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Transcript of Final Report
SOLAR WIND POWER
(AN ISO 9001: 2008CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
VIDYA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
THALAKKOTUKARA, THRISSUR
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SEMINAR REPORT – 2011
Submitted by,
SUDHIN P.K VEAIEEE059
(AN ISO 9001: 2008 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION)
VIDYA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, THALAKKOTTUKARA
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report titled “SOLAR WIND POWER”
has been submitted by SUDHIN P.K of seventh semester Electrical &
Electronics Engineering in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronics
Engineering of the University of Calicut.
Dr. SUDHA BALAGOPALAN
Head of the Department,
Dept. Of Electrical Electronics Engg.
Thalakkottukara,
Date:
Vidya Academy of Science & Technology.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to place on record my heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to the
successful completion of my seminar. I express my sincere thanks to Dr P Prathapachandhran
Nair, Professor emeritus of Vidya Academy of Science and Technology. I am also thankful to
our beloved Principal, Dr S.P Subramanian for providing us a supportive environment and
necessary facilities for the successful completion of my seminar in time. I am forever thankful to
the Head of Department, Dr.Sudha Balagopalan for her valuable advice and support. I am
especially grateful to them for being our lanterns and guiding us through all the hardships we
faced during the seminar, for their unending support and encouragement.
I am greatly indebted to each and all of these individuals, for their enthusiastic and generous
efforts, which have made this, seminar a rich learning experience. Above all I render my
gratitude to the Almighty without whose blessings and benevolence I could not have completed
this successfully.
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………....................04
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………...................05
1. SOLAR WIND POWER...................................................................................06
1.1 WHAT IS SOLAR WIND………………………………....................06
1.2 NEED FOR SOLAR WIND POWER……………………..................09
2. DYSON HARROP SATELITE.......................................................................11
2.1 THE CONCEPT: DYSON SPHERE……………………....................11
2.2 THE DYSON HARROP SATELLITE..……………………...............12
2.3THE DHS DESIGN........…………………………………....................14
3. WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION......................................................16
3.1 TRANSMISSION METHOD.............……………………..................16
3.2 WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSON
THROUGH MICROWAVE.......……….......……………..................17
4. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS......................................................20
4.1 ADVANTAGES..………………………………………….20
4.2 LIMITATIONS......……..……….…………………...........21
CONCLUSION.…………………….………………………………..............…...22
REFERENCE…………………………………………………………..................23
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LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: Model of Dyson Harrop Satellite.................................................................................12
Fig 2: The Dyson-Harrop Satellite.........................................................................................14
Fig 3: Block diagram of a conceptual WPT system...............................................................17
Fig 4: Typical six cavity magnetron.......................................................................................18
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ABSTRACT
Energy needs of our world are increasing day by day so as a young engineer it’s our
responsibility to find out new ways to harness the energy from the nature itself. All the
traditional renewable sources like wind, solar, tidal are not enough to meet the growing needs of
the modern generation. So a powerful renewable energy source is considered as the holy grail of
modern engineers and the solar wind power is the first step towards such a great dream. The
solar wind is a stream of charged particles that heads outward from the sun's upper atmosphere.
They move outward toward Earth and the rest of the planets, and provide the potential to power
the entire Earth. Even though we refer to the solar wind as "wind", it wouldn't provide energy in
the way we see wind turbines act here on earth. Instead, energy from the solar wind would be
collected by a gigantic sail deployed in space, between the sun and Earth. It involves a .4-inch-
wide copper wire pointed at the sun, and attached to a solar sail. The wire which can range in
length from 980 feet to more than half a mile would generate a magnetic field that would capture
electrons from the solar wind. The particles would be funneled into a spherical receiver, which
produces a current. A satellite with a 1,000-meter (3,280-foot) cable and a sail 8,400 kilometers
(5,220 miles) across, placed at roughly the same orbit, would generate one billion billion
gigawatts of power. That's approximately 100 billion times the power Earth currently uses.
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INTRODUCTION
To meet its growing energy needs, energy generated from Sun, which is better known as
solar power and energy generated from wind called the wind power are being considered as
a means of generating power. Scientists have now combined solar power and wind power
to produce enormous energy called the solar wind power, which will satisfy all energy
requirements of human kind.
This is done by using dyson-harrop satellite which traps solar wind power by using long
metal wire loop pointed at the sun. This wire is charged to generate a cylindrical magnetic
field that snags the electrons that make up half the solar wind. These electrons get funnelled
into a metal spherical receiver to produce a current, which generates the wire's magnetic
field making the system self-sustaining. This energy is transmitted to the earth. A larger
model, with a kilometer-long copper wire, could generate upward of a billion billion
gigawatts. Such a massive satellite would require a 5,220-mile-wide sail, but its potential is
huge, actually 100 billion times the power humanity currently requires.
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CHAPTER 1: SOLAR WIND POWER
1.1 WHAT IS SOLAR WIND?
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles ejected from the upper
atmosphere of the Sun. It mostly consists of electrons and protons with energies usually
between 10 and 100 keV. The stream of particles varies in temperature and speed over
time. These particles can escape the Sun's gravity because of their high kinetic energy and
the high temperature of the corona.
The solar wind creates the heliosphere, a vast bubble in the interstellar medium that
surrounds the solar system. Other phenomena include geomagnetic storms that can knock
out power grids on Earth, the aurorae (northern and southern lights), and the plasma tails of
comets that always point away from the Sun.
The outermost part of the Sun is a stream of particles that flows from the Sun into the
solar system. This part of the Sun, called the solar wind, is the corona expanding into space.
The solar wind extends all the way to the heliopause, far past the orbit of Pluto. The corona
is so hot that it cannot stand still. It is expanding outward in all directions, filling the solar
system with a ceaseless flow of electrons, ions, and magnetic fields.
While early models of the solar wind used primarily thermal energy to accelerate the
material, by the 1960s it was clear that thermal acceleration alone cannot account for the
high speed of solar wind. An additional unknown acceleration mechanism is required, and
likely relates to magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere.
The Sun's corona, or extended outer layer, is a region of plasma that is heated to over
a million degrees Celsius. As a result of thermal collisions, the particles within the inner
corona have a range and distribution of speeds described by a Maxwellian distribution. The
mean velocity of these particles is about 145 km/s, which is well below the solar escape
velocity of 618 km/s. However, a few of the particles achieve energies sufficient to reach
the terminal velocity of 400 km/s, which allows them to feed the solar wind. At the same
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temperature, electrons, due to their much smaller mass, reach escape velocity and build up
an electric field that further accelerates ions - charged atoms - away from the Sun.
The total number of particles carried away from the Sun by the solar wind is about
1.3 × 1036
per second. Thus, the total mass loss each year is about (2–3) × 10−14
solar
masses, or 6.7 billion tons per hour. This is equivalent to losing a mass equal to the Earth
every 150 million years.[18]
However, only about 0.01% of the Sun's total mass has been
lost through the solar wind. Other stars have much stronger stellar winds that result in
significantly higher mass loss rates.
The solar wind has two components. The fast part of the wind pours out of the regions
near the poles of the Sun at speeds around 750 km/s (around 470 mi/s). The slower
component of the solar wind gusts unevenly from the Sun‟s equatorial regions at speeds
from 300 to 400 km/s (190 to 250 mi/s).
The slow solar wind appears to originate from a region around the Sun's equatorial belt
that is known as the "streamer belt". Coronal streamers extend outward from this region,
carrying plasma from the interior along closed magnetic loops. Observations of the Sun
between 1996 and 2001 showed that emission of the slow solar wind occurred between
latitudes of 30–35° around the equator during the solar minimum (the period of lowest solar
activity), then expanded toward the poles as the minimum waned. By the time of the solar
maximum, the poles were also emitting a slow solar wind.
Scientists believe that the fastest part of the solar wind leaves the Sun through coronal
holes, cool spots in the corona. The magnetic field of the Sun is relatively weak around
coronal holes and thus allows particles in the solar wind to escape. Heavier particles seem
to move more quickly than lighter particles in the same stream within coronal holes. The
intermittent gusts from nearer the equator come from solar flares and coronal mass
ejections.
Both components of the solar wind gain speed as they spread out and leave the Sun. The
fast component reaches its top speed close to the Sun, but the slow solar wind continues
gaining speed much farther out. As the solar wind approaches a planet that has a well-
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developed magnetic field (such as Earth, Jupiter and Saturn), the particles are deflected by
the Lorentz force. This region, known as the magnetosphere, causes the particles to travel
around the planet rather than bombarding the atmosphere or surface. The magnetosphere is
roughly shaped like a hemisphere on the side facing the Sun, then is drawn out in a long
wake on the opposite side. The boundary of this region is called the magnetopause, and
some of the particles are able to penetrate the magnetosphere through this region by partial
reconnection of the magnetic field lines.
Earth itself is largely protected from the solar wind by its magnetic field, which deflects
most of the charged particles; however some of the charged particles are trapped in the Van
Allen radiation belt. A smaller number of particles from the solar wind manage to travel, as
though on an electromagnetic energy transmission line, to the Earth's upper atmosphere and
ionosphere in the auroral zones. The only time the solar wind is observable on the Earth is
when it is strong enough to produce phenomena such as the aurora and geomagnetic
storms. Bright auroras strongly heat the ionosphere, causing its plasma to expand into the
magnetosphere, increasing the size of the plasma geosphere, and causing escape of
atmospheric matter into the solar wind. Geomagnetic storms result when the pressure of
plasmas contained inside the magnetosphere is sufficiently large to inflate and thereby
distort the geomagnetic field.
The solar wind is responsible for the overall shape of Earth's magnetosphere, and
fluctuations in its speed, density, direction, and entrained magnetic field strongly affect
Earth's local space environment. For example, the levels of ionizing radiation and radio
interference can vary by factors of hundreds to thousands; and the shape and location of the
magnetopause and bow shock wave upstream of it can change by several Earth radii,
exposing geosynchronous satellites to the direct solar wind. These phenomena are
collectively called space weather.
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1.2 NEED FOR SOLAR WIND POWER
A major problem facing Planet Earth is provision of an adequate supply of clean energy.
It has been that we face "...three simultaneous challenges population growth, resource
consumption, and environmental degradation all converging particularly in the matter of
sustainable energy supply." It is widely agreed that our current energy practices will not
provide for all the world's peoples in an adequate way and still leave our Earth with a
livable environment. Hence, a major task for the new century will be to develop sustainable
and environmentally friendly sources of energy.
Increasing global energy demand is likely to continue for many decades. Renewable
energy is a compelling approach – both philosophically and in engineering terms. However,
many renewable energy sources are limited in their ability to affordably provide the base
load power required for global industrial development and prosperity, because of inherent
land and water requirements. The burning of fossil fuels resulted in an abrupt decrease in
their resource. It also led to the greenhouse effect and many other environmental problems.
Nuclear power seems to be an answer for global warming, but concerns about terrorist
attacks on Earth bound nuclear power plants have intensified environmentalist opposition
to nuclear power. Moreover, switching on to the natural fission reactor produces radiations.
Which are harmful for both human and for surrounding. The sun yields energy with no
waste products. But the energy produced will be very less and is not uniform throughout the
day.
It will be affected by the day & night effect and other factors such as clouds.
Hydroelectric and wind power depends on the geological features of the place. It is not
present everywhere. Both hydro and wind power consumes a large amount of land, which
can otherwise used for human settlement.
Considering the future needs for renewable resources. This requires a much cheaper way
to produce a large amount of power. A massive solar sail could supply the electricity needs
of the entire planet. The technology harvests the power in solar wind. This is done by using
a satellite known as Dyson-Harrop Satellite. This technology uses mostly of copper strips.
Copper is cheaper, this makes this technology much cheaper than any other renewable
resource. Using of copper strips makes the construction of the satellite much simple. Solar
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wind power energy is collected and converted in to electricity which is then converted to a
highly directed microwave beam for transmission. This microwave beam, which can be
directed to any desired location on Earth surface, can be collected and then converted back
to electricity. Also the microwave energy, chosen for transmission, can pass unimpeded
through clouds and precipitations. Using of solar wind power is a clean, safe energy source,
alleviating some of the problems we would otherwise expect from increasing nuclear and
fossil fuel use. It can generate 1 billion billion gigawatts of power by using a massive
8,400-kilometer-wide solar sail at roughly the same orbit to harvest the power in solar
wind.
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CHAPTER 2: DYSON HARROP SATELLITE
2.1 THE CONCEPT: DYSON SPHERE
The idea of Dyson Harrop satellite comes from the theoretical concept known as „Dyson
Sphere‟. A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical mega structure originally described by Freeman
Dyson. Such a "sphere" would be a system of orbiting solar power satellites meant to
completely encompass a star and capture most or all of its energy output. Dyson speculated
that such structures would be the logical consequence of the long-term survival and
escalating energy needs of a technological civilization, and proposed that searching for
evidence of the existence of such structures might lead to the detection of advanced
intelligent extraterrestrial life.
Since then, other variant designs involving building an artificial structure or series of
structures to encompass a star have been proposed in exploratory engineering or described
in science fiction under the name "Dyson sphere". These later proposals have not been
limited to solar power stations. Many involve habitation or industrial elements. Most
fictional depictions describe a solid shell of matter enclosing a star, which is considered the
least plausible variant of the idea.
Several Dyson variants such as Dyson Bubble, Dyson Swarm, and Dyson shell have
been proposed, though all share a common theme of solar power collection. The DHS,
however, draws energy from the solar wind‟s electrons, using the Sun‟s high energy
photons only to eject the electrons once their useful electronic energy has been collected.
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2.2 THE DYSON-HARROP SATELLITE (DHS)
The concept for the so-called Dyson-Harrop satellite (fig 1) begins with a long metal
wire loop pointed at the sun. This wire is charged to generate a cylindrical magnetic field
that snags the electrons that make up half the solar wind. These electrons get funneled into
a metal spherical receiver to produce a current, which generates the wire's magnetic field -
making the system self-sustaining. Any current not needed for the magnetic field powers an
infrared laser trained on satellite dishes back on Earth, designed to collect the energy. Air is
transparent to infrared so Earth's atmosphere won't suck up energy from the beam before it
reaches the ground. Back on the satellite, the current has been drained of its electrical
energy by the laser - the electrons fall onto a ring-shaped sail, where incoming sunlight can
re-energize them enough to keep the satellite in orbit around the sun.
Fig 1: Model of Dyson Harrop Satellite
A relatively small Dyson-Harrop satellite using a 1-centimetre-wide copper wire 300
meters long, a receiver 2 meters wide and a sail 10 meters in diameter, sitting at roughly the
same distance from the sun as the Earth, could generate 1.7 megawatts of power - enough
for about 1000 family homes in the US. A satellite with the same-sized receiver at the same
distance from the sun but with a 1-kilometre-long wire and a sail 8400 kilometers wide
could generate roughly 1 billion billion gigawatts (1027 watts) of power, which is actually
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100 billion times the power humanity currently requires. Since the satellites are made up
mostly of copper, they would be relatively easy to construct.
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2.3 THE DHS DESIGN
Fig. 2: The Dyson-Harrop Satellite.
The Sun (A) emits plasma half-composed of electrons, half of protons and positive ions
(B). Electrons are diverted (via Lorentz force from a cylindrical magnetic field (C) from
their radial trajectory towards the „Receiver‟ (D), a metallic spherical shell. When the
Receiver is “full”, excess electrons are diverted through the hole in the Sail. The large
positive potential on the Sail drives an electron current through the „Pre-Wire‟ (E), which is
a long, folded wire designed to cancel out the magnetic fields of the current towards the
Sun. Once it reaches the end of the Pre-Wire, it travels down the „Main Wire‟ (F), creating
the magnetic field (C), which makes the field-current a self-sustaining system. The current
passes through a hole in the Receiver and then through the „Sail‟ (G), passing through the
„Inductor‟ (H), and the „Resistor‟ (I), which draws off all of the electrical power of the
Satellite to the „Laser‟ (J), which fires the electrical-turned-photonic energy off to a
designated target. Drained of its electrical energy, the current continues to “fall” to the Sail
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(G). Here, electrons will stay until hit by appropriately-energetic photons from the Sun, at
which point they will leap off (K) from the Sail towards the Sun, and then be repelled by
the magnetic fields (C) and excess solar wind electrons (B) away from the Satellite,
imparting kinetic energy to the Satellite away from the Sun.
User-Defined Parameters: Because the Sun emits such a vast number of both electrons
and high frequency photons, the current through the DHS (and, therefore, the power it
produces) can be defined by the construction of the satellite; DH satellites can be produced
to collect any amount of power desired, up to the total energy of the Sun. This is primarily
determined by the capacitance of the Receiver, and rB, max, the maximal distance from the
Main Wire at which a solar wind electron can successfully be captured by the satellite via
its magnetic field.
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CHAPTER 3: WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION
3.1 TRANSMISSION METHOD
Solar wind power from the satellite is sent to Earth using a microwave transmitter. This
power is transmitted to the relevant position via an antenna through space and atmosphere
and received on earth by an antenna called the rectenna. Recent developments suggest
using laser by using recently developed solid state lasers allow efficient transfer of power.
A range of 10% to 20% efficiency within a few years can be attained, but further
experimentation still required taking into consideration the possible hazards that it could
cause to the eyes. In comparison to laser transmission microwave transmission is more
developed, has high efficiency up to 85%, beams is far below the lethal levels of
concentration even for a prolonged exposure. The microwave transmission designed has the
power level well below the international safety standard (Frequency 2.45 GHz microwave
beam). So the Micro Wave Transmission is selected as the best method to transmit the
wireless power, in current scenario.
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3.2 WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION THROUGH MICROWAVE
Transmission or distribution of 50 or 60 Hz electrical energy from the generation point to the
consumer end without any physical wire has yet to mature as a familiar and viable technology.
However, the reported works on terrestrial WPT have not revealed the design method and
technical information and also have not addressed the full-scale potential of WPT as compared
with the alternatives, such as a physical power distribution line. However the main thrust of
WPT has been on the concept of space-to-ground (extraterrestrial) transmission of energy using
microwave beam.
Fig 3 shows the block diagram of a conceptual WPT system
Fig 3: Block diagram of a conceptual WPT system
Electricity is generated in copper wire and this is supplied to an oscillator fed magnetron. Inside
the magnetron electrons are emitted from a central terminal called cathode. A positively charged
anode surrounding the cathode attracts the electrons. Instead of traveling in a straight line, the
electrons are forced to take a circular path by a high power permanent magnet. As they pass by
the resonating cavities of the magnetron, a continuous pulsating magnetic field i.e.,
electromagnetic radiation in microwave frequency range is generated. After the first round of
cavity-to-cavity trip by the electrons is completed the next one starts, and this process continues
as long as the magnetron remains energized. Fig.4 shows the formation of a re-entrant electron
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beam in a typical six cavity magnetron. The output of the rectifier decides the magnetron anode
dc voltage. This in turn controls the radiation power output. The frequency of the radiation is
adjusted by varying the inductance or capacitance of the resonating cavities.
Fig 4: Typical six cavity magnetron
The microwave power output of the magnetron is channeled into an array of parabolic reflector
antennas for transmission to the receiving end antennas. To compensate for the large loss in free
space propagation and boost at the receiving end the signal strength as well as the conversion
efficiency, the antennas are connected in arrays. Moreover, arrayed installation of antennas will
necessitate a compact size.
A series parallel assembly of schottky diodes, having a low standing power rating but good RF
characteristics is used at the receiving end to rectify the received microwave power back into dc.
Inverter is used to invert the dc power into ac.
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A simple radio control feedback system operating in FM band provides an appropriate control
signal to the magnetron for adjusting its output level with fluctuation in the consumers demand at
the receiving side. The feedback system would switch of the supply to the oscillator and
magnetron at the sending end if there is a total loss of load.
The overall efficiency of the WPT system can be improved by
schottky diode with higher ratings.
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CHAPTER 4: ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS
4.1 ADVANTAGES
Mainly, modeling suggests that the DHS can provide power at a rate that increases
proportionally to the square of current through the Main Wire. A current of 0.444 A would
produce ~1.7 MW of power, while tripling the current produces about 10 times more
power.
1) It should be relatively cheap to construct, given that the system is composed almost
entirely of copper and doesn‟t require circuitry.
2) The entire energy generated from solar wind will not be able to reach the planet, yet
the amount that reaches earth is more than sufficient to fulfill the needs of entire human,
irrespective of the environment condition.
3) The kinetic energy from the photoelectrical ejection of electrons from the Sail
provides a strong stabilizing force; in fact, it may be possible to design a satellite that
can remain in a stationary position.
4) It can generate 1 billion billion gigawatts of power by using a massive 8,400-
kilometer-wide solar sail at roughly the same orbit to harvest the power in solar wind.
1000 homes can be lit by generating enough power for them with the help of 300 meters
(984 feet) of copper wire, which is attached to a two-meter-wide (6.6-foot-wide)
receiver and a 10-meter (32.8-foot) sail.
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4.1 LIMITATIONS
The DHS generates power at a fairly low rate. Initially, its purpose may be better
suited to powering individual space projects (e.g., space stations, planetary bases) than
providing power for an entire civilization. The simplicity of the DHS could also be its
downfall - this model possesses no method of protecting itself from debris, actively
maintaining its position, or even starting the circular field-current system (which the
Inductor can help maintain). These issues can be accommodated by extra equipment on the
DHS, but it risks further difficulties as complexity of the satellite‟s construction. Another
problem may be heat dissipation.
1) Brooks Harrop, the co-author of the journal paper says that while scientists are keen
to tap solar wind to generate power, they also need to keep provisions for engineering
difficulties and these engineering difficulties will have to be solved before satellites to
tap solar wind power are deployed.
2) The distance between the satellite and earth will be so huge that as the laser beam
travels millions of miles, it makes even the tightest laser beam spread out and lose most
of the energy. To solve this problem, a more focused laser is needed.
3) We require big satellites to trap energy from solar wind. There may be practical
constraints in this.
4) For consumption as a lot of energy generated by the satellite has to be pumped back
to copper wire to create the electron-harvesting magnetic field.
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CONCLUSION
In an international conference on renewable energy, our former president Dr A.P.J
Abdul Kalam said that, “By 2050, even if we use every available energy resource we have: clean
and dirty, conventional and alternative, solar, wind, geothermal, nuclear, coal, oil, and gas, the
world will fall short of the energy we need. There is an answer: a power source that produces no
carbon emissions … that can reach to most distant villages of the world, and can turn both
countries into net energy and technology exporters.” The solar wind power is the answer to that
search. It‟s a powerful energy source which can satisfy the energy needs of the whole world and
it‟s harnessing is the first step towards large scale renewable energy generation. Even
though tapping of solar wind power has many problems in the current scenario, we can hope that
ongoing researches will make it a promising energy source for the coming generation.
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REFERENCE
Brooks L. Harrop and Dirk Schulze-Makuch, "The Solar Wind Power Satellite as an
alternative to a traditional Dyson Sphere and its implications for remote detection,"
International Journal of Astrobiology (2010). Page: 89-99
“Out-of-this-world proposal for solar wind power” New Scientist September 2010 by
Charles Choi. Page: 26-27
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_sphere
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_wind
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson–Harrop_satellite
www.alternative-energy-news.info/solar-wind-power/
http://news.discovery.com/tech/solar-wind-energy-power.html