Final Exam

Chapter 7Know all the key terms (excluding bibliography, search engine, deep web, and URL.)Know the components to evaluating Internet Resources

Chapter 8Know the purposes of supporting materialsKnow the definition of etymologyKnow the tests of evidence

Chapter 14Know the importance and types of presentational aidsKnow the strategies for using presentational aidsKnow the benefits of using presentation aids

Chapter 16Know all the key terms and examples (excluding: competence, dynamism, primacy theory, recency theory, speech to actuate, inspire and convince, and trustworthiness.)

Chapter 17Know all the key terms (excluding: deductive argument, false analogy, inductive argument, major and minor premise, Monroe’s sequence, refutal strategy and syllogism.)Know the types of logical fallacies, characteristics, examples

Chapter 7

Research:Is the gathering of evidence and arguments you will need to understand, develop and explain your subject.

Database:A Huge collection of information arranged for quick retrieval by computer using Keywords stipulated by a researcher

Evaluate Internet Resources:Purpose… provide information, promote position, sell product/service? Expertise.. Author background, education, explain interpretation results? Objectivity… opposing views, bias? Accuracy….write well, corroborate facts using other internet source? Timeliness… Look at the publication date, site created, last updated?

Academic search CompleteExamples: Jstor & EBSCO

Chapter 8Supporting Materialsin a speech achieve three purposes: clarity, vividness, and credibility. Clarity helps the audience understand your ideas. Vividness helps them remember your ideas. Credibility makes your ideas believable.

Etymologyis the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history (Red Herring)

Tests of evidenceis the evidence quoted in Context? (don’t change meaning)is the source of the evidence an Expert? (More Experienced)Is the source of the evidence Unbiased? (No vested interest)Is the evidence Relevant? (Ex. Trauma not same as Emergency)Is the evidence specific? (Ex. A lot not specific)Is the evidence Sufficient?(Enough evidence “Research” to prove point)Is the evidence Timely? (More recent information)

Chapter 14Importance/Benefits presentational aidsIncreases Message ClarityReinforces Message Impact Increase Speaker Dynamism Enhances Speaker Confidence

Types presentational aidsPicturesDiagramsGraphs: Line Graph, Bar graph, Pie or Circle GraphCharts MapsFilm/VideoHandoutsAudio & other aids

strategies for using presentational aids

Before 1. Determine the information to be presented visually

2. Select the type of aid best suited to your resources and speech

3. Ensure easy viewing by all audience members

4. Make sure the aid communicates information clearly

5. Construct an aid that is professional in appearance6. Practice using your Aid

7. Arrange for safe transportation of your aids

8. Carry backup supplies

9. Position the aid properly 10. Test your presentational Aid

During 1. Reveal an aide only when you are ready for it

2. Talk to your audience- Not to your aide

3. Refer to your aide

4. Keep your aide in view until your audience understands your point

Conceal the aide after you have made your pointUse handouts with caution.

Chapter 161. Persuasion: process of influencing another person’s values, beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.2. Ethos: speaker credibility 3. Logos: logical appeal4. Pathos: emotional appeal5. Credibility: degree to which listeners believe a speaker6. Initial Credibility: a speaker’s image or reputation before speaking to a particular audience 7. Derived Credibility: the image listeners develop of a speaker as he or she speaks8. Terminal Credibility: the image listeners develop of a speaker by the end of the speech and for a period of time after it 9. Dynamism: listeners views on the speaker’s confidence, energy, and enthusiasm for communicating

Chapter 17

NINE logical fallaciesFallacy- “Any defect in Reasoning which destroys validity”1. Bandwagon- Agreeing with the popular Position “Slavery”2. Abduction to Absurd- Pushing an argument beyond logical limits “Jumping off a Bridge”3. Begging the question-arguments that can’t be proven “Religious arguments”4. Either-or-presenting only two arguments, ignoring the gray area and presenting black and white “If you like Obama you’re a socialist”5. Red Herring-using irrelevant info to strength your point “So unfair-she did this and didn’t get in trouble”6. Ad hominem- personal attacks, criticizing a person and not the issue at hand “Political commercials”7. Appeal to Authority-a statement is considered true based on the person saying it has authority. “My Dr. told me taking 5 Ambien a night won’t

hurt and she’s a Dr. so she should know.”8. Appeal to tradition-argument strength lies in tradition “Always been done that way”9. Slippery slope-an event will occur as a result of a previous event, no evidence

Evidence- is the supporting material you use to prove a pointRefute- dispute another argument

Types of ArgumentsArgument by Example- Use a few instances to assert a broader claim.Argument by Analogy- links two objects or concepts and asserts that what is true of one will be true of the other.Argument by Cause- connects two elements or events and claims that one produced the other.Syllogism- Pattern of deductive argument Conclusion- Argue what is true of the general class is true of the specific instance or individual. “Review main points & Call to action”Argument by authority- Testimony from an expert source to prove a speakers claim.

Selecting Proposition (Judgement, Debatable, Proof)

Proposition is a declarative sentence expressing a judgement you want the audience to accept. Proposition of Fact- focuses on belief. Proposition of Value- Requires judgement on the worth of an idea or action.Proposition of policy – Advocates a course of action.