Final Presentation Rectified

7/22/2019 Final Presentation Rectified

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Training Report by Sayantan Roy 1

NTPC Limited

NTPC Limited (formerly National Thermal Power Corporation)

(BSE: 532555, NSE: NTPC) is the largest Indian state-owned electric utilities company based

in New Delhi, India. It is listed in Forbes Global 2000 for 2011 ranked it 348th[3] in the world.

It is an Indian public sector company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange in which atpresent the Government of India holds 84.5% (after divestment the stake by Indian

government on 19th October, 2009) of its equity. With a current generating capacity of

39,174 MW, NTPC has embarked on plans to become a 75,000 MW company by 2017. It was

founded on November 7, 1975.

NTPC's core business is engineering, construction and

operation of power generating plants and providing consultancy to power utilities in

India and abroad.

The total installed capacity of the company is 36,014 MW

(including JVs) with 15 coal based and 7 gas based stations, located across the country.In addition under JVs, 5 stations are coal-based, and another station uses naphtha/LNG

as fuel. By 2017, the power generation portfolio is expected to have a diversified fuel mix

with coal based capacity of around 27,535 MW, 3,955 MW through gas, 1,328 MW

through Hydro generation, about 1400 MW from nuclear sources and around 1000 MW

from Renewable Energy Sources (RES). NTPC has adopted a multi-pronged growth

strategy which includes capacity addition through green field projects, expansion of

existing stations, joint ventures, subsidiaries and takeover of stations.

NTPC has been operating its plants at high efficiency levels.

Although the company has 19% of the total national capacity it contributes 29% of total

power generation due to its focus on high efficiency. NTPC’s share at 31 Mar 2001 of the

total installed capacity of the country was 24.51% and it generated 29.68% of the power

of the country in 2008 – 09. Every fourth home in India is lit by NTPC. As at 31 Mar 2011

NTPC's share of the country's total installed capacity is 17.75% and it generated 27.4%

of the power generation of the country in 2010 – 11. NTPC is lighting every third bulb in

India. 170.88BU of electricity was produced by its stations in the financial year 2005 –

2006. The Net Profit after Tax on March 31, 2006 was 58.202 billion. Net profit after tax

for the quarter ended June 30, 2006 was 15.528 billion, which is 18.65% more than

that for the same quarter in the previous financial year. It is listed in Forbes Global

2000 for 2011 ranked it 348th[4] in the world.

Pursuant to a special resolution passed by the Shareholders at

the Company’s Annual General Meeting on September 23, 2005 and the approval of the

Central Government under section 21 of the Companies Act, 1956, the name of the

Company "National Thermal Power Corporation Limited" has been changed to "NTPC

Limited" with effect from October 28, 2005. The primary reason for this is the company's

foray into hydro and nuclear based power generation along with backward integration by

coal mining.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Stock_Exchange

http://www.bseindia.com/scripsearch/scrips.aspx?myScrip=532555

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India

http://www.nseindia.com/marketinfo/companyinfo/companysearch.jsp?cons=NTPC&section=7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_utilities

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_utilities

http://www.nseindia.com/marketinfo/companyinfo/companysearch.jsp?cons=NTPC&section=7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Stock_Exchange_of_India

http://www.bseindia.com/scripsearch/scrips.aspx?myScrip=532555





Setting up of a Power Plant

Note: Though there is role of all departments only works associated with Electrical

department is highlighted compared to other departments.

General Working Procedure:

Initially NTPC starts with a Pre-Project Analysis by its specialized teams and experts.

Chalks out a plan for development of the whole setup.

An abstract containing the details of all the technical patterns that includes SLDs,

equipments specification etc.

A bill of quantity is prepared.

Tender is floated (Notice Inviting Tender).

The contractors submit their sealed tenders.

The least value of quotation is selected (L1 bidder).

Detailed study about the role of various super specialized teams:

SYSTEM GROUP

They prepare a feasibility report based on

a) Land Availability.

b) Raw material availability (water and coal).

c) Environmental Aspects.

d) Power Evacuation.

MAINPLANT GROUP

They prepare the plan and develop the main plant which consists of the whole functioning

structure that will form the basis of generation of power. This group deals with the approval

of specification of Generator, ESP and MDBFP etc.

SWITCHYARD GROUP

This group consists of mainly electrical engineers who prepare the necessary list of items and

equipments required to setup a switchyard. Initial prepare the Single Line Diagram (SLD)based on which the layout is developed the switchyard is actually laid.




SWITCH GEAR GROUP

This group takes care of the switch gear and protection. This deals with the supply of power

to various equipment and drives of the entire plant three various boards of different ratings.

OFFSITE GROUP

This group deals with balance of plant facilitates like Ash handling plant (HHP),coal handling

Plant(CHP),CW(Cooling Water),DM Plant PT Plant ,cooling tower, Hydrogen plant.

TRANSFORMER GROUP

They mainly take care of transformers. Various transformers (step up/step down).

PROTECTION GROUP

Set up the protective environment for all equipment related with relays which convey the

information of fault in equipment.

CABLING & LAYOUT

They prepare the cabling schedules which are best suited to feed all the drives in plant. Takescare of lighting of whole power station prepare layout of different buildings in AUTOCAD

software.




Main Parts of a Power Plant

Boiler

A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred into water until

it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable for transferring

the heat to a process. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process. When water

is boiled into steam its volume increases about 1,600times, producing a force that is almost as explosive as

gunpowder. This causes the boiler to be extremely dangerous equipment that must be treated with utmost

care. The process of heating a liquid until it reaches its gaseous state is called evaporation. Heat is

transferred from one body to another by means of

> Radiation, which is the transfer of heat from a hot body to a cold body without a conveying medium

> Convection, the transfer of heat by a conveying medium, such as air or water.

> Conduction, transfer of heat by actual physical contact, molecule to molecule.

Boiler Systems

The boiler system comprises of: feed water system, steam system and fuel system.

The Feed water systemprovides water to the boiler and regulates it automatically to meet the steam demand.

Various valves provide access for maintenance and repair.

The Steam system collects and controls the steam produced in the boiler. Steam is directed through a

piping system to the point of use.

The fuel system includes all equipment used to provide fuel to generate the necessary heat. The

equipment required in the fuel system depends on the type of fuel used in the system.

Tubes

FIRE TUBES

Fire tube or "fire in tube" boilers; contain long steel tubes through which the hot gasses from a furnace

pass and around which the water to be converted to steam circulates. Fire tube boilers, typically have a

lower initial cost, are more fuel efficient and easier to operate, but they are limited generally to capacities

of 25 tons/hr and pressures of 17.5kg/cm2.

WATER TUBE

Water tube or "water in tube" boilers in which the conditions are reversed with the water passing through

the tubes and the hot gasses passing outside the tubes. These boilers can be of single- or multiple-drum

type. These boilers can be built to any steam capacities and pressures, and have higher efficiencies than

fire tube boilers.




Turbine

Turbine, rotary engine that converts the energy of a moving stream of water, steam, or gasinto mechanical energy. The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor with paddles,propellers, blades, or buckets arranged on its circumference in such a fashion that themoving fluid exerts a tangential force that turns the wheel and imparts energy to it. This

mechanical energy is then transferred through a drive shaft to operate a machine,compressor, electric generator, or propeller. Turbines are classified as hydraulic, orwater, turbines, steam turbines, or gas turbines. Today turbine-powered generatorsproduce most of the world's electrical energy. Windmills that generate electricity areknown as wind turbines.

Deaerator

A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air and other dissolved gases

from the feed water to steam generating boilers. In particular, dissolved oxygen in boiler

feed waters will cause serious corrosion damage in steam systems by attaching to the

walls of metal piping and other metallic equipment and forming oxides(rust). It alsocombines with any dissolved carbondioxide to form carbonicacid that causes further

corrosion. Most deaerators are designed to remove oxygen down to levels of 7 ppb by

weight (0.0005 cm³/L) or less.

Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers are equipment that transfers heat from one medium to another. Theproper design, operation and maintenance of heat exchangers will make the processenergy efficient and minimize energy losses. Heat exchanger performance can deterioratewith time, off design operations and other interferences such as fouling, scaling etc. It isnecessary to assess periodically the heat exchanger performance in order to maintainthem at a high efficiency level. Heat exchangers may be classified according to their flowarrangement. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at thesame end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In Counter- flow heatexchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. The counter currentdesign is most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat. See countercurrentexchange. In across-flow heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to oneanother through the exchanger.

Super HeaterA super heater is a device in a steam engine that heats the steam generated

bytheboileragain, increasing itsthermal energy and decreasing the likelihood that it will

condense inside the engine.

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Economizer

Economizers, or in British English economisers, are mechanical devices intended to

reduce energy consumption, or to perform another useful function like preheating a fluid. The term economizer is used for other purposes as well. In simple terms, an economizer

is a heat exchanger.

Condenser

The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is

circulated through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters

the shell where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes

as shown in the adjacent diagram.

Feed water heater

In the case of a conventional steam-electric power plant utilizing a drum boiler, the

surface condenser removes the latent heat of vaporization from the steam as it changes

states from vapour to liquid. The heat content (btu) in the steam is referred to as

Enthalpy. The condensate pump then pumps the condensate water through a feed water

heater. The feed water heating equipment then raises the temperature of the water by

utilizing extraction steam from various stages of the turbine. Pre-heating the feed water

reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the

thermodynamic efficiency of the system. This reduces plant operating costs and also

helps to avoid thermalshock to the boiler metal when the feed water is introduced backinto the steam cycle.

Electrical Generator

In electricity generation, an electrical generator is a device that converts mechanicalenergy to electrical energy, generally using electromagnetic induction. The reverseconversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor, and motorsand generators have many similarities.A generator forces electric charges to move through an external electrical circuit,but it does not create electricity or charge, which is already present in the wire of its

windings. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water butdoes not create the water inside. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocatingor turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internalcombustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, the sun or solar energy, compressedair or any other source of mechanical energy.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat_of_vaporization



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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedwater_heater




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiency


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Journey of Power from Generation to

Consumer

Electricity is generated in a power plant at 11kV (or 20 kV).

1. Voltage is stepped-up to 132 kV or 400 kV.

2. Electricity travels across long distances on transmission lines.

3. The sub-station decreases(steps-down) the voltage to

33 kV or sometimes 6kV.

4. The distribution transformer on the pole further reduces the

voltage to the voltage required for hosehold.




Switchyard

It is a switching station which has the following credits :

(i) Main link between Generating plant and Transmission system,

which has a large influence on the security and reliability of the supply.

(ii) Step-up and/or Step-down the voltage levels depending upon

the Network Node.

(iii) Switching ON/OFF Reactive Power Control devices, which

has effect on Quality of power.

Switch yard and it’s construction is mainly laid by public private partnership, tenders are

floated through news papers to the contractors.

Project is build mainly through either

Turn key System

Item Rate System

Some leading contractors includes :

a) ABB

b) Siemens

c) Areva

d) Schneider Electric

e) BHEL

f) Jyoti

g) Alstom etc.




Switchyard Equipments

* Circuit breakers :

Makes or automatically breaks the electrical circuits when fault occurs under loaded

condition.

* Isolators :

Opens or closes the electrical circuits under No-load conditions.

* Instrument transformers :

For stepping-down the electrical parameter (Voltage or current) to a lower and safe

value for Metering and Protection logics.* Earth switch :

Used to connect the charged body to ground to discharge the trapped charge to have a

safe maintenance zone.

* Lightning arrestors :

Safe guards the equipment by discharging the high currents due to Lightning.

* Overhead earth wire :

Protects the O/H transmission line from Lightning strokes.

* Bus bar :

Conductors to which a number of circuits are connected.

* Wave Traps/Line traps :

Used in PLCC circuits for Communication and telemetering.

* Reactive Power control devices :

Controls the reactive power imbalance in the grid by switching ON/OFF the Shunt

Reactors, Shunt Capacitors etc.,

* Current Limiting Reactors :Limits the Short circuit currents in case of faulty conditions.




Design of 400kV SwitchyardObjective

The objective of this chapter is to describe the various technical alternatives and

considerations while designing switchyard layout.

Substation layout consists essentially in arranging a number of switchgear components inan orderly pattern governed by their function and rules of spatial separation as described in

electrical single line diagram.

Pre requisites

i) Single line diagram must be finalized before designing the layout.

ii) General Layout Plan of the Power project

iii) Orientation of Line evacuation corridor.

Options / Alternatives

The layout will vary for the following:• Switching schemes

• Type of insulation - Air Insulated/Gas Insulated.

Design Philosophy / Practice

For designing a switchyard layout, various aspects are considered which are described

here under1. Space around the switchyard . Adequate space should be allowed to provide for

extension of the switchyard facilities when generating units or transmission lines

are added in the future. The immediate surroundings should permit the routing oflines to the switchyard area from at least one direction without the need for heavy

dead-end structures in the yard.2. Switchyard location . The switchyard should be sited as near to the main plant as

space permits, in order to minimize the length of control circuits and power feedersand also to enable use of service facilities located in the main plant.

3. Switchyard fencing . A chain link woven wire fence not less than 3.0 m height

above toe wall, with lockable gates, should be provided to enclose the entire yard

from safety point of view.

4. Clearance. The placement of equipment in EHV switchyard is greatly affected by

the air clearances to be adopted. They are as follows:• Earth Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts and earthed structures,

walls, screens and ground. A minimum height of live conductors above groundmust be maintained. Also there should be a certain minimum height of supportsof various equipment (depending upon the fact that the bottom of any insulator

has to be 2.5 meters above the ground level as statutory clearance).• Phase Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts of different phases.• Isolating Distance: this is the clearance between the terminals of an isolator and

the connections thereto.• Section Clearance: this is the clearance between live parts and the terminals of a

work section. The limits of this work section, or maintenance zone, may be the




ground or a platform from which the man works.The clearances to be selected are based on the insulation level. Insulation level is

the test voltage value (both power frequency and impulse) which characterizes the

insulation of the equipment with regards to its capability of withstanding thedielectric stresses. The insulation level is generally expressed by the value of the

power frequency test voltage and the full wave impulse test voltage.

The value of the minimum clearance required is a function of powerfrequency over-voltage and/or transient over voltage caused by switching or lightning.

Lightning over voltages are critical for substation upto 220 kV and over voltages due to

switching operations are important for 400 kV substations. In line with therecommendation of IE Rules/Indian Standard/ standardization committee

recommendations.

Considering conductor swing, attraction due to short circuit, maintenance requirement,

dimensions of equipment available etc., the phase to phase spacing, sectional clearanceand phase to earth clearances has been selected and as such the width of one bay as

54/27.0 m for 765/400kV respectively. Bay width for 132kV system is 12.0 m.

Sectional clearance is achieved as phase to earth clearance + clearance to the ground

from the lowest part of insulator. Deviation angle for terminal/take off gantry is kept as± 30o in horizontal plane and ±20o in vertical plane.

5. Equipment spacing. The spacing for the placement of equipment, between them isdecided by considering

1) Ease of maintenance/removal of equipment

2) Equipment foundation & their cable trenches.

3) Distance between LA and equipment based on the protection reach of LA.The spacings are generally kept in order to achieve various clearances specified at

Table-I.

6. Bus bars

The bus bars of 765 kV switchyard can be made up of Quad AAC “Bull” conductor

or equivalent Moose / 6” IPS (EH type). The bus bars of 400 kV switchyard are made

up 4 “IPS aluminium tube/ Quad Moose rated for 3000 A. The busbars of 220/132kV

switchyard are made up of 3 “IPS aluminium tube/ twin moose conductor. Busbars are placed at right angles to feeders.

7. Equipment I nterconnection

Equipment interconnection will be carried out with Quad AAC “Bull” conductor or 6” IPS (EH type) for 765kV and 4" IPS aluminium tube or twin ACSR Moose for 400kV. For

132kV system equipment interconnection will be carried out with 3 “ IPS

aluminium tube/ Moose conductor. The bus post insulators shall be of solid core typewith cantilever strength of 800 kg for 765/400kV system, 600kg for 220kV system and

500kg for 132kV system.

8. Spacer spans and locations

The spacers will be located as away from the critical span as possible. The spacerlocation are based on the calculations of short circuit forces on strung bus and critical

span (refer separate guide line).

9. Connection Level

Place all equipment at ground level for ease of maintenance. Lower level connectionscan be of Rigid pipe or flexible conductor but upper level connections can be of strungtype only. For aesthetic looks and similarity all same equipments be in one line as far as

possible. For 765kV system, „I-type‟ design, there would be 3 levels viz first level or equipment. Level - 14m, second level or bus level - 26m and third level or jack bus




level - 38m. For 400kV,‟D-type‟ system there would be 2 levels viz first level or equipment level - 8 m, and jack bus level - 15 m. For 220kV system, there would be3

levels viz first level or equipment. Level – 5.9m, second level or bus level – 11.7 m and

third level or jack bus level – 16.2m. For 132kV system there would be 3 levels viz firstlevel or equipment. Level – 4.6m, second level or bus level – 8.5 m and third level or

jack bus level – 12.2 m. Double insulator strings should be provided for upper level for

safety reasons and to avoid busfaults due to conductor snapping.Connection to SwYard to the Generator Transformers & Station Transformers shall be

generally through overhead conductors.If the distance between the swyard and the

power Plant is more then intermediate Gantries are provided and strung upto PowerPlant building to take the dropper to the Generator & Station Transformers.sometimes

if stringing is not possible than Station Transformers are connested through EHV

Cable.

suspended on gantries or any live structure of the switchyard as per IE rules. Thelighting along the road shall be achieved by providing suitable fixtures on lighting

poles. Different illumination levels and type of lighting fixures and lighting design in

Switchyard shall be as specified. Refer guideline on Lighting for more details.

14. Cabling Phi losophyWhile preparing the cable layouts, consideration shall be given to the

requirements of segregation, separation, operation, maintenance, safety, reliability,

environment, erection, programme, convenience of cable laying and termination. Thesubstation area should be properly graded so that rain water is drained away from the

cable trenches. All cables used in switchyard are armoured type due to induced

voltages. There are two types of cables used in a Switchyard viz. Power cables andcontrol cables. The sizes for power cables vary from 31/2 X 35mm2 to 2cX 6 mm2 and

for control cables it varies from 5c X2.5 mm2 to 27cX2.5 mm2. Refer guideline on

cable routing in switchyard for more details.

15. Gravel F il li ng

Gravel or surface material coverings, usually upto 150mm in depth, are useful

in retarding the evaporation of moisture and thus in limiting the drying of topsoil

layers during prolonged dry weather periods. Also covering the surface with gravelincrease the surface resistance and thus reduces shock currents.

16. Earthing System

Earthing system for the entire power plant switchyard and other areas shall be provided in accordance with IEEE-80 and IS 3043. The soil quality and other site

conditions shall be assessed, and the grounding system will be designed for a life

expectancy of at least forty (40) years. The sizing of earthing conductor would be

based on the maximum ground fault current that is expected to occur during thedesign life of the station. Criterion in deciding spacing between buried earthmat

conductors is to limit touch voltage and step voltages within permissible values. Refer

guideline on earthing for more details.

17. Li ghtni ng Protection System

Lightning protection system shall be designed in line with “Razevig method for

DSLP” and other IE regulations. The system would comprise air terminations, down

conductors, test links and earth connections. Lightning conductor shall be ofgalvanised steel (75X12 flat) when used above ground level & mild steel (40mm

dia.)when used below ground level. Refer guideline on lightning protection for more

details.

18. Steps in evolving a substation layout




Laying out a substation involves a step by step procedure. Most important points to be considered are briefly described below:

• The important electrical parameters are established by the system design. Themain parameters are:

Voltage class and basic insulation level or switching surge level, site andclimatic conditions, method of circuit connection and switching overvoltage

conditions. The bus bar system diagram, the number of circuits and their purpose. i.e

control of generators, transformers, feeders etc. the diagram should includedetails of extensions and future conversion to a different busbar system, if

intended.

The continuous current rating of the busbars and circuits.

The short circuit rating of busbars and equipments.

Particulars of reactors, neutral earthing equipment and reacting,interconnecting transformers required.

Method of connection of circuits, whether by overhead lines or cables.

Details of lightning protection equipment.

Details of protective equipment, determining the instrument transformersrequirements, carrier current equipment etc.

The extent to which circuit and busbar outages for maintenance will be

possible.

17. Li ghtni ng Protection System

Lightning protection system shall be designed in line with “Razevig method for

DSLP” and other IE regulations. The system would comprise air terminations, down conductors, test links and earth connections. Lightning conductor shall be of

galvanised steel (75X12 flat) when used above ground level & mild steel (40mm

dia.)when used below ground level. Refer guideline on lightning protection for more

details.18. Steps in evolving a substation layout

Laying out a substation involves a step by step procedure. Most important points to

be considered are briefly described below:

• The important electrical parameters are established by the system design. Themain parameters are:

Voltage class and basic insulation level or switching surge level, site andclimatic conditions, method of circuit connection and switching overvoltageconditions.

The bus bar system diagram, the number of circuits and their purpose. i.e

control of generators, transformers, feeders etc. the diagram should includedetails of extensions and future conversion to a different busbar system, if

intended.

The continuous current rating of the busbars and circuits.

The short circuit rating of busbars and equipments.

Particulars of reactors, neutral earthing equipment and reacting,interconnecting transformers required.

Method of connection of circuits, whether by overhead lines or cables.

Details of lightning protection equipment.

Details of protective equipment, determining the instrument transformersrequirements, carrier current equipment etc.




The extent to which circuit and busbar outages for maintenance will be possible.

• Some parameters which influence the form of the layout are determined by thelocal conditions. These are:

The available land area, site and climate conditions, planning authority

requirements and aesthetic considerations determine the type of substation.

The direction of overhead line entry position available for terminal towers,location of transformers and reactors, etc.

The availability of materials and the transport and access facilities.

The capability and skill of the maintenance staff determines the importance ofclarity of layout and simplicity of maintenance zoning.

• The first step in layout preparation is to make a fully detailed single line diagram.this should show the position of instrument transformers, surge diverters etc. and

should include all future equipment also. the current rating of busbars and

circuits and the short circuit rating of the equipment should be added to the

diagram.

• Selecting components: Various equipment such as circuit breakers, isolators, etc.

are selected to suit the ratings required and the preference of type and their overalldimensions are established. if it is intended at a later date to operate theequipment in terms of current or short circuit level, provisions should be made for

this in determining the dimensions.

• While meeting all the needs established the following ideals should be aimed at inmaking the basic circuit layout.

Minimum ground area

Minimum quantities of conductor, joints and structure

Minimum number of independent insulators, especially in the bus bar zone.

• After having determined the electrical clearance be used a rough circuit layout ismade. Several possible alternatives are prepared from which the most suitable

one will be selected. Some variation is needed, to meet the requirements ofdifferent types of circuit.

• It is also necessary to calculate short circuit and atmospheric forces to determinethe stresses in conductors, insulators and structures. these held in deciding themost optimum dimensions.

19. Execution sequence for a substation

a. Tower foundation b. Equipment foundation

c. Laying of Cable trench

d. Laying of Earthmat

e. Support structure installationf. High level stringing

g. Equipment installation

h. Equipment interconnection

i. Cabling layout j. Commissioning

References 1. Manual on substations-Equipment, Illumination and Layouts, CBIP2. IEEE 80

3. IS




Bus Bars

Bus bars are mainly of two types : Rigid Busbars.

Pipes used for connecting various equipments

Flexible Busbars.

These are flexible wires used for long distance transmission.

ACSR – Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced.

AAC – All Aluminium Conductor Cable.

Bus Bays

Generally , D type is used for 400 kV

Generally , I type is used for 765 kV

However land area, size and dimensions play a role in selecting the bus bay type.

Bus Switching Schemes

Bus Bar Schemes

* Single Sectionalized bus

* Main & Transfer bus * Sectionalized Main bus with Transfer bus

* Sectionalized Double Main & Transfer bus

Breaker Schemes

* Ring bus

* One and Half breaker

* Double bus Double breaker

Factors effecting the selection of Switching Scheme

* System Security

* Operational Flexibility * Simplicity of Protection arrangements

* Ability to limit the Short Circuit levels

* Maintenance

* Ease of extension

* Total land area

* Cost




Appendix-I

Bibliography

The contents are mainly developed from :

a) PPF PMI Noida,NTPC Ltd.

b) Substation Manual,Central Board of Irrigation and Power.

c) Pipe Drafting and Design, Second Edition, by: Roy A. Parisher Robert A.Rhea

Snaps and Pictures of Plant And Switch Yard

400 KV Switch Yard NTPC Badarpur

210MW Turbo Generator NTPC Badarpur

Step Up Transformer by BHEL, NTPC Badarpur




Acknowledgements

My training and this report would not have been a success without the co-

operation and support of the following people,

Mr Hirdesh Gupta, DGM ,PE- Electrical ,NTPC EOC Noida

Mr Sanjay Kumar Gupta , PE- Electrical , NTPC EOC Noida

Ms Ila Anand ,PE- Electrical ,NTPC EOC Noida

Mr Abhishek Kumar , C&I, NTPC Badarpur

Mr Sheelbhadra Parmar, C&I,NTPC Badarpur

Mr Virendr Adhikari ,PE- Mechanical, NTPC EOC Noida

All the staffs who helped in visiting the Substation at Noida.

Officers at Human Resources Department.

T & P KIIT University to give me the opportunity by issuing the No-

Objection Certificate.

I am highly obliged by their kindness and cooperation shown to me during my

training period.

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