Final Exam Study Guides3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/7KaWvbg7MB.pdf · •Culture the...
Transcript of Final Exam Study Guides3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/7KaWvbg7MB.pdf · •Culture the...
Final Exam Study Guide
First Exam• Archaeology
o Systematic study of the human past based on its material culture and context forming the archaeological record
o Goals: describe culture history; reconstruct past lifeways; explain cultural process; conserve and interpret the past
o Archaeological context particular position of an archaeological find in space and time which can be established by measuring provenience, matrix and association
• An excavation at archaeological sites is a technique used to uncover material culture from the past. It might involve the destruction of the place. And it answers questions about human activity. The main goal of archaeological interpretation is to reconstruct past human behavior and to explain why and how culture changes.
• Australopithecus afarensis o Small brain (380500 cc)o Large set of teetho Bipedalo Long muscular arms and shorter legso Had long thumbs and curled fingers (similar to an ape)o 42.8 million years agoo Key finds: Lucy, Laetoli footprints and the “First Family”
• Hominin Characteristicso Bipedalism, brain capacity, caring for young (extension of
childhood), stone tool making and use; increase in body size; appearance of home bases
• Feature immovable structures, layers and pits o Houses (posts in the ground that indicate a house was once
there)o Bison kill site where individuals hunted animals in a specific
place by driving them thereo A layer of cobble stone which is a feature of a path
• Population Replacement Theoryo Homo sapiens evolved out of Africa and went to Eurasia and
replaces homo erectus. This is widely believed because homo Neanderthals and homo sapiens coexisted for a period of time (evidence in Mount Carmel, Israel)
• Regional Continuity Modelo Homo sapiens evolved in several regions out of earlier hominid
populations derived from homo erectus • Culture the invented, taught, and learned patterns of human behavior
which include the ability to adapt• Laetoli Footprints
o Found by Mary Leakeyo 3 pairs of 70 footprintso Australopithecus afarensis individuals walked over volcanic
sediment that had yet to cool, leaving footprints to harden into rock.
o The footprints show that these individuals feet used a heeltotoe walking mechanism
o The big toe was attached to the rest of the foot, being parallel intead of sticking out like a thumb
o They are bipedal individuals
Second Exam• Old World (Africa, China, Middle East) Agriculture
o Food processing equipment in the houses in Ain Mallaha, Israelo They found mortars and pestles (harvested wild pigs, cattle,
marine resources)o They harvest rye in Abu Hureyra
There are pit dwellings and wild plant gathering• Sumer= earliest state level societies
o Had the first cities, civilizations and writingo Organized religion and legal codeso New technology, broad trade networks, and social and
economic hierarchy• Great Zimbabwe
o Local people could not have possibly been sophisticated enough to build temples and buildings
o Over time, actual archaeologists came in and excavated (instead of just diggers) and said it was not of European origin and everything was local
o Eventually, after their independence from Rhodesia, the President was able to reclaim their past back
• Parthenon Marbleso Greece
Approval didn’t include excavations Damage of cleaning Greeks are preservationists Part of cultural heritage for 2500 years New Acropolis museum is perfect home (protection with
view of Parthenon) Would be a good precedent for museums
o Britain Removal was legal Had approval from Ottoman leaders Removed and are safer in London (preserved what may
have been destroyed) They are part of British culture Viewed free of charge Returning would set a bad precedent for museums
• Bandso Mobile settlements; huntergatherer society; reciprocity (titfor
tat)o Egalitarian (temporary leader)o Political system is non centralizes and temporary
• Tribeso Hundred to thousand of peopleo Semipermanent settlementso Reciprocity but some signs of redistributiono Settled farmers and herders
• Chiefdom o Thousands or people in more than one permanent communityo Nonmechanized agriculture (a lot of people are working the
land)o Redistribution everything goes from outside to the centero Ranked lineages clan membership or family lineageo Political system centralized and ascribed (right to rule is
hereditary)• State
o Social classes and organized religion (densely populated hundred of thousands of people)
o Development of cities (and many permanent communities)o Specialization of Labor (accumulation of surplus)
o Organized Government (architecture of a huge size) (ranked society)
o Record keeping and writingo Long range trade (market economy)
• Early Harappa ceramics, metallurgy, terracotta figurines; Ravi Phase Harappa as center of commerce, political influences, ceramic style, architectural style, urban settlement, unclear but probably not state level society, proto writing, craft specialization
• Mature Harappa shift in material culture; mass production of pottery; writing on squareinscribed seals; architectural planning; urban settlement, likely state level society, accumulation of surplus, unclear ranked societies, yes writing system, yes craft specialization
Nationalism• Devotion to the interests or culture of one’s nation through patriotic
feeling, principles, or efforts• The archaeological activity is used to strengthen patriotic sentiments.
It is used to glorify national pasts in an effort to encourage a spirit of unity and cooperation within a country
• Bolster the pride and morale of nations or ethnic groups• Examples
o Saddam Hussein used archaeology to justify his position as a leader
Reconstructed an image for his own persona of the leader hunting lions.
Said he was the bringer of peace (doves and rainbows)o Nazi Archaeology
Nazi’s believed there was a superior Aryan race that created culture, therefor they were better than everyone else
Found mummies with blonde hair (really it wasn’t blonde, it just lost its pigment)
Also appropriated the swastika which was originally a Hindu symbol and then a Buddhist symbol
o City of David Used to affirm the links between an intrusive population
and its own ancient past, which allows them to assert themselves the right of that population to the land
Tourism• Machu Picchu UNESCO site in 1983 in the middle of these
mountainso Had to level the top of them so they had a mita so people would
go there (do labor for a few months and then go back to jobs at home taxation of labor)
o Four day hike, to two day hike, to train• Nearly 1 in 12 jobs worldwide is related to the tourism industry • Tourism is an irreversible social, human, economic and cultural fact. • ICOMOS priority to conservation, maximize visitor experience,
include indigenous communities in the ‘benefits’ of tourism activity associated with heritage site; balance between outreach and conservation duties; involve indigenous communities in planning, conservation, and promotion; presentation of site that maintains the protection of the ‘natural and cultural heritage characteristics’
• Benefits o Economic benefits for the local communities where the train
stopso Job creationo Reaffirm identityo Can improve local infrastructureo Increases global cultural understandingo May increase funding for preservation
• Problemso Overcrowding causing rapid deteriorationo What happens when tourism stopso Standardization of cultureo Loss of authenticity/ staged authenticityo Can create crime centerso Economic inequality, copying effect
Hieroglyphic Decipherment• Mayan Culture’s Writing
o Codices (4 books on paper made out of bark beaters)o Written on ceramics (who’s is it, function, what’s it used for,
who is it for, who made it)o Wrote on bone (human and animal) and conch shells detailed
and carved without destruction
o Stone Panels, Stairways, and Jade (writing accompanies the physical scene we see
o Murals• Yuri Knorosov first to decipher the language
o Syllabary letters every scale of each letter has an appropriate vowel
• Logosyllabic writing (means it has symbols) logograms and syllabograms
o Logograms signs that represent entire wordso Syllabograms signs that represent syllables o CVC (consonantvowelconsonant and last vowel is dropped)
Lecture 16 SHANG CIVILIZATION (North China)• Bamboo slips cheap, grows fast, renewable resources to use as a
writing channel• Oracle bones “Dragon Bones ” used as traditional medicine to treat
malaria and knife woundso Saw inscriptions written from the Shang King himselfo Used to predict future events (crack the shell of a turtle or the
scapula of cattle and read the right angle of the crack)• Shang Cities:
o Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong, Hubeio Yinxu (Ruins of Yin)/ Anyango Huanbei Shang Cityo Zhengzhouo Panlongcheng; MiniZhengzhou; Song, Suiyang, Guidefu,
Shangqiu• Zhengzhou
o Early Shang city maybe a possible capitalo Excavations at urban site, workshops, burialso Represents an early phase of Shang culture, very rich in bronze
production, huge walled urban center, oracle bones but little evidence yet of writing
o Sophisticated urban features paving stones, channels for waste water out of city, human sacrifices, lots of bronze ritual vessels
• City planning and architecture major cities usually surrounded by massive rammed earth wall; administrative areas; residential areas; bronze/bone/ceramic workshop areas; royal and other cemeteries
• Piece Mold
o Make clay model; soft clay is pressed against it (negative impression of both its shape and decoration); the pieces are removed in sections
o The model was shaved down to become the coreo Molted bronze would then be poured into the space between the
mold and the coreo After cooling the mold pieces were removed
• Hammered Metallurgy hammered the objects into shape (little metal and very thin walls)
• Lost Wax Casting o Carve out of wax, put into clay, when you heat it up the wax
melts and runs out and left with mold of the copy, pour metal in and let it harden and you get one model of a small object (very detailed)
• Tian Ming Heaven’s Mandate to Rule• Social Transformations ( Late Neolithic)
o Increasing interaction between and among cultureso Evidence of societal violenceo Walled settlements urban centerso Emergence of protowritingo Craft specializationo Social stratification
Lecture 17 QIN TERRACOTTA ARMIES• First Emperor of Qin standardized weights and measures, writing,
highway systems, axlelength of vehicles, consolidated earlier sections of rammed earth into Great Wall
o Carrot and Stick rewarded for following rules and punished for breaking them
o No criticism o Burned all existing books and killed scholars
• Terracotta Soldiers buried in formations of underground tunnelso Replaced sacrificial victims with figurine soldiers to serve the
king in the next worldo Customized heads and faces (made in different workshops)o Mass produced by specialists working on different parts of the
bodyo Originally held actual bronze weapons (got stolen)
o Could see different ranks of soldiers through their hair styles, belt buckles, infantry with weapons, positions of placement
o Originally painted in bright colorso Belt buckles were usually a fun and humorous touch added by
the workers
Lecture 18 DIAN AND DONGSON• Sanxingdui Culture life size human heads; huge bronze figure with
huge hands• Dian “Southwestern Barbarians” (Yunan) (Shizhanshan Culture)
o Fertile high plateau; lots of copper, tin, lead, silver, goldo Numerous river systems connecting the north and the south
• Dian finds:o Bronze drums (variety of sizes have birds or cattle on them)o Musical instruments hulu sheng (mouth organ)o Koushi ornate belt buckles (animal combat, warfare, cattle,
bullfights• Dongson (Northern Vietnam)
o Pediform (bootshaped) axeso Bronze agricultural tools, vessels, and bronze drums decorated
with a standard suite of motifs: geometrical patterns, birds, boats, and cattle scenes
Lecture 19 KHMER STATE AT ANGKOR• Angkor means holy city (earthly representation of Mount Meru
home of the gods)• Funan connected by canals but also by the sea maybe rose to power
through its control of maritime trade (lots of imported goods)o Oc Eo and Angkor Borei)
• Chenla Kingdom Ishanapura (capital) exemplify water and land management (cause of moated sites)
• Angkor (Khmer) Empire o Powerful, centralized political center (divine Kings)o Hariharalaya (early capital)o Political control over an extensive territory, many regional
temples that served religious roles and economic roles, local labor tied to temples
• Great reservoirs: BARAYo For irrigation of rice fields
o Metaphorically: symbolize the mountains around Mr. Meru• Preah Vihear (Thailand and Cambodia) temple complex in dispute
Lecture 20 FIRST AMERICANS• Folsom, New Mexico (13,000 12,500 BP)
o Bison bone bed exposed at bottom (ideal for natural trap)o Folsom fluted points carefully flaked and attached to wooden
shaft• Clovis, New Mexico (13,500 13,000 BP)
o More bison bones and spear pointso Fluted points and extinct mammals
• Beringia land bridge between Siberia and Alaskao Emerges when there is dropped sea levels
• Calico Hills (preclovis)o Some people think the artifacts are just fractured cobbled
• Meadowcroft (preclovis)o Pollen indicates a nonglacial environmento People think the coal is effecting the dating method
• Monte Verde, Chile o Water logged= fantastic preservationo Wooden artifacts (shelter) and skin (leather to cover)o Possibly a sea route first down the west coast of American in
shallow skin covered boats through ice free corridors • Bison Kill Site in Colorado OlsonChubbock
o Bison hunting, butchering, and utilizationo Herded into an Arroyo where they couldn’t escape
• Kennewick Man o Initially identified as “Caucasian” but Native Americans said it
was their ancestor and we have no right to dig them up to studyo Local group claimed Kennewick and it was sufficient evidence
for them to claim him as an ancestor for reburial and then it continued in court and the decision was reversed
Lecture 21 MAYA• Cultural similarities between different Mesoamerican societies
• Agriculture increased population, sedentism, pottery• Astronomy track moon and stars• Calendar shared detailed calendar system and was only off by 30
seconds
• Mathematics • Monumental Architecture extremely large supported by complex
religion• Art have historic details and images of events that occurred• Stratified Society/ Social classes elite status (jade, feathers,
obsidian)• Complex writing system • Open markets/ trade system power was received through trade
system• Textiles don’t preserve well• Herbal Medicine arts, games, beauty, songs, flowers
• La Venta 16 figurines in a semi circle in front of 6 jade cells; red granite is in the center (alien back to the rest; social stratification and rulership)
• Olmec Heads o A lot of labor and time moving the monuments
Either pushed down the hill or drifted down the river system
Timing had to be specific cause the river would be dry or swampy
o Basalt stones traveled a long distanceo Each colossal head has unique features that distinguish them
from each othero Believed to be self portraits of individual rulers and embody the
concept of rulershipo Controversy regarding the interpretations of these as having
foreign origins based on morphological features yet their indigenous origin has been proven archaeologically
• Teotihuacan first urban city of the New Worldo Urban nature and massive scaleo Employ a construction style (/talud[]tablero) that becomes
popular• Temple of Feathered Serpent La Ciudadela
o Cosmological myth dealing with the origin of time and creation o Or deals with rulership and warfare
• Monte Alban and Dazantes building of the Dancers (Zapotecs)o Developed on top of a mountain hillo Structures surrounding are associated with elites (palaces,
structures such as building L)
o Building L carved stone monuments depicting individuals with their penis cut off representations of rulership and authority
o No longer thought to be dancers now captives with mutilated genitals
• La Danta largest structure in the new world (170 meters)• El Tigre Complex (El Mirador)
o Religiously built for Orian’s belto Second largest building on top of La Danta
• Sacbe white road at Miradoro Connects Mirador with other centers in this areao Construction attributed to economyo Was built to help increase trade among all these sites o Some say it was a pilgrimage trip for religious purposes
• El Mirador o First monumental urban citystate in the Maya lowlandso Extensive roadway system and a triatic construction patterno Either formed as a result of religion or economic purposes
• Palenque temple of the crosses (really trees not crosses)o Part of the structure is the temple of the inscriptions because
there was a large corpus of Maya hieroglyphs telling the story of a great ruler called Pacal
• Pacal’s sarcophagus o Descending into the afterlife as the tree of life grows out of him o He had everything made of jade (social stratification)o Interpretations
Early explorers that converted indigenous people to Christianity
Spaceman on his rocket bottom of an aircraft Journey to the underworld Tree growing out of him power of fertility (in nature)
• *An image of life and death
Lecture 22 MOCHE CULTURE OF PERU• Moche Culture of Peru
o Expansion through military conquesto Painted ceramics (stirrup jars depict portraits, other figures,
scenes of ritual, daily life)o Sophisticated metalwork in copper, silver, gold and gilded
copper
o Advanced techniques “depletion gilding” create an alloy of gold and copper then chemically remove the copper from the surface, leaving the appearance of pure gold
o Cultivated crops= maize, beans, avocado, peanuts, cotton, chili peppers, potatoes, squash, gourds
o Domesticated animals llama, guinea pigs, duckso Temple of Huacas (ceremonial sites)
• Material culture o Ceramics mostly “stirrup bottles” (animal motifs sea lion,
deer, owl) Humans, portrait bottles, sexual scenes
o Pottery fine line paintings of musicians, warriors, and battle scenes
o Many scenes show warriors leading captives, human sacrifice, and nonprocreative sexually explicit scenes
• Tomb 1: Lord of Sipan ca. 300 CE o Warrior priest 3545 years oldo Gold and silver tumi knives (for decapitation) on chest of main
tomb occupanto “The Decapitator God”
• Tomb 2: Priest of Sipan ca. 300 CE o Bird Priest 3545 years old
• Tomb 3: The Old Lord of Sipan ca. 150 CE o 4555 years oldo Had gold necklace and spider beads
Lecture 23 AZTECS AND CONQUISTADORS • Aztec capital at Tenochtitlan• Aztec means “Aztlan” mythical place in the North that they believed
they came from and migrated South to Central Mexicoo Can refer to the empire (political entity)o Can refer to one of the cultures in Central Mexico (some of
whom ran the empire and some who were conquered by it)• Ethnohistory have accounts from conquistadors and various
indigenous people• Archaeology done on the main temple and various other sites• Teotihuacan means the place where the Gods were born• “Home” (as told by their deity Huitzilopochtli) was where you see an
eagle eating a snake on top of a cactus: found this at Tenochtitlan
• Human sacrifices for their patron god• Forces that Defeat the Aztecs
o Translatorso Indigenous Allieso Diseaseo Strategies in the Interaction with Motecuhzomao Technology (guns)
• Syncretism: the blending of two cultures pieces of the indigenous culture and religion survive by mixing with the colonizer’s religion
• Mexico City is on top of the Aztec Capital (Tenochtitlan)• La Virgen de Guadalupe Patron Saint whose cathedral is on top of the
Aztec temple for their mother earth goddess• Dia de los Muertos skull candy decorated with icing looks like the
skulls of the Aztec people sacrificed • National crest of Mexico on the flag is the symbol of the Aztec’s
home
Lecture 24 WAR, LOOTING, AND THREATS TO CULTURAL HERITAGE
• Natural Disasters earthquakes (Philippines); soil subsidence (Pisa)• Domestic Unrest
o Political China’s communist party got rid of everything not Chinese
Taliban war destroyed the National Museum of Afghanistan
Taliban blew up Bamiyan Buddhaso Religious Hindu destruction of the Babri Masjid mosque in
India• Wars (not just battle, but destroy material heritage)
o Parthenon (Ottomans ammunition)o British/French looting of the Imperial Summer Palace looted
and burned palace complex because China killed some important British people
o WWI/II & Vietnam Waro Territorial disputes such as Thailand vs. Cambodia for Khmer
temple complex Preah Vihear• Economic Development
o Destruction of traditional walls to allow for urban expansion in Beijing for the Olympics
o Construction of Three Gorges Dam in China 34 million people were forced into new houses otherwise they will be under water
• Looting only driven by money of western collectors
Lecture 25 PSEUDOARCHAEOLOGY• Pseudoarchaeology sells mystery and the unknown; childish and
silly; unscientific and antiscientific; uncritical; faith based; all about money
• Confronting: use critical thinking, interpret at the simplest explanation (occom’s razor); think context (evidence, critical thinking, skepticism)
• Erich von Danikeno Wrote a book called Chariots of the Godso Claims of ancient astronautso Tries to compare things to something fantastico Copied interpretation of rock carving in Sahili desert showing
an astronaut with space helmet • Nazca Lines stoning desert of Peru lines are made by removing
stone crust to show sand underneath it• Crop Circles thought spaceships were landing in fields and crushing
crops• Mars Face geological structure on surface of Mars