarely seen today. Occasionally kniveswere made with thin gauge silver handles but these too are scare and are rarely found

in good condition. Standard practice today is to use modern knives with silver handlesand stainless steel blades to replace antique knives. A complete service should have a

Table (Dinner) Knife and a Dessert Knife.

Serving Pieces

Unlike American flatware sets antique British sets came with a relatively small

variety of serving utensils. The most common are the soup ladle, gravy ladle, stuffingor basting spoon (approximately 12), butter knife, salt spoon and fish slice.

Canadian Silversmiths of the 20th CenturyOf the many silversmiths working in Canada in the 18th and 19th century, most were inMontreal or Quebec City but there were also a number in Ontario and the Atlantic

provinces. These silversmiths generally had small shops, did most of their work byhand and produced goods in traditional English or French styles. (For detailedinformation on 18th and 19th century silversmiths working in Canada please seeCanadian Silversmiths 1700-1900 by John E. Langdon).

By the beginning of the 20th

century the last of these small firms had been replaced bylarger firms with mechanised factories that could produce much larger quantities. Thestyles were still predominantly English but the influence of American silversmithssuch as Gorham and Tiffany was starting to take hold and became stronger as thecentury advanced.

The following is a discussion of the major Canadian manufacturers of sterlingsilverware in the 20th century.

Henry Birks & SonsBirks was by far the largest and most influential silverware manufacturer in Canadaduring the 20

thcentury. Henry Birks & Company was established in Montreal in

1879 as a retail jeweller. In 1893 the name was changed to Henry Birks & Sons. In1897 Birks bought out Hendry & Leslie, their largest supplier of silverware, and

began manufacturing their own products. Over the next 50 years Birks expanded bybuying up established jewellers across the country. They also took over their rivals in


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manufacturing until they had a virtual monopoly on the production and sale of sterlingsilverware in Canada.

Birks earliest production included hollowware and flatware in a few English patternssuch as Old English and Fiddle. In 1907 Birks acquired the Gorham Company ofCanada and with it the exclusive rights to manufacture and sell several of Gorhams

patterns in Canada such as Chantilly and Pompadour. Birks acquired several moredesigns from Gorham and other manufacturers later in the century and also designed afew of their own patterns like Tudor and Laurentian.

Birks manufactured their own flatware and some of their hollowware in their factoryin Montreal up until late in the 20

thcentury. In the early part of the century the

factory employed nearly 300 people. Some ofhollowware was purchased from manufacturers in theUK and the US and sold under the Birks label.

Old Sheffield Plate

In this business, one frequently hears the termSheffield Plate used to describe a wide variety of pieces from different places and

times. The term is often used as if it were a brand name that some how indicatedquality and age. In fact, the name Old Sheffield Plate can only properly be attributed

to one particular kind of silver plate. Old Sheffield Plate, or OSP for short, is thename given to silver plate made from a fusion process in the late 18th and early 19th

century, before the invention of electroplating. A brief history of silver plating may beof some help.

For as long as there has been a demand for silver, there has been a demand for a moreaffordable substitute. This demand increased sharply with the rise of the merchantclass in the eighteenth century and in the 1740's a cutler named Thomas Boulsoverinvented the first reliable and economic method of silver plating. A brick of copperand a brick of sterling silver were fused together and then rolled out into a sheet. Thissheet (one side sliver and one side copper) was then used to construct the desired itemusing the same techniques that were used with sterling silver. The vast majority of this

fusion plate was made in Sheffield and hence thename Old Sheffield Plate.

In 1840, Elkington & Co. patented a new method ofsilver plating known as electro-plating. In thismethod, an object is constructed entirely out of a basemetal then the piece is coated with pure silver usingelectrolytic deposition. The base metal is often copperor a copper-nickel alloy with the misleading namenickel silver. (from this we get the acronym EPNSfor Electroplated Nickel Silver) Electroplating provedto be faster and cheaper than the fusion technique,

which quickly became obsolete.


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Fusion plate is distinctly different from electroplate in its construction but thedifference in appearance can be subtle. Good old electroplate is often confused with

Old Sheffield Plate. A few things to look out for are: Colour, the silver on OSP issterling and it should have a slightly bluish patina; Marks, OSP was usually not

marked at all but occasionally you will find a makers mark. If it has the wordSheffield stamped on it anywhere it almost certainly isn't OSP (refer to Bradbury's

Book of Hallmarks for a few of the makers marks); Style, OSP was made as asubstitute for sterling and the shapes and styles were almost identical to the sterling

pieces of the same period. So if the style of the piece says 1860, it's not Old SheffieldPlate; Construction, there are a variety of construction techniques unique to OSPwhich one can use to identify a piece. These are too numerous to mention here butthey are the true test for identification.

Over the years, OSP has become scarce and as onemight expect, quite collectible. But beware, due to itsage a considerable amount of it has been tamperedwith. Like everything else, OSP wears out and whenit does, people quite innocently have it re-plated. Re-

electroplated, that is. This is a material alteration tothe piece and like any other antique it affects thevalue. And don't think that just because your piece isshowing copper that it hasn't been re-plated, peoplehave been re-plating OSP since the mid 1870's.

If you would like to see some examples of OSP or to learn more about it, just comeinto the shop and ask us, and remember: Sheffield Plate is not necessarily fromSheffield, and plate from Sheffield is not necessarily Old Sheffield Plate.

- JT

For more reading see History of Old Sheffield Plate, Fredrick Bradbury,and AntiqueSheffield Plate, G. Bernard Hughes.


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DISASTERMANAGEMENTInternational Exhibition ofSecurity, Safety, Fire, Disaster

Management Equipments & Services, New DelhiFeb. 22-25, 2011 Access control systems, perimeter protection devices,

surveillance devices, burgalar alarm system, explosive detection &disposal, aviation security, disaster management & NBC equipment,

equipment for bank and hospital security, information security devices,audio/ video surveillance and debugging devices, anti gas devices,equipments for forensic science labs, fire alarm & fire fightingequipment, personal safety and crowd control safety equipment, radiocommunication, systems, traffic monitoring systems, training equipmentsetc.

AbstractWith the tropical climate and unstable landforms, coupled withhigh population density, poverty, illiteracy and lack of adequateinfrastructure, India is one of the most vulnerable developingcountries to suffer very often from various natural disasters,namely drought, flood, cyclone, earth quake, landslide, forest fire,hail storm, locust, volcanic eruption, etc. Which strike causing adevastating impact on human life, economy and environment.Though it is almost impossible to fully recoup the damage causedby the disasters, it is possible to (i) minimize the potential risks by

developing early warning strategies (ii) prepare and implementdevelopmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters (iii)mobilize resources including communication and telemedicinalservices, and (iv) to help in rehabilitation and post -disasterreconstruction. Space technology plays a crucial role in efficientmitigation of disasters. While communication satellites help indisaster warning, relief mobilization and tele -medicinal support,earth observation satellites provide required database for pre -disaster preparedness programmes, disaster response, monitoringactivities and post-disaster damage assessment, and reconstruction,

and rehabilitation. The article describes the role of spac etechnology in evolving a suitable strategy for disaster preparednessand operational framework for their monitoring, assessment andmitigation, identifies gap areas and recommends appropriatestrategies for disaster mitigation vis--vis likely developments inspace and ground segments.


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IntroductionVarious disasters like earthquake, landslides, volcanic eruptions, fires, floodand cyclones are natural hazards that kill thousands of people and destroy

billions of dollars of habitat and property each year. The rapid growth of theworld's population and its increased concentration often in hazardousenvironment has escalated both the frequency and severity of natural disasters.With the tropical climate and unstable land forms, coupled with deforestation,unplanned growth proliferation non-engineered constructions which make thedisaster-prone areas mere vulnerable, tardy communication, poor or no

budgetary allocation for disaster prevention, developing countries suffer moreor less chronically by natural disasters. Asia tops the list of casualties due tonatural disaster. Among various natural hazards, earthquakes, landslides,floods and cyclones are the major disasters adversely affecting very largeareas and population in the Indian sub-continent. These natural disasters are of(i) geophysical origin such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land slides and(ii) climatic origin such as drought, flood, cyclone, locust, forest fire. Thoughit may not be feasible to control nature and to stop the development of natural

phenomena but the efforts could be made to avoid disasters and alleviate theireffects on human lives, infrastructure and property. Rising frequency,amplitude and number of natural disasters and attendant problem coupled withloss of human lives prompted the General Assembly of the United Nations to

proclaim 1990s as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction(IDNDR) through a resolution 44/236 of December 22, 1989 to focus on allissues related to natural disaster reduction. In spite of IDNDR, there had beena string of major disaster throughout the decade. Nevertheless, by establishingthe rich disaster management related traditions and by spreading publicawareness the IDNDR provided required stimulus for disaster reduction. It isalmost impossible to prevent the occurrence of natural disasters and theirdamages. However it is possible to reduce the impact of disasters by adopting

suitable disaster mitigation strategies. The disaster mitigation works mainlyaddress the following: (i) minimise the potential risks by developing disaster

early warning strategies, (ii) prepare and implement developmental plans toprovide resilience to such disasters, (iii) mobilise resources includingcommunication and tele-medicinal services and (iv) to help in rehabilitationand post-disaster reduction. Disaster management on the other hand involves:(i) pre-disaster planning, preparedness, monitoring including reliefmanagement capability. (ii) prediction and early warning. (iii) damageassessment and relief management. Disaster reduction is a systematic workwhich involves with different regions, different professions and differentscientific fields, and has become an important measure for human, society andnature sustainable development.

Role ofSpace Technology Space systems from their vantage position have unambiguously demonstratedtheir capability in providing vital information and services for disastermanagement ( Fig.1).The Earth Observation satellites provide comprehensive,synoptic and multi temporal coverage of large areas in real time and atfrequent intervals and 'thus' - have become valuable for continuous monitoringof atmospheric as well as surface parameters related to natural disasters(Table-


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1). Geo-stationary satellites provide continuous and synoptic observationsover large areas on weather including cyclone-monitoring. Polar orbiting

satellites have the advantage of providing much higher resolution imageries,even though at low temporal frequency, which could be used for detailed

monitoring, damage assessment and long-term relief management. The vastcapabilities of communication satellites are available for timely dissemination

of early warning and real-time coordination of relief operations. The advent ofVery Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) and Ultra Small Aperture Terminals(USAT) and phased - array antennae have enhanced the capability further byoffering low cost, viable technological solutions towards management andmitigation of disasters. Satellite communication capabilities-fixed and mobileare vital for effective communication, especially in data collection, distressalerting, position location and co-ordinating relief operations in the field. Inaddition, Search and Rescue satellites provide capabilities such as positiondetermination facilities onboard which could be useful in a variety of land, seaand air distress situations.

y Table 1. Applications of space remote sensing in disaster managementDisaster Prevention Preparedness (Warning) Relief

Earthquakes

Mappinggeologicallineaments landuse

Geodynamic measurementsofstrain accumulation

Locate stricken

areas, mapdamage

Volcaniceruptions

Topographi andland use maps

Detection/measurement of

gaseous emissions

Mapping lava

flows, ashfalls andlahars,map damage

LandslidesTopographic andland use maps

Rainfall,slope stability Mapping slide area

Flash floods Land use maps Local rainfall measurements Map flood damage

Major floods Flood plain maps;land use maps

Regionalrainfall;evapotranspiration

Map extent offloods

Storm surgeLand use and landcover maps

Sea state;ocean surface windvelocities

Map extent o

damage

Hurricanes Synoptic weather forecastsMap extent o

damage

TornadoesNowcasts; local weather Local

weather observationsMap amount, extent

of damage

Drought Long ranged climate modelsMonitoringvegetative biomass;

y DroughtDrought is the single most important weather- related natural disaster oftenaggravated by human action. Drought's beginning is subtle, its progress isinsidious and its effects can be devastating. Drought may start any time, lastindefinitely and attain many degrees of severity. Since it affects very largeareas for months and years it has a serious impact on economy, destruction ofecological resources, food shortages and starvation of millions of people.


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During 1967-1991, droughts have affected 50 percent of the 2.8 billion peoplewho suffered from all natural disasters and killed 35 percent of the 3.5 million

people who lost their lives due to natural disasters. Owing to abnormalities inthe monsoon precipitation, in terms of spatial and temporal variation

especially on the late on set of monsoon, prolonged break and earlywithdrawal of monsoon, drought is a frequent phenomenon over many parts of

India. In India, thirty three percent of the area receives less than 750mmrainfall and is chronically drought-prone, and thirty five percent of the areawith 750-1125mm rainfall is also subject to drought once in four to five years.Thus, 68 percent of the total sown area covering about 142 million hectaresare vulnerable to drought conditions. India has faced three major droughts inthis century- 1904-1905,1965-66 and 1986-87. The 1987 drought had a lastingimpact on one-third of the country. The role of space technology in droughtmitigation is enumerated hereunder:

Drought PreparednessDrought mitigation involves three phases, namely, preparedness phase,

prevention phase and relief phase. In case of drought preparedness,identification of drought prone areas information on land use and land cover,waste lands, forest cover and soils is a pre- requisite. Space-borne multi

spectral measurements hold a great promise in providing such information.

Drought PredictionRemote sensing data provide major input to all the three types rainfall

predictions; namely such as long-term seasonal predictions, medium rangepredictions and short-term predictions. Global and regional atmospheric, landand ocean parameters (temperature, pressure, wind, snow, El-Nino, etc.)required for long-term prediction, could be generated from observations made

by geo-stationary and polar orbiting weather satellites such as INSAT and

NOAA . In the medium range weather prediction, the National CentreMedium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) uses satellite-based sea

surface temperature , normalised difference vegetation index, snow coveredarea and depth, surface temperature, altitude, roughness, soil moisture at

surface level and vertical sounding and radio sonde data on water vapor,pressure and temperature, and vertical profile data in the T86/NMC model. In

the short-range rainfall prediction also INSAT-based visible and thermal dataare being used.

DroughtMonitoringDrought monitoring mechanisms exists in most of the countries using ground-

based information on drought- related parameters such as rainfall, weather,crops condition and water availability, etc. Conventional methods of droughtmonitoring in the various States in India suffer from limitations with regard to

timeliness, objectivity, reliability and adequacy (Jeyaseelan andThiruvengadachari, 1986). Further, the assessment is generally, influenced bylocal compulsions. In order to overcome the above limitations, -sponsored a

project titled 'National Agricultural Drought Assessment and MonitoringSystem (NADAMS)' and sponsored by the Dept. of Agriculture andCooperation and Dept. of Space Dept. of Space (DOS) was taken up by the


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National Remote Sensing Agency in collaboration with the IndiaMeteorological Department (IMD), Central Water Commission (CWC) and

concerned State Government agencies. The focus has been on the assessmentof agricultural drought conditions in terms of prevalence, relative severity

level and persistence through the season. Satellite-derived Vegetation Index(VI) which is sensitive to vegetation stress is being used as a surrogate

measure to continuously monitor the drought conditions on a real -time basis.Such an exercise helps the decision makers in initiating strategies for recovery

by changing cropping patterns and practices. Initially, NDVI derived fromNOAA-AVHRR data was used for drought monitoring biweekly droughtbulletins have been issued between 1989 to 1991, and reports on monthlydetailed crop and seasonal condition during kharif season (June to October)have been brought out since 1992 at district level (Fig.2). The project coverseleven agriculturally important and drought-vulnerable States of AndhraPradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh,Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.

With the availability of Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS) WiFS data with188m spatial resolution, the methodology is being updated to provide

quantitative information on sowings, surface water spread, and taluk / mandal/block level crop condition assessment along with spatial variation in terms of

maps (Fig.2). The IRS WiFS -based detailed monitoring has beenopertionalised for Andhra Pradesh State in 1998, and subsequently extended to

Orissa and Karnataka.

Drought ReliefThe State Governments are primarily responsible for both short -term andlong- term relief management. The NADAMS provide detailed assessment of

drought conditions for providing short -term relief.

Long-term management:Several chronically drought-affected districts in India experience acute

shortage of drinking and irrigation water. To address this issue, a nationwideproject titled 'Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD)' was

taken up in collaboration with other DOS centres and State Remote SensingApplications Centres. The project essentially aims at generating locale-

specific action plan for development of land and water resources on a microwatershed basis in drought- prone areas of the country using IRS data. In the

first phase, 175 districts covering 84 million ha has been covered (Rao,1998).For providing safe drinking water to rural masses, a nationwide project titled

"National Drinking Water Technology Mission", was launched by Departmentof Space (DOS) in collaboration with other State Remote SensingApplications Centres, and Central Ground Water Board and State Groundwater Departments. Ground water potential maps showing ground water

prospect at 1:250,000 scale have been prepared for entire country. The successrate achieved by drilling wells through the use of remote sensing data has beenfound to be much better than those achieved by conventional means.Furthermore, as a follow-up large scale (1:50,000) mapping of ground water

prospects for Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka andKerela under Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission is in progress.


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CycloneThe intense tropical storms are known in different part of the world bydifferent names. In the Pacific ocean, they are called 'typhoons', in the Indianocean they are called 'cyclones' and over North Atlantic, they are called'hurricane'. Among various natural calamaties, tropical cyclones are known to

claim a higher share of deaths and distruction world over. Records show thatabout 80 tropical cyclones form over the globe every year. India has a vastcoast line which is frequently affected by tropical cyclones causing heavy lossof human lives and property. Cyclones occurs usually between April and May(called pre-monsoon cyclonic storms) and between October and December(called post-monsoon cyclonic storms). While cyclonic storms can't be

prevented, the loss of lives and damage to the properties can be mitigated ifprompt action is taken after receiving timely warnings.

Cyclone Warning

Meteorologists have been using satellite images for monitoring storms for about thirty

years. One of the most important applications in this endeavour is to determine the

strength and intensity of a storm. In the late 1960's, meteorologists began observing

tropical cyclones at more frequent intervals. The infrared sensors aboard polar

orbiting satellites began providing day-and-night observations while geo-stationary

satellite provided the continuous coverage during daytime. There exists a very

efficient cyclone warning system in India which is comparable to the best known in

the world. The approach essentially involves the prediction of the track and intensity

of the cyclone using conventional as well as satellite and radar-based techniques

(Kellar, 1997).

A network of 10-cyclone detection radar covering entire East and West Coasts is

being used for cyclone warning each with a range of 400 km. When cyclone is beyond

the range of coastal radar, its intensity and movement is monitored with the help of

INSAT, and NOAA series of satellites. The INSAT provides every three-hourly cloud

pictures over the Indian subcontinent. For precise location, every half-an-hour

pictures are used. Warnings are issued by the Area Cyclone Warning Centers

(ACWS) located at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay; and Cyclone Warning Centers

(CWC) located at Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam and Ahmedabad. Around 100

disaster warning systems have been installed in cyclone-prone villages of Andhra

Pradesh and Tamilnadu. It is planned to expand such facility with another 100 DWS

in Orissa and West Bengal on the East coast. The DWC disseminates warning of

impending event to village administration, District Collector, State Government


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officials, etc. The most memorable use of DWS system has been during the cyclone

that hit the Andhra Pradesh coast on may 9, 1990, in evacuating over 1,70,000 people.

The information helped saving thousands of lives and livestock in this area.

Additional DWS units are being established to cover the entire coastal areas of the

country.

Cyclone Management

The most striking advantage of the earth observation satellite data has been

demonstrated during the recent Orissa super-cyclone event. A severe cyclonic storm

with a wind speed about 260 kmph hit the Orissa coast at Paradip on 29-oct-99

causing extensive damage to human life, property, live stock and public utilities. The

National Remote Sensing Agency acted promptly and provided spatial extent of

inundated areas using pre-cyclone IRS LISS-III data collected on 11th October, 1999

and Radarsat Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) data of 2nd November, 1999 since

cloud -free optical sensor data over the cyclone-hit area were not available (Fig.3).

The map showing inundated area as on 2nd Nov, 1999 was drapped over

topographical map, and was delivered to the Orissa Government on 3rd Nov,1999.

Information, thus generated, was effectively used by various departments of Orissa

Government involved in relief operations. Subsequently, the recession of inundated

areas was also studied using Radarsat and IRS data of 5th,8th,11th,13th and 14th

November, 1999. An estimated 3.75 lakh ha in Jagatsinghpur, Kendrapara, Bhadrak,

Balasore, Jajpur, besides Cuttack, Khurda and Puri districts had been found to be

inundated. In addition, the crop damage assessment was also made and maps along

with block-wise statistics derived using pre-and post-cyclone NDVI image from IRS

WiFS data were also provided to Orissa Government.

Floods

India is the worst flood-affected country in the world after Bangladesh and accounts

for one-fifth of the global death count due to floods. About 40 million hectares or

nearly 1/8th of India's geographical area is flood-prone. An estimated 8 million

hectares of land are affected annually. The cropped area affected annually ranges from

3.5 million ha during normal floods to 10 million ha during worst flood. Flood control

measures consists mainly of construction of new embankments, drainage channels


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and afforestation to save 546 towns and 4700 villages. Optical and microwave data

from IRS, Landsat ERS and Radarsat series of satellites have been used to map and

monitor flood events in near real-time and operational mode(Fig.4). Information on

inundation and damage due to floods is furnished to concerned departments so as to

enable them organising necessary relief measures and to make a reliable assessment

of flood damage. Owing to large swath and high repetivity, WiFS data from IRS-1C

and -1D hold great promise in floods monitoring.

Based on satellite data acquired during pre-flood, flood and post-flood along with

ground information, flood damage assessment is being carried out by integrating the

topographical, hydrological and flood plain land use/land cover information in a GIS

environment. In addition, spaceborne multispectral data have been used for studying

the post-flood river configuration, and existing flood control structures , and

identification of bank erosion-prone areas and drainage congestion, and identification

of flood risk zones.

Flood Disaster Impact Minimization

Flood forecasts are issued currently by Central Water Commission using conventional

rainfall runoff models with an accuracy of around 65% to 70% with a warning time of

six to twelve hours. The poor performance is attributed to the high spatial variability

of rainfall not captured by ground measurements and lack of spatial information on

the catchment characteristics of the basin such as current hydrological land use / land

cover, spatial variability of soils, etc. Incorporation of remote sensing inputs such as

satellite-derived rainfall estimates, current hydrological land use / land cover, soil

information, etc. in rainfall-runoff model subsequently improves the flood forecast.

Improvements in flood forecasting was tested in lower Godavari basin in a pilot study

titled "Spatial Flood Warning System". Under this project, a comprehensive database

including Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated using Differential Global

Positioning System (DGPS), hydraulic/hydrologic modeling capabilities and aDecision Support System (DSS) for appropriate relief response has been addressed in

collaboration with concerned departments of Andhra Pradesh Government. Initial

results have been quite encouraging. The deviation in the flood forecast from actual

river flood has been within 15%.


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Earthquake

Earthquakes are caused by the abrupt release of strain that has built up in the earth's

crust. Most zones of maximum earthquake intensity and frequency occur at the

boundaries between the moving plates that form the crust of the earth. Major

earthquakes also occur within the interior of crustal plates such as those in China,

Russia and the south-east United States. A considerable research has been carried out

to predict earthquakes using conventional technologies, but the results to date are

inconclusive. Seismic risk analysis based on historic earthquakes and the presence of

active faults is an established method for locating and designing dams, power plants

and other projects in seismically active areas. Landsat-TM and SPOT images, and

Radar interferograms have been used to detect the active faults (Merifield and Lamer

1975; Yeats et al.1996; Massonnet et al. 1993). Areas rocked by Landers earthquake

(South California) of magnitude 7.3 were studied using ERS-1 SAR interferometry

which matched extremely well with a model of the earth's motion as well as the local

measurements (Masonnet and Advagna 1993). Active faults on the seafloor could also

be detected by side-scan sonar system (Prior et al, 1979). The earthquake prediction is

still at experimental stage. Successful prediction of minor earthquake have, however,

been reported. Among the major earthquakes, Chinese scientists predicted an

earthquake 1-2 days ahead in 1975 (Vogel, 1980). Information on earthquake is

,generally, obtained from a network of seismographic stations. However, very

recently the space geodetic techniques and high resolution aerial and satellite data

have been used for earthquake prediction. Space geodetic technique with Global

Positioning System (GPS) provides an accuracy of a centimetre over 1000 km and ,

thus, helps in measuring the surface deformations and monitoring accelerated crystal

deformations prior to earth quakes with required accuracy.

Earthquake risk assessment involves identification of seismic zones through

collection of geological / structural, geophysical (primarily seismological) and

geomorphologic data and mapping of known seismic phenomena in the region,(mainly epicenters with magnitudes). Such an effort calls for considerable amount of

extrapolation and interpolation on the basis of available data. There is also a tendency

for earthquake to occur in "gaps" which are in places along an earthquake belt where

strong earthquake had not previously been observed. The knowledge of trends in time

or in space helps in defining the source regions of future shocks (Karnik and


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Algermissen, 1978). Satellite imagery could be used in delineating geotectonic

structures and to clarify seismological conditions in earthquake risk zones. Accurate

mapping of geomorphologic features adjoining lineaments reveals active movement

or recent tectonic activity along faults. The relationship between major lineaments and

the seismic activity has been observed in Latur area of Maharastra, India. Space

techniques have overcome the limitations of ground geodetic surveys/measurements

and have become an essential tool to assess the movement/displacements along

faults/plate boundaries to even millimetre level accuracy.

Using Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), it has been possible to record

accurately the plate movement of the order of centimetre along baseline of hundreds

of kilometre. Similarly, satellite-based Global Positioning system (GPS) has emerged

as a powerful geodetic tool for monitoring (geological) changes over time which is

the key for understanding the long-term geo-dynamical phenomena. GPS has been

particularly useful in measuring the more complex deformation patterns across plate

boundaries where large and regional scale strain builds up. Plate movements, slips

along faults etc. have been measured using differential GPS to an accuracy of sub-

centimetres.

Volcanic Eruption

Many times precursors of volcanic eruptions have been observed in various areas of

volcanic activity. Ground deformations, changes in the compositions of gases emitting

from volcanic vents, changes in the temperatures of fumaroles, hot springs and crater

lakes as well as earth tremors are preceding volcanic eruptions. Thermal infrared

remote sensing has been applied for volcanic hazard assessment. However,

deficiencies of equipment and coverage suggest that thermal infrared has not been

adequately evaluated for surveillance of volcanoes. The National Remote Sensing

Agency has demonstrated the potential of multi-temporal Landsat-TM thermal band

data in the surveillance of active volcanoes over Barren island volcano which eruptedduring March 1991 to September 1991 (Bhatacharya et al. 1992). In the last three

decades, aircraft and satellite-based thermal infrared (TIR) data have been used

extensively to detect and monitor many of the active volcanoes around the world.

Repetitive coverage, regional scale, and low cost of thermal infrared images from

satellites make it an alternative tool for monitoring volcanoes. Although the spatial


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resolution of NOAA environment satellite is too coarse to record details of surface

thermal patterns, the plumes of smoke and ash from volcanoes could be detected

which is useful in planning the rehabilitation of affected areas. Studies have shown

that the upward migration of magma from the earth's crust just before eruption inflates

the volcanic cone. Such premonitory signs can easily and quickly be detected with the

aid of differential SAR interferometry. Extensive calibrations in a variety of test areas

have shown that by using this technique, changes on the earth's surface can be

detected to a centimetre accuracy.

Landslides

Aerial photographs and large-scale satellite images have been used to locate the areas

with the incidence of landslide. Higher spatial resolution and stereo imaging

capability of IRS -IC and -1D enable further refining the location and monitoring of

landslides. A number of studies have been carried out in India using satellite data and

aerial photographs to develop appropriate methodologies for terrain classification and

preparation of maps showing landslide hazards in the Garhwal Himalayan region,

Nilagiri hills in south India and in Sikkim forest area. Such studies have been carried

out using mostly aerial photographs because of their high resolution enabling contour

mapping with intervals of better than 2m in height. The availability of 1m resolution

data from the future IRS mission may help generating contour maps at 2m intervals

making thereby space remote sensing a highly cost effective tool in landslide

zonation.

Crop Pest and Diseases

One of the successful programmes where space technology has been used in risk

assessment from crop pests/diseases is the Desert Locust Satellite Applications project

of the UN/FAO for the International Desert Locust Commission. Temporal and spatial

distribution of desert vegetation and rainfall derived from NOAA-AVHRR data have

been used to identify the potential Locust breeding grounds. In India, the desert locust

is epidemic over 2 lakhs sq.km spread over Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana states.

Improved desert locust forecasting system is being tried with the help of satellite data

by the locust warning organizations by narrowing down the potential breeding areas

to undertake aerial spraying for arresting further growth of locust.


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Forest Fire

Several thousands of hectares of forests are burnt annually due to manmade forest

fires causing extensive damage to forest wealth. The behaviour of forest fire depends

upon three parameters: fuel, weather, and topography. Each parameter has several

characteristic parameters. The most important task in the preparedness phase is to

assess the risk. For risk assessment variables such as land use/land cover,

demography, infrastructure and urban interface are considered. Effective mitigation of

forest fire involves fuel (land cover, weather, terrain, vegetation type and moisture

level) mapping, identification of fire risk areas, rapid detection, local and global fire

monitoring and assessment of burnt areas. The analysis of near-real time low spatial

resolution (1km) and high repetivity data from NOAA and high spatial resolution data

with low repetivity from earth resources satellites could provide the information on

areas under fire. The IRS satellite data have been used for monitoring forest fires over

Nagarhole Wild Life Sanctuary of Southern India.

Conclusions

Apart from loss of human lives, natural disasters inflict severe damage to ecology and

economy of a region. Space technology has made significant contribution in all the

three phases, i.e. preparedness, prevention and relief of disaster management. With aconstellation of both INSAT and IRS series of satellites, India has developed an

operational mechanism for disaster warning especially cyclone and drought, and their

monitoring and mitigation. However, prediction of certain events likes earthquake,

volcanic eruption and flood is still at experimental level. Developments in space-

based earth observation and weather watch capabilities in future may help refining

existing models/approaches for prediction of such events and their management.

Final Report for 28th Aug,09-Coffee Shop

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