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ABSTRACT

Greenhouse gases and energy extraction, production and consumption contribute to

polluting the environment, and have led to climate change and global warming, now

ranked as one of the top priorities on the United Nations environment agenda (Montreal

!yoto protocols"# $n the United %tates and &anada, the building sector represents the

third'largest domain of total energy consumption, after the industrial and transportation

sectors#

$n &anada and the United %tates alone, close to millions of people use hospital

building# here is a growing demand to construct sustainable hospitals designed to

provide more healthy, comfortable and productive environments as well as to reduce

energy consumption and building costs#

he research presented here details the adoption of sustainable and cost'effective

materials and envelope types for new hospital buildings# )ased on the evaluation of

certain *++ categories such as energy consumption rearrangement and replacement of

material, along with incorporating the *&- (*ife &ycle -ssessment" techni.ue#

$t is seen that this research provides a method that can assist governments and decision

makers in minimi/ing their overall expenditures on public buildings and to provide the

best possible structural0envelope system, while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas

emissions and minimi/ing the environmental impact associated with public sector

buildings#

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

-t the outset, we would like to express our personal gratitude for the overwhelmingsupport and encouragement we have received from one and all# )ehind every

achievement lies and unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who activated it and the

satisfaction and pleasure that accompany the gain of experience would be incomplete

without the mention the people who made it possible# o them we lay the words of

gratitude imprinted deep within us#

1e thank our beloved 2rincipal r# %yed %hakeeb Ur 3ehman for an ambiance that

has been extremely conductive for the growth of our technical acumen#

1e also thank our beloved and respected r# !# 2rakash , he 4ead of department of

&ivil engineering and &onstruction echnology -nd Management,%5&+, for their

immense support#

- special gratitude to our pro6ect guide, Mr# 7#2# 2rashanth , who has always been

our ray of inspiration and whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and

encouragement, helped us a lot to coordinate our pro6ect#

1e would like to express our deepest appreciation to r# 2#%#3aghu prasad and Mrs#

#)# Nirmala for their continuous support throughout our pro6ect time# 1e are indebted

to their generosity in sparing their valuable time in patiently guiding us to complete our

report#

*ast but not the least, we express our sincere thanks to our parents for their all time

encouragement, support and financial help and also for all the teaching staff and non

teaching staff for their extended co'operation#

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CONTENTS

8# $N39U&$9N

:# *$+3-U3+ 3$7$+1

;# 9)5+&$7+%

# +?2+3$M+N-* $N7+%$G-$9N

>#8 +nergy audit survey#

>#: *ight intensity survey#

>#; hermal variation#

>#< $ndoor air .uality survey#

@# 3+%U* -N $%&U%%$9N

@#8 *ight intensity

@#: hermal variation#

@#; $ndoor air .uality#

A# &9N&*U%$9N

B# 3+C+3+N&+

D# -22+N$? 8

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LIST OF TABLES

SL.NOTABLE

NO.

TABLE

DISCRIPTION

NUMBER

OF TABLESPAGE NO.

8# >#:#8

7ariation in light

intensity in &orridors

with open courtyards B :@';>

:# >#:#:

7ariation in light

intensity in lobby B ;>'#:#;

7ariation in light

intensity in 2G room @ >#:#>

7ariation in light

intensity in emergency

ward B '>E

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LIST OF FIGURES

SL.

NO

FIGUR

E NOFIGURE DISCRIPTION

PAGE

NO

8# >#8

3esult of survey conducted in hospital showing comfort

and discomfort :8

:# >#:#8*ight meter

:;

;# >#;#8

%ound meter

>8

#;

># @#8#8

he graph represents the illuminance distribution at various

grid considered in &orridor with open courtyards,ay 8

average value (longer span" >A

@# @#8#:


grid considered in &orridor with open courtyards,ay :

average value (longer span" >B

A# @#8#;


grid considered in &orridor with open courtyards,ay 8

average value (shorter span" >B

B# @#8#< he graph represents the illuminance distribution at various

grid considered in &orridor with open courtyards,ay :

average value (shorter span"

>B

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D# @#8#>


grid considered in lobby ay 8 average value (longer span" >D

8E# @#8#@


grid considered in lobby ay : average value (longer span" >D

88# @#8#A


grid considered in lobby ay 8 average value (shorter span" @E

8:# @#8#B


grid considered in lobby ay : average value (shorter span" @E

8;# @#8#D


grid considered in 2G room ay 8 average value@8

8# @#8#88he graph represents the illuminance distribution at various

grid considered in 92 room ay 8 average value@:

8@# @#8#8:he graph represents the illuminance distribution at various

grid considered in 92 room ay : average value@:

8A# @#8#8;


grid considered in emergency ward ay 8 at 8:F;E p#m @;

8B# @#8#8

:; @#:#>his graph represents the sound intensity variation in

hospital lobby during peak hours 88F>> a#m ;F

:# @#;#:

his graph represents the temperature and humidity

variation in hospital courtyard during peak hours starting

from 8:F8> p#m to ;F8> p#m@@

:@# @#;#;

his graph represents the temperature and humidity

variation in hospital 2G room during peak hours starting

from 8:F;E p#m to ;F;E p#m@A

CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION

1.1 DEFINITION OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING:

4ospital is an institution that provides medical, surgical, or psychiatric care and

treatment for the sick or the in6ured# 4ospitals are the most complex of building types#

+ach hospital is comprised of a wide range of service and functional units# hese include

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diagnostic and treatment functions, such as clinical laboratories, imagining, and

emergency rooms, and surgery, hospitality functions, such as food service and

housekeeping and the fundamental inpatient care or bed'related function# his diversity

is reflected in the breadth and specificity of regulations, codes, and oversight that govern

hospital construction and operations# +ach of the wide'ranging and constantly evolving

functions of a hospital, including highly complicated mechanical, electrical, and

telecommunications systems, re.uires speciali/ed knowledge and expertise# No one

person can reasonably have complete knowledge, which is why speciali/ed consultants

play an important role in hospital planning and design# he functional units within the

hospital can have competing needs and priorities# $deali/ed scenarios and strongly'held

individual performances must be balanced against mandatory re.uirements, actual

functional needs (internal traffic and relationship to other departments#" and the financial

status of the organi/ation# Good hospital design integratesfunctional re.uirements with

the human needs of its varied users#

he basic form of a hospital is, ideally, based on its functionsF

)ed' related inpatient functions

9utpatient' related functions

iagnostic and treatment functions

-dministrative functions %ervice functions (food, supply"

3esearch and teaching functions

2.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF A HOSPITAL BUILDING:

2.2.1 General re!"re#en$%:

-n efficient hospital layout shouldF

2romote staff efficiency by minimi/ing distance of necessary travel between

fre.uently used spaces

-llow easy visual supervision of patients by limited staff
http://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/engage_process.php

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$nclude all needed spaces, but no redundant ones# his re.uires careful pre'design

progr a#m ming#

2rovide an efficient logistics system, which might include elevators, pneumatic

tubes, box conveyors, manual or automated carts, and gravity or pneumatic

chutes, for the efficient handling of food and clean supplies and the removal of

waste, recyclables, and soiled material

Make efficient use of space by locating support spaces so that they may be shared

by ad6acent functional areas, and by making prudent use of multi'purpose spaces

&onsolidate outpatient functions for more efficient operation on first floor, if

possible for direct access by outpatients

Group or combine functional areas with similar system re.uirements

2rovide optimal functional ad6acencies, such as locating the surgical intensive

care unit ad6acent to the operating suite# hese ad6acencies should be based on a

detailed functional program which describes the hospitalHs intended operations

from the standpoint of patients, staff, and supplies#

2.2.2 Ae%$&e$"' re!"re#en$%:

-esthetics is closely related to creating a therapeutic environment (homelike, attractive#"

$t is important in enhancing the hospitalHs public image and is thus an important

marketing tool# - better environment also contributes to better staff morale and patient

care# -esthetic considerations includeF

$ncreased use of natural light,natural materials, and textures

Use of artwork

-ttention to proportions, color, scale, and detail

)right, open, generously'scaled public spaces

4omelike and intimate scale in patient rooms, day rooms, consultation rooms, and

offices &ompatibility of exterior design with its physical surroundings#

2.( HOW TO INTRODUCE THE SUSTAINABILIT):

2.(.1 G*"n+ Green: , Wa-% $* B!"l a S!%$a"na/le H*%0"$al
http://www.wbdg.org/design/dd_archprogramming.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/dd_archprogramming.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php?r=hospitalhttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php?r=hospitalhttp://www.wbdg.org/design/dd_archprogramming.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/resources/daylighting.php?r=hospital

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4ospitals are large public buildings that have a significant impact on the

environment and economy of the surrounding community# hey are heavy users

of energyand waterand produce large a#mounts of waste# )ecause hospitals place such

demands on community resources they are natural candidates for sustainable design#

he sustainability cra/e has reached the healthcare industry, as designers look to

build new, state'of'the'art IgreenI facilities and existing hospitals upgrade their energy

policies# 5eff 4ull, director of architecture, construction, and real estate with $daho based

%t# *ukeHs 4ealth %ystem discusses five steps the hospital design tea#m took to increase

sustainability#

8# Use existing materials before buying new ones#

:# $nstall Igreen space#I

;# $ncrease natural light#

# +xpand recycling programs#

CHAPTER 2.

LITRATURE REIEW

1. Ener+- E"'"en$ L"+&$"n+ De%"+n an Ele'$r"'al In%$alla$"*n * a H*%0"$al

B!"l"n+ : /- S!/ra$a Sar3ar4 2512

he pro6ect is mainly about hospital lighting#$n this pro6ect, design has been made for

a medical college hospital trauma center lighting and the related electrical installations#

here is many different types of rooms in the building of this center #%o according to the

$ndian %tandards($%" and the +nergy &onservation )uilding code(+&)&" rooms have

been designed# $n $ndian %tandards it has given a standard chart of re.uired illuminance

level for different rooms, according to the need of lighting for that particular place#$n
http://www.wbdg.org/design/minimize_consumption.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/conserve_water.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/sustainable.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/minimize_consumption.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/conserve_water.phphttp://www.wbdg.org/design/sustainable.php

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+nergy &onservation )uilding &ode it has suggested a standard table of lighting power

density which tells how much light power we can use for a certain area for optimum

lighting also for energy efficient lighting#

Cor an efficient lighting design we must conserve energy according to our needs#%o

for this reason dimming operation has been done for a few rooms also conserve energy

by using daylighting techni.ue# )y this dimming operation by using daylight,

according to the re.uired light level of a place a big a#mount of energy can be saved# )y

occupancy sensors -*$(igital -ddressable *ighting $nterface" techni.ue lighting

power can be dimmed# $n the laboratory, calculation has been made for the illuminance

level in different voltage levels by varying the voltage level of different lamps# )y

converting the illuminances to the e.uivalent lumen values it can be concluded that how

the lighting flux can be changed according to the different voltage levels# his

experiment has been done mainly for dimming operation#

2. Br"$"%& #e"'al 6*!rnal 7H*%0"$al /!"l"n+ "n NHS: /- 6ane %#"$&4 189

4ospitals are inherently complicated, and their design is a compromise between

competing claims# 4alf the cost of an acute hospital goes on mechanical and electrical

engineering# *abour intensive and organi/ationally complex, hospitals must nevertheless

provide a calm, humane environment for people who are ill# he values that one might

want a hospital to express architecturally conflict with the needs of clinical efficiency and

high technology medicine# he work of hospitals is also constantly changing# 9perating

theaters now need antipollution systems what provision should be made for nuclear

magnetic resonance in five yearsH timeJ -nd there are longer term changesF shorter

lengths of stay, increasing throughput, higher dependency patients, and an aging

population have all influenced ward design# -lthough the need to design flexibly to meet

such changing needs has always been an under' lying ideal, it has not always been met,and change in some hospitals has proved difficult# he problem is compounded by the

length of time it has taken to plan and build new hospitals# 2lanners have been tempted to

incorporate changes up to the last minute, which has meant redesign, delay, and

conse.uent increases in cost#

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(. Mea%!re T&er#al C*#*r$ C*n"$"*n% "n Iran"an H*%0"$al% *r Pa$"en$% an

S$a : /- ;a#al K&*a3ara#" 7 Ian Kn"+&$4 255. E=al!a$"*n * %!%$a"na/le #ea%!re% "n a /!"l"n+ !%"n+ l"e '-'le '*%$ a%%e%%#en$ :

/- O$an S!/&" D. Al%&a#ran" 42512

4is chapter presents fundamental knowledge related to life'cycle costing and

sustainability and presents the ma6or studies that have been conducted in both fields

which are related to the proposed research#

*ife'&ycle &osting'

*ife'&ycle &osting (*&&" is a tool or techni.ue that used to measure the economics

of alternative pro6ects that have different para#meter values as to their cash flows over a

pro6ects total life span (-%M, :EE;"# Life Cycle Cost is an essential design process for

controlling the initial and the future cost of building ownershipO (im, 8DDD"# he *&&

method is used, for the most part, to determine the lowest results or the most cost'

effective choice a#mong several alternatives#

*ife'&ycle &osting +lements4

9ne of the definitions of *&& states that all %ignificant costs of ownership should

be involved# $nitial &osts contain the total ownership costs related to the initial

development of a pro6ect# %ome of these costs include construction costs, fee costs, and

other costs such as real estate, site, and professional services, etc# Cinancing costs

consists of the costs of every debt related to the facilitys initial cost, such as loan fees,

interest and one'time finance charges#

*ife'&ycle &osting +stimation Methods

*ife &ycle &ost is the sum discounted dollar cost of owning, running (maintaining

operating", and demolishing a building or a building system over a specific period of

time# -ccording to this definition, the *&& e.uation can be broken down into the

following four variablesF 8" he relevant costs of ownershipF initial cost, running cost

(either operating or maintenance cost", and replacement cost :"he future income, such

as annual income from rent or the salvage value of building at the end of the study

period# ;" he period of time over which these costs are incurred (;E, E years"

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and

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o improve day lighting strategy by using natural resources considering the day

lighting parameter advance building services such as automatic sensor switches,

optical fibers#

o improve comfort characteristics of occupants in wards and operation theaters#

$mprove the phycological effect of people accommodating#

his focuses on measuring the sustainability level for hospital building considering the

energy consumption, rearrangement and life cycle assessment#

.METHODOLOG)

- systematic and multi'phase methodology is applied to develop a conventional and

sustainable structure to achieve high performance in life cycle cost and sustainability in

hospital building which includes initial costs, running cost,salvage values and

sustainability principles#

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-ssessment of existing comfort condition of 4ospital building by conducting

occupancy survey in order to assess building like by measuring lighting , sound,

indoor air characteristics #

$nvestigation will carried out to check the comfort condition and energy efficiency of

a hospital building #

%uitable measures like utili/ation of natural resources for lighting and ventilation,

usage of optical fiber lighting, solar panels and green building concepts are

undertaken in comparison with proper lighting design#

o increase sustainability by implementing green techni.ues as certified by *++#

,.E?PERIMENTAL INESTIGATION

,.1. Ener+- a!"$ %!r=e-

+nergy audit survey was conducted nearly >E people of the hospital considered for

the experimental work by preparing a checklist# he checklist was categori/ed based on

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lighting, ventilation, thermal comfort, acoustic comfort,visual comfort, behavioral

considerations and miscellaneous factors#

he various issues and problems were noted down ans in regard the checklist was

framed on each factor# he people were further asked to suggest any feasible measures

that could be taken in order to improve the present state of the hospital#

he checklist from the people were valuated and remarks were noted#

he remarks were focused more on comfort characteristics which were the main

factors affecting the psychological behaviour of patients and staffs# -rtificial light being

available in abundance and producing heat to a higher extent, decreases the hospital

thermal comfort#

he checklist made it is easier to understand the problems being faced in a hospital

and sort out remedies for the same#

he pie chart was plotted based on each para#meters and further preventive and

remedial measures are carried out in the results and discussion sectors#

5.1.1ENERGY AUDIT SURVEY

IS HOSPITAL BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENT AND

COMFORTABLE

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Hospital building is always designed by considering all the co!ort

para.eters with the wor"ing and proper use o! building in ters o!

a#or characteristics li"e lighting$ %entilation$ indoor air &uality. 'he

%ariation in the (oating population deand and changes in

en%ironental condition leads un)co!ort conditions. 'he entioned

sur%ey wor" is carried out to assess the e*isting condition and

ipro%eent.+y considered the %arious !actors o! a hospital building$ we ha%e listed

out a !ew points which are necessary !or an energy e,cient building.

-eel !ree to suggest or recoend opinions in ters o!YES [Y] and

NO [N] which ight be help!ul in the section pro%ided.

Loca!on !n "o#$!a%& Da'&

NAME Occ($a!on Mo)!%' no

/H'/

ighting co!ortable and uni!orde&uate windows and s"ylight

aylight glare or too uch outside light enteringurtainsblinds to control glaredditional light !or wards re&uiredse o! natural light as uch as possibleight oloured nishes on roo sur!ace

:

: :

:

:

:

:

:

: :

:

:

:

:

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'H;=->=->F

=a*iu co!ort in wardsGro*iity control to pro%ide co!ort

:

:

:

:

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+eds arranged in congested areasneasiness or lac" o! co!ort in wardsFuggestion

:

:

:

:

=/F;;>F

ards is peace!ul and has a healthy abiancenusual odour$ cheical sell$ dap or usty

condition;*cessi%e dust accuulation

:

:

:

:

:

:

FuggestionsIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII



IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

=; Fignature

F"+ ,.1 Re%!l$ * %!r=e- '*n!'$e "n &*%0"$al %&*@"n+ '*#*r$ an "%'*#*r$

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,.2. L"+&$ "n$en%"$- %!r=e-

ay light is a vital aspect for designing buildings to maximi/e the light availability#

1hile day light is imperative for wellbeing, it is needed effective in saving the

consumption of electrical energy in buildings# Cor the $ndian condition, out of the total

consumption of electrical energy in buildings, energy consumed by lighting in residential

buildings is :DL and in commercial building, it is @EL # ypically in normal $ndian sky

condition,BEEE lux of light is available in day light , where only :EE to ;EE lux normally

re.uired inside the spaces for doing normal work, which is :Lof the natural available

light# -vailable day light can be effectively harnessed through an understanding with the

principles of design for day lighting#

o measure the levels of light in a particular area, we need to use a device called a

light meter, which measures the intensity of light in the vicinity of the sensor and displays

the reading in lux#

1hen measuring light intensity or illuminance in an hospital building, we need to

place the light meter on the working plane, which in this case is the level of the bed#

$n order to get an accurate assessment of the lighting in a large area, such as a wards,

rooms, we need to take multiple readings on the working plane#

Natural light levels constantly change , so accurate measuring of the light intensity

can be difficult, therefore in order to carry out the survey successfully, the readings from

different pints in the room at the same time are taken#

,.2.1 L"+&$ #e$er

*ight meter is the instrument used to measure light intensity in a particular area he

light meter can measure all natural sky'brightness# $t measures from star shine to

sunshine# he light meter measures fully automatic and up to :E times per second#Measurements are recorded with an ad6ustable rate of up to once per second and are

stored in #Night time measurements are done in a linear mode that can be easily converted

to approximate *ux'values or received energy per unit surface, like P10m:Q that can be

readily related to the energy input by the %un# o directly measure the %un a non'linear

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(approximately logarithmic" daylight range operates at brightness levels above the full

moon# his allows to compare daylight and night time variations# -l together the light

meter measures from a few 8EE EEE *ux to 8EE micro'*ux ,thus covering 88 orders of

magnitude, almost as many as the human eye#

he light meter puts out numbers that are basically the number of electrons that are

created by the light'particles when they hit the sensor and are then counted by the

electronics# o get from that number or countsto a standardi/ed .uantity like received

+nergy per -rea (1att0s.uare meter or in shortF 10m:" or $llumination (how much the

%ensor is illuminated" in *ux, or short lx you need a calibrationthat converts the counts

in the standardi/ed measurement .uantity in the %$'system# he calibration is usually a

factor that has to be multiplied onto the counts that your light meter puts out# he light

meter uses a commercial solar cell to detect and measure the light#

he sensitivity of the light meter is such that all natural sky'light levels can be measured

hat includes day and night# hus the light meter can measure the %un as well as the light

emitted from very dark pristine skies in remote locations#

he light meter is linear from about the brightness of the full moon (about E#; *ux" down

to the typical E#EE: *ux of dark skies and lower#

he measurement range above the full moon has been added to compare the daylight

variations to the night time variations# his part is experimental and non'linear# hat

means twice the counts do not correspond to twice the light# hese measurements have to

be processed to give physical .uantities correctly#

)asically the sensor records all wavelengths that the eye can see and acts light an

ideal detector that is sensitive to all directionsF that means if you tilt it the measurements

decrease as the surface of the light meter pro6ection onto the plane perpendicular to the

direction from which the light is shining#

1e have many types of light meter available# 4ere we are using lt;EE model#

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,.2.1 L"+&$ #e$er

9perationF'

*ight sensor R

8# he light sensor is permanently attached to the meter by the coiled cable#

:# 3emove the protective cap by unsnapping it to expose the white domed light sensor#

1hen the sensors protective cap is removed, the white domed light sensor lens will begi

n to capture light# 3eplace the cap when the meter is not in use# urn 2ower 9N or 9CC

2ress the button to turn power on or off# $f the display does not switch on, check that the

D7 battery is installed and is fresh# %electing *ux or Coot candle units of measure

2ress the *U? button to select lux units or the Cc button to select foot candle units#

Measurement 2rocedure'

8#3emove the protective cap from the sensor so that the white domed light sensor is expo

sed

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to the light# Cor overhead lighting, the sensor can be placed on a desk or table top# - tripo

d mount and a tilt stand are located on the rear of the meter for convenience#

:# he display will indicate the light level in Cc or *ux#

;#2ress the 3-NG+ button to select the range that provides the maximum resolution#

$f theK9* appears the light measurement is out of range# %elect another range using the 3

-NG+ button#

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Ta/le ,.2.1. ar"a$"*n "n l"+&$ "n$en%"$- "n C*rr"*r% @"$& *0en '*!r$-ar%

-=8 , imeF88 FEE a#m

*9NG %2-N %493 %2-N

8st*$N+ :nd*$N+ 8st*$N+ :nd*$N+

G3$

N-M+

G3$

7-*U+

G3$

N-M+

G3$

7-*U+

G3$

N-M+

G3$

7-*U+

G3$

N-M+

G3$

7-*U+

&8 8@;#@ &8 8AD#B &8 8@>#@ &8 8AD#D

&: :E8#> &: ::;#B &: ;8D#D &: ;BE#B &< ;>>#> &< ; :#B &> :AE#B &> ;>E &> ;#;

&D :D:#> &D ;88#8

&8E :DA#: &8E ;88#:

&88 :A;#D &88 ;E8#:

&8: :A@#@ &8: ;EB#:

&8; ;EA#> &8; ;EA#>

&8< :DD#8 &8< :D@#>

&8> :A>#A &8> :D8#A

&8@ ;EE#A &8@ :@>#B

&8A ;E@#> &8A :AA#A

&8B :B;#; &8B :D;#B

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19 272.9 19 274.6

20 291.4 20 278.8

21 177.5 21 196.5

$M+ F 8FEE 2M

> FG FH>

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18 150.1 18 112.8

19 172.3 19 111.4

20 160.3 20 90.4

21 68.9 21 60.7

ime F FG FH>

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17 54.2 17 45.9

18 49.3 18 42.5

19 47.4 19 49

20 32.9 20 34.4

21 22.2 21 17.3

ime F @ FEE 2M

> FG FH>

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15 392.9 15 211

16 389.9 16 361.6

17 309 17 188.1

18 278.8 18 183.6

19 307.9 19 181.2

20 246.7 20 158.8

21 132.6 21 112.4

ime F 8FEE 2M

> FG FH>

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9 304.9 9 204.6

10 254.9 10 180.5

11 185.6 11 146.6

12 237.2 12 149.7

13 220.4 13 143.9

14 196.8 14 127.2

15 211.7 15 145.6

16 232.6 16 144.9

17 194.9 17 136.2

18 152.6 18 11719 175.1 19 116.5

20 161.2 20 95.5

21 71.1 21 66.3

ime F FG FH>

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8 82 8 97.3

9 98.1 9 90.5

10 75.1 10 86.9

11 68.7 11 73.3

12 66.9 12 57.9

13 75.2 13 50.2

14 69.8 14 67.3

15 65.7 15 78.8

16 66.7 16 62.3

17 52.2 17 45.218 47.3 18 40.5

19 47.1 19 48.2

20 30.9 20 32.4

21 22.2 21 15.9

ime F @FEE 2M

> FG FH>

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7 101.2 7 117.9 7 45.2 7 43.2

8 69.3 8 85.7

9 108 9 130.1

10 201.5 10 150.7

11 113.2 11 134.1

12 117.5 12 135.8

13 96.7 13 114.6

14 58.9 14 60

15 99.4 15 107.7

16 106.5 16 12517 107.2 17 118.8

18 107.6 18 117.6

19 104.5 19 123.6

20 99.2 20 111.1

21 68 21 50.6

Ta/le,.2.2.ar"a$"*n "n l"+&$ "n$en%"$- "n l*//-

-=8

$M+F88F;E a#m

*9NG %2-N %493 %2-N

G3$

N-M+

G3$

7-*U+

G3$

N-M+

G3$

7-*U+

*8 ;8#: *8 A:

*: >8#A *: A@

3 54.5 3 73

4 62.8 4 74

5 66.9

6 70.1

7 56.9

8 53.9

9 48.6

10 54.4

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35

imeF 8F;E p#m

ime F

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ime F @F ;E p#m

-= :

imeF 88 F ;E a#m

*9NG %2-N %493 %2-N

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ime F 8F;E p#m

ime F

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ime F @F;E p#m

Ta/le,.2.(.ar"a$"*n "n l"+&$

"n$en%"$- "n PG r**#

-= 8

ime F 88 F a#m

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39

ime F 8 F p#m

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40

G5 63.1

G6 99.9

ime F 8F p#m

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Ta/le,.2..ar"a$"*n "n l"+&$ "n$en%"$- "n OPD r**#

-= 8 ime F 8:F EE 2M

G2 40.3

>G3 61.9

>G4 126.5

ime F ; FEE 2M

G2 42

>G3 59.8

>G4 118.7

ime F >F EE 2M

G2 40

>G3 57.9>G4 114.7

ime AF EEp#m

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=; E;

>G1 98.6

>G2 98.3

>G3 109.2

>G4 96.8

-= : ime F 8:F EE2M

G2 41.9

>G3 65.8

>G4 127.8

ime F ; FEE 2M

G2 44.8

>G3 57.8

>G4 116.8

ime F >F EE 2M

G2 42.8

>G3 55.8

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43

>G4 118.7

ime AF EE

G2 97.6

>G3 105.8

>G4 94.5

Ta/le,.2.,.ar"a$"*n "n l"+&$ "n$en%"$- "n e#er+en'- @ar

-= 8 ime F 8:F;E 2M

E#@ m away :m away :m away

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44

ime F ;F;E 2M


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45

;8 162.3 ;8 188.6 ;8 172.9

;9 149.3 ;9 163.2 ;9 167.7

;10 150.2 ;10 161.1 ;10 162.5

ime F AF;E 2M


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46


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;10 232.2 ;10 116 ;10 64.5

ime F >F;E 2M


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;6 135.4 ;6 170.5 ;6 179.5

;7 150.1 ;7 169.2 ;7 184.5

;8 162.3 ;8 165.8 ;8 169.5

;9 149.9 ;9 162.1 ;9 163.9

;10 150.8 ;10 162.8 ;10 160.8

?all the %alues o! light intensity are in u*D

,.(.SOUND METER

he models are easy'to'use hand held meters with an *& display that provides a

numerical readout# hey are housed in a rugged 3C shielded, in6ection molded case# he

meters are operated with simple slide switches# -n output 6ack is provided for connecting

to peripheral devices such as chart recorders, oscilloscopes, audio recorders, etc#

he model provides ype 8 accuracy for critical measurements, while the model :8EE

we used provides ype : accuracy for general field survey work#

,.(.1T&e D"%0la-

he *& display provides a numeric readout of sound level in E#8 d) increments along

with a *9)- (low battery" indicator# $n the %2* mode the numeric display provides a

reading of the maximum sound pressure level measured during the previous second# $n

the M-? mode the display holds the highest reading encountered since the meter was

placed in M-?, or since the last time 3+%+ was pressed#

he *9)- indicator will light when the battery voltage is too low to allow an accurate

reading#

he display will show a S sign when signal peaks cause an overload condition in the

electronics# his indicator signals the user to switch to the next higher range to prevent

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erroneous readings# he display will show IUrI if signal levels are too low to provide an

accurate reading# his indicator signals the user to switch to a lower range setting#

,.(.2O0era$"*n 4

)efore taking measurements with the model, there is a series of .uick checks and

considerations that should be performed or noted# -fter switching the unit 9N, check for

a *9)- indication on the display, replace battery if necessary# -lthough the model will

maintain accurate calibration over a long period of time, the calibration should be

checked and the meter re'calibrated, if necessary, before each use# he calibration should

also be checked after each use#

%et the 3+%29N%+, 1+$G4$NG, and 3-NG+ (d)" switches as needed# 4old, set, or

tripod mount the meter in the desired location# $f a M-? measurement is needed, be sure

to reset the meter before taking the measurements# $t is always a good idea to document

all measurement conditions and meter settings for possible future reference#

F"+.,.(.1:S*!n #e$er

-ccording to $%9 standardi/ation, the recommended sound level in decibel is ;E';>

d) in 4ospital corridors, :>';E d) in operation theaters and :E':> d) in private rooms 0

wards# %ound $ntensity meter is used to record the readings of noise in decibel#

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he sound intensity was measured for the following conditions in a hospital buildingF

8# $n different hospital rooms at peak hours#

:# 3ooms with occupancy

a# $nstrument placed at 8m away from the grid point

b# $nstrument placed at :m away from the grid pointc# $nstrument placed at ;m away from the grid point

Ta/le.,.(.1:S*!n "n$en%"$- "n &*%0"$al /!"l"n+

&9N$$9N -3+- $M+1$4 9&&U2-N&=

8m away :m away ;m away

%ound

intensity (d)"lobby

88F;E a#m 8::#@ 88< D>#>

;FEE p#m 8EB 8E

%ound

intensity (d)"

rauma

care

(outside"

88F;> a#m B;#B AD#B AD

;F8> p#m DB#B D8#8 D8#8

%ound

intensity (d)"

rauma

care

(inside"

88F#A DB#> D8#8

%ound

intensity (d)"courtyard

88F>E a#m D:#> BB BE#B

;F;E p#m D@#B D8#B B;#8

%ound

intensity (d)"2G room

8:FEE p#m 88< 88#B 888#5

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(according to -N%$ standards"

he following process is followed for the measurement of temperature in the considered

working place#

8#&onsider a room in which the temperature is to be measured#

:#-t various times of the day, starting from 88F;Ea#m, at an interval of every 8 hours, the

temperature of the room is recorded using +7M series +nvironmental monitoring#

F"+.,..1: En="r*n#en$al #*n"$*r"n+

4ere is the introduction to the +7M# he +2- (+nvironmental 2rotection -gency"

conducted a study over the last :> years(8DA>':EEE" and determined that 8EA measurable

air pollutants, specifically carcinogens, exist in working environments# &ombined with

the advent of closed windows, modern office buildings and various cleaning solvents, the

outcome has been energy efficient buildings and homes which contain levels of

carcinogens# -t high levels, this is known as %ick )uilding %yndrome O and can cause

acute effect such as headaches, eye0nose0throat irritation, dry cough, fatigue etc# -rea

monitoring or spot checking for high levels of pollutants, such as particulates, 79&s and

toxics, should be a common practice to ensure good indoor air .uality exists in your

environment#

he +7M is e.uipped to measure several different airborne containments or air pollutants

applications includingF 2articulate matter sampling (dust monitoring"

Gas sampling

emperature sampling

3elative 4umidity and ew 2oint sampling

Ta/le. ,..1. Te#0era$!re &!#""$- =ar"a$"*n "n :

a.L*//-

ime emperature(Tc" 34(L"

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8:FEE p#m :>#D >>#:

8FEE p#m :D#> p#m :A#D

;F8> p#m :B#A

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>. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

>.1 L"+&$ "n$en%"$-

he light intensity in hospital has been measured based on grid pattern at e.ual

intervals of time during the day, at a gap of every : hours# he variation of light intensity

in hospital with time period has been plotted with respect to the hospital grid pattern#

Crom the graph, the following : observations can be madeF

8#$t can be observed that the intensity of light is not uniform for the given period of time#

:# -s the time period increases, large a#mount of variation a#mong the light intensity

values has been observed#

he non uniformity in the light intensity inside the hospital is due to the room interior

characteristics( paint, light reflecting materials and light absorbing materials" which may

affect the psychological behaviour and concentration of staffs and patients#

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F"+:>.1.1.T&e +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e "ll!#"nan'e "%$r"/!$"*n a$ =ar"*!% +r"

'*n%"ere "n C*rr"*r @"$& *0en '*!r$-ar%7Da- 1 a=era+e =al!e l*n+er %0an


'*n%"ere "n C*rr"*r @"$& *0en '*!r$-ar%7Da- 2a=era+e =al!e l*n+er %0an

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F"+:>.1.(.T&e +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e "ll!#"nan'e "%$r"/!$"*n a$ =ar"*!% +r"

'*n%"ere "n C*rr"*r @"$& *0en '*!r$-ar%7 Da- 1 a=era+e =al!e %&*r$er %0an

F"+:>.1..T&e +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e "ll!#"nan'e "%$r"/!$"*n a$ =ar"*!% +r"'*n%"ere "n C*rr"*r @"$& *0en '*!r$-ar%7 Da- 2 a=era+e =al!e %&*r$er %0an

(x' axis represents intensity and y' axis represents time "

iscussionsF'

-s per $%

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F"+:>.1.,.T&e +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e "ll!#"nan'e "%$r"/!$"*n a$ =ar"*!% +r"

'*n%"ere "n l*//- Da- 1 a=era+e =al!e l*n+er %0an

F"+:>.1.>.T&e +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e "ll!#"nan'e "%$r"/!$"*n a$ =ar"*!% +r"

'*n%"ere "n l*//- Da- 2 a=era+e =al!e l*n+er %0an

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F"+:>.1.

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'*n%"ere "n PG r**# Da- 2 a=era+e =al!e


iscussionF

-s per $% ;@

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'*n%"ere "n OPD r**# Da- 2 a=era+e =al!e


iscussionF

-s per $% ;@E lux, the range obtained in existing hospital building is

less than the range due to the absence of windows#

F"+:>.1.1(.T&e +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e "ll!#"nan'e "%$r"/!$"*n a$ =ar"*!% +r"

'*n%"ere "n e#er+en'- @ar Da- 1 a$ 12:(5 0.#

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'*n%"ere "n e#er+en'- @ar Da- 2 a$ 12:(5 0.#

(x' axis represents intensity and y' axis represents grid name"

iscussionF

$n an emergency ward the windows are provided at only one longer wall, wards has

:: beds and they are arranged beside the windows hence the light rays entering the

room is not completely distributed thorough the room or ward# 4ence the values

obtained at E#@m away from wall is less when compared to other grids# herefor the

rearrangements of beds can increase the light intensity but due to the contain of the

space rearrangements cannot be done in the emergency ward#

>.2 %*!n "n$en%"$-

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F"+ >.2.1:T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e %*!n "n$en%"$- =ar"a$"*n "n &*%0"$al l*//-

!r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% 11:(5 a.# (:55 0.#

F"+ >.2.2:T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e %*!n "n$en%"$- =ar"a$"*n "n &*%0"$al $ra!#a

'are *!$%"e !r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% 11:(, a.# (:1, 0.#

F"+ >.2.(:T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e %*!n "n$en%"$- =ar"a$"*n "n &*%0"$al $ra!#a 'are

"n%"e !r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% 11:5 a.# (:25 0.#

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F"+ >.2.:T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e %*!n "n$en%"$- =ar"a$"*n "n &*%0"$al '*!r$-ar

!r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% 11:,5 a.# (:(5 0.#

F"+ >.2.,:T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e %*!n "n$en%"$- =ar"a$"*n "n &*%0"$al PG r**#!r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% 11:,, a.# (:50.#

(x'axis represents intensity and y'axis represents time"

iscussionF

-ccording to 149'8DD> the sound intensity in trauma care is E'

@E d) and lobby is DA d) , corridor is :>';E d), the obtained value in trauma care is

BE'8EEd), 2G room 8ED'88

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>.( T&er#al '*#*r$

emperature

4umidity

F"+ : >.(.1: T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e $e#0era$!re an &!#""$- =ar"a$"*n "n

&*%0"$al l*//- !r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% %$ar$"n+ r*# 12:55 0.# $* (:55 0.#

'emperature

4umidity

F"+ : >.(.2: T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e $e#0era$!re an &!#""$- =ar"a$"*n "n

&*%0"$al '*!r$-ar !r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% %$ar$"n+ r*# 12:1, 0.# $* (:1, 0.#

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emperature

4umidity

F"+ : >.(.(: T&"% +ra0& re0re%en$% $&e $e#0era$!re an &!#""$- =ar"a$"*n "n

&*%0"$al PG r**# !r"n+ 0ea3 &*!r% %$ar$"n+ r*# 12:(5 0.# $* (:(5 0.#

(x' axis represents corresponding temperature and humidity and y' axis represents time"

iscussionF'

$%9 AA;E' this paper describes existing international standards organi/ation($%9"

and current activity concerned with thermal comfort#it describes how an $%9

standard is produced from a new work item proposal to publication aas an

international standard# $%9 standards should be valid, reliable, usable and with

sufficient scope for practical application#

-ccording to $%9'AA;E the standard optimum temperature range between :ETc to

:ATc#

$n the experiment carried out the temperature varies between :ATc to ;ETc due to the

more number of occupants and insufficient ventilation provided

-ccording to $%9'AA;E the standard for humidity ranges between

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