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Final Eb Meter
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Transcript of Final Eb Meter
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DESIGNING OF AN AUTOMATED POWER METER READING
WITH ZIGBEE COMMUNICATION
ABSTRACT:
This paper presents the design and implementation of Automatic Power Meter (APM),
The APM is implemented using an AT89C51and Zigbee Based power meter Communication
Module. The design presents a new methodology for avoiding the high construction and
maintenance costs in the existing meter reading technology. Using an APM with network
technologies has become a trend today. The designed system avoids the human intervention in
Power Management. If the Consumer doesnt pay the bill in time, the power connection will be
disconnected from the remote server automatically. It displays the corresponding billing
information on LCD and sends data to the server through the Zigbee Module. The based
AT89C51 hardware system consists of a processor core board and the peripheral board. The
entire programming is based on Embedded C/ASM Language. This system provides efficient
meter reading, avoiding the billing error and reduces the maintenance cost. This paper also
addresses advantages of implementing the Zigbee communication module and design detail and
discusses the advanced security of the data communications/transmission.
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EXISTING SYSTEM.
Nowadays the eb meter readings are manually verified by the Respective eb person. Therespective person goes to each and every home and they inform to consumer about the
notification of eb reading for the current month. If the consumer is not available at home means,
the EB person has to come on another day or have to wait for some time for note down the
reading. Consequently this will make some water of time and delay.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system is fully automatic for reading the EB meter count. The Microcontroller
based system continuously records the readings and the live meter reading can be sent to the
Electricity department on request. This system makes use of a zigbee for remote monitoring and
control of Energy Meter. This system enables the Electricity Department to read the meter
readings regularly without the person visiting each house.
This can be achieved by the use of microcontroller unit that continuously monitors and records
the Energy Meter readings in its permanent (non-volatile) memory location.
HARDWARE MODULES
IR SENSOR
EB METER
ZIGBEE TRANSRECEIVER
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LCD
LIMIT SWITCH
AT89C51 MICROCONTROLLER
MAX 232 (FOR SERIAL COMUNICATION)
POWER SUPPLY
PC
TRANSMITTER MODULE:
EB METER IR
SENSOR
AT89c51
2X16 LCD DISPLAY
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Antenna
RECEIVER MODULE:
MAX 232
IC
ZIGBEE
MODULE
POWER SUPPLY
UNIT
ZIBEE
MODULE
RS 232
INTERFAC
E
POWER
SUPPLY
PERSONA
L
COMPUTE
R
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WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A IR Sensor is fixed across the eb meter armature and it is connected at the port of the Arm
controller . A small black trap is placed in the armature of the eb meter for counting the rotation
of the meter. IR sensor is consist of IR led and phototransistor. IR led is a transmitter and
phototransistor is a receiver. Normally the output of the ir sensor is in static high, whenever the
black trap crosses the ir sensor, a static low signal is provided to the microcontroller and
microcontroller assumes the pulse as a count or unit.
Here LCD is connected at the port 1 and used to display the units of the meter and the date.
Zigbee is connected at the serial communication pin of the microcontroller. The TX and RX pin
of the zigbee connected to the controller. In between this connected a max 232 ic is used for
establishing the serial communication between the controller and the modem. Here the program
is written for counting the eb meter reading for 30 days and send the message to the consumer at
the end of the month. In this project two switches are used to feed the eb count and date
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manually. When the microcontroller read the date as 30 th of the month, it will communicate with
zigbee for sending details, the user name, amount of unit consumed and total bill amount. Here
limit switch is used for security purpose. If the user open the EB box, the microcontroller will
block the all operation and send the alert to the eb unit. The operation will resumes after the eb
person inspects the total box and instead of password protection, reset button is used to switch on
the operation
At the receiver end pc is used to receive the data through zigbee. After the completion of one
month, the microcontroller starts to reads the data from the eb meter for the consecutive months.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION
ELECTRICITY METER:
An electric meter orenergy meter is a device that measures the amount ofelectrical energy
consumed by a residence,business, or an electrically powered device.
Electric meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the most common one being the kilowatt
hour. Periodic readings of electric meters establish billing cycles and energy used during a cycle.
In settings when energy savings during certain periods are desired, meters may measure demand,
the maximum use of power in some interval. In some areas, the electric rates are higher during
certain times of day, to encourage reduction in use. Also, in some areas meters have relays to
turn off nonessential equipment.
Electromechanical meters
This mechanical electricity meter has every other dial rotating counter-clockwise.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt_hourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwise -
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The most common type of electricity meter is theelectromechanicalinduction watt-hour
meter. [14][15]
The electromechanical induction meter operates by counting the revolutions of
analuminium disc which is made to rotate at a speed proportional to the power. The number of
revolutions is thus proportional to the energy usage. It consumes a small amount of power,
typically around 2 watts.
The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it produces
amagnetic flux in proportion to the voltage and the other produces a magnetic flux in proportion
to thecurrent. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil. This
produces eddy currents in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in
proportion to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage. Apermanent magnet exerts an
opposing force proportional to thespeed of rotationof the disc. The equilibrium between these
two opposing forces results in the disc rotating at a speedproportional to the power being used.
The disc drives a register mechanism whichintegrates the speed of the disc over time by
counting revolutions, much like the odometerin a car, in order to render a measurement of the
total energy used over a period of time.
The type of meter described above is used on asingle-phaseACsupply. Differentphase
configurationsuse additional voltage and current coils.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-phase_electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-phase_electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_magnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-phase_electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphase_system -
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The aluminum disc is supported by a spindle which has aworm gearwhich drives the register.
The register is a series of dials which record the amount of energy used. The dials may be of the
cyclometer type, an odometer-like display that is easy to read where for each dial a single digit is
shown through a window in the face of the meter, or of the pointer type where a pointer indicates
each digit. With the dial pointer type, adjacent pointers generally rotate in opposite directions
due to the gearing mechanism.
Most domestic electricity meters must be read manually, whether by a representative of
thepower company or by the customer. Where the customer reads the meter, the reading may be
supplied to the power company by telephone,post or over the internet. The electricity company
will normally require a visit by a company representative at least annually in order to verify
customer-supplied readings and to make a basic safety check of the meter.
In an induction type meter, creep is a phenomenon that can adversely affect accuracy, that occurs
when the meter disc rotates continuously with potential applied and the load terminals open
circuited. A test for error due to creep is called a creep test.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_retailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ThreePhaseElectricityMeter.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#Wormhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_digithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_retailinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet -
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EMBEDDED SYSTEM:
An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely
encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose
computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined
tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks,
design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems
are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Personal digital assistants (PDAs) or handheld computers are generally considered
embedded devices because of the nature of their hardware design, even though they are more
expandable in software terms. This line of definition continues to blur as devices expand. With
the introduction of the OQO Model 2 with the Windows XP operating system and ports such as a
USB port both features usually belong to "general purpose computers", the line of
nomenclature blurs even more.
Physically, embedded systems ranges from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems
controlling nuclear power plants.
In terms of complexity embedded systems can range from very simple with a single
microcontroller chip, to very complex with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large chassis or enclosure.
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Examples of Embedded Systems:
Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other
integrated systems in aircraft and missiles
Cellular telephones and telephone switches
Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security
monitoring systems
Handheld calculators
Handheld computers
Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets,
DVD players and recorders
Medical equipment Personal digital assistant
Videogame consoles
Computer peripherals such as routers and printers.
Industrial controllers for remote machine operation.
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Block Diagram Explanation:
This Project mainly consists of Power Supply section, Microcontroller section, Motor Driver section
and a sensor.
Power Supply Section: This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned
above.It basically consists of a 12V DC battery followed by a positive voltage regulator is used to
regulate the required dc voltage for the Microcontroller circuit operation.
Microcontroller Section: This section forms the control unit of the whole project. This section
basically consists of a Microcontroller with its associated circuitry like Crystal with capacitors,
Reset circuitry, Pull up resistors (if needed) and so on. The Microcontroller forms the heart of the
project because it controls the devices being interfaced and communicates with the devices
according to the program being written.
In transmitter the function of this block is to send the data from PC to RF transmitter.
At reciver side this block is retrieve the data and do the function according to the command
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Motor1, Motor 2: This section basically consists of the required circuitry to drive the motors. This
is nothing but an H-Bridge circuitry to drive the motors which controls direction of the robot.
PC:
This block acts as remote control. It is nothing but a personal computer. The commandsfrom PC are transferred to MCU.
RF transmitter:
This block contains RF transmitter module along with an encoder circuit. When MCUsends the data to this module from here this data converted into Radio signals.
RF receiver:
This block contains a reciver module with a decoder circuit. The data from RF receiver isretrieved and pass it to MCU.
Schematic Diagram:
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Schematic Explanation:
Firstly, the required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89s51 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C.
power supply is needed by the same. So in this project we are using +12V DC battery for providing
the required voltage for the circuit operation.
The12V DC battery is connected to the LM7805 regulator so that it allows us to have a
Regulated Voltage which is +5V. This regulated voltage is filtered for ripples using an electrolyticcapacitor 100F. Now the output from this section is fed to 40 th pin of 89s51 microcontroller to
supply operating voltage. This is required for the operation of the motor driver circuitry to drive the
motors.
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The microcontroller 89c51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and crystal oscillator of 11.0592
MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of capacitors of is placed at 18th & 19th pins of 89c51 to
make it work (execute) properly.
Receiver:
The motor driver is nothing but a H-bridge circuitry for controlling motors. That is for the
controlling of the robot direction. The motor driver circuitry includes the two H-Bridges. Each H-
bridge will take care of controlling motor. Each H-bridge having two inputs. That is, four inputs of
two H-bridges are connected to the port pins P2.0, P2.1,P2.2, P2.3 of the Microcontroller.
According the logic values applied at the input of the H-bridge circuitry the direction of the robot
will be controlled. That will be done through the software. Sensor is connected to P2.0.
HT12D IC is used to retrieve the data from RF receiver module. The function of this IC is
to match the address of transmitter and collect the serial data and this data is transferred to
microcontroller.
Transmitter:
The IC HT12E IC is used to encode the data from microcontroller and make it serial
along with the destination address. This serial data is then transferred to RF transmitter.
The command to the destination is taken from the computer. Microcontroller serialcommunication is used. MAX232 IC is used in between microcontroller and PC. This IC is used
to convert the logic levels for microcontroller and PC. So MAX232 is logic level IC with
capacitors as supporting circuitry.
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MICRO CONTROLLER (AT89S52)
Introduction
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/Ointerfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition
interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single
silicon chip.
If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external
memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these
facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of
design.
One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a
controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application.
Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.
Figure: micro controllerFeatures:
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Compatible with MCS-51 Products
4K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
Six Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Description
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of in-
system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry- standard 80C51 instruction set
and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller whichprovides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
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Block diagram:
Figure: Block diagram
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Pin diagram:
Figure: pin diagram of micro controller
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Pin Description
VCC - Supply voltage.
GND - Ground.
Port 0:
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight
TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0
can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external
program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes
during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups
are required during program verification.
Port 1:
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes
during Flash programming and verification.
Port 2:
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Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits
and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.
Port 3:
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can
sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal
pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will
source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of theAT89S51, as shown in the following table.
RST:
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the
device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit
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in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO,
the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG:
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency
and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by
setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC
instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the
microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN:
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine
cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP:
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch
code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if
lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for
internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP)
during Flash programming.
XTAL1:
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.
XTAL2:
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
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Oscillator Characteristics:
XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figs 6.2.3. Either a quartz
crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2.4.There are
no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal
clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high
and low time specifications must be observed.
Fig 6.2.3 Oscillator Connections Fig 6.2.4 External Clock Drive Configuration
Serial Communication
Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers, often 8
or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away.
Examples of parallel data transfer are printers and hard disks; each uses cables with many wire strips.Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short amount of time by using many wires
in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial
method is used. In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel
communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time. Serial communication of the 8051
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is the topic of this chapter. The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it, there by
making possible fast data transfer using only a few wires.
If data is to be transferred on the telephone line, it must be converted from 0s and 1s to audio
tones, which are sinusoidal-shaped signals. A peripheral device called a modem, which stands formodulator/demodulator, performs this conversion.
Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The
synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method transfers a
single byte at a time.
In data transmission if the data can be transmitted and received, it is a duplex transmission.
This is in contrast to simplex transmissions such as with printers, in which the computer only sends
data. Duplex transmissions can be half or full duplex, depending on whether or not the data transfer
can be simultaneous. If data is transmitted one way at a time, it is referred to as half duplex. If the
data can go both ways at the same time, it is full duplex. Of course, full duplex requires two wire
conductors for the data lines, one for transmission and one for reception, in order to transfer and
receive data simultaneously.
Asynchronous serial communication and data framing
The data coming in at the receiving end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all 0s and1s; it is difficult to make sense of the data unless the sender and receiver agree on a set of rules, a
protocol, on how the data is packed, how many bits constitute a character, and when the data begins
and ends.
Start and stop bits
Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for character-oriented transmissions,
while block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous method. In the asynchronous method, each
character is placed between start and stop bits. This is called framing. In the data framing for
asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are packed between a start bit and
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a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one or two bits. The start bit is always
a 0 (low) and the stop bit (s) is 1 (high).
Data transfer rate
The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps (bits per second).
Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate. However, the baud and bps rates are not
necessarily equal. This is due to the fact that baud rate is the modem terminology and is defined as the
number of signal changes per second. In modems a single change of signal, sometimes transfers
several bits of data. As far as the conductor wire is concerned, the baud rate and bps are the same, and
for this reason we use the bps and baud interchangeably.
The data transfer rate of given computer system depends on communication ports
incorporated into that system. For example, the early IBMPC/XT could transfer data at the rate of 100
to 9600 bps. In recent years, however, Pentium based PCS transfer data at rates as high as 56K bps. It
must be noted that in asynchronous serial data communication, the baud rate is generally limited to
100,000bps.
Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers, often 8
or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away.Examples of parallel transfers are printers and hard disks; each uses cables with many wire strips.
Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short amount of time by using many wires
in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial
method is used. In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel
communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time. The 8051 has serial communication
capability built into it, there by making possible fast data transfer using only a few wires. The PC uses
RS 232 as a Serial Communication Standard.
RS232 Standards
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To allow compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufacturers,
an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960.
In 1963 it was modified and called RS232A. RS232B AND RS232C were issued in 1965 and 1969,
respectively. Today, RS232 is the most widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. This standard is
used in PCs and numerous types of equipment. However, since the standard was set long before the
advert of the TTL logic family, its input and output voltage levels are not TTL compatible. In RS232,
a 1 is represented by -3 to -25V, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25V, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this
reason, to connect any RS232 to a microcontroller system we must use voltage converters such as
MAX232 to convert the TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage levels, and vice versa. MAX232 IC
chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.
RS232 pins
RS232 cable connector commonly referred to as the DB-25 connector. In labeling, DB-
25P refers to the plug connector (male) and DB-25S is for the socket connector (female). Since
not all the pins are used in PC cables, IBM introduced the DB-9 Version of the serial I/O
standard, which uses 9 pins only, as shown in table.
DB-9 pin connector
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9
(Out of computer and exposed end of cable)
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Pin Functions:
Pin Description
1 Data carrier detect (DCD)2 Received data (RXD)
3 Transmitted data (TXD)4 Data terminal ready(DTR)5 Signal ground (GND)6 Data set ready (DSR)7 Request to send (RTS)8 Clear to send (CTS)9 Ring indicator (RI)Note: DCD, DSR, RTS and CTS are active low pins.
The method used by RS-232 for communication allows for a simple connection of three lines
namely Tx, Rx, and Ground.
TXD: carries data from DTE to the DCE.RXD: carries data from DCE to the DTE
SG: signal ground
8051 connection to RS232:
Embedded
Controller
RXD
TXD
TXD
RXD2
3
5
GND
MAX 232
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The RS232 standard is not TTL compatible; therefore, it requires a Line Driver such as the
MAX232 chip to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa.
The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially.
These two pins are TXD and RXD and are a part of the port 3 (P3.0 and P3.1). Pin 11 of the 8051 isdesignated as TXD and pin 10 as RXD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require a line
driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip.
MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa. One
advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source
voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051
and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for
transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line
drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. In many applications only one of each is used.
MAX-232
Logic Signal Voltage
Serial RS-232 (V.24) communication works with voltages (between -15V ... -3V and used to transmit
a binary '1' and +3V ... +15V to transmit a binary '0') which are not compatible with today's computer
logic voltages. On the other hand, classic TTL computer logic operates between 0V ... +5V (roughly
0V ... +0.8V referred to as low for binary '0', +2V ... +5V for high binary '1' ). Modern low-power
logic operates in the range of 0V ... +3.3V or even lower.
So, the maximum RS-232 signal levels are far too high for today's computer logic electronics,
and the negative RS-232 voltage can't be grokked at all by the computer logic. Therefore, to receive
serial data from an RS-232 interface the voltage has to be reduced, and the 0 and 1 voltage levels
inverted. In the other direction (sending data from some logic over RS-232) the low logic voltage has
to be "bumped up", and a negative voltage has to be generated, too.
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RS-232 TTL Logic
--------------------------------------------------------
-15V ... -3V +2V ... +5V 1
+3V ... +15V 0V ... +0.8V 0
All this can be done with conventional analog electronics, e.g. a particular power supply and a couple
oftransistors or the once popular 1488 (transmitter) and 1489 (receiver) ICs. However, since more
than a decade it has become standard in amateur electronics to do the necessary signal level
conversion with an integrated circuit (IC) from the MAX232 family (typically a MAX232A or some
clone). In fact, it is hard to find some RS-232 circuitry in amateur electronics without a MAX232A or
some clone.
The MAX232 & MAX232A
Fig: A MAX232 integrated circuit
The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary
drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transistorhttp://www.maxim-ic.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/transistorhttp://www.maxim-ic.com/ -
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became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage
levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry
designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and
+12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage
converter.
The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the
MAX232A is much more often used than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs
external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs.
It should be noted that the MAX232 (A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the
necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232
signal, it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels.
Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional
circuitry, e.g. by a16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip
PIC) getting more and more popular.
The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they are cheap. It has
also helped that many companies now produce clones (ie. Sipex). These clones sometimes need
different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external capacitors vary. It is recommended tocheck the data sheet of the particular manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's original data
sheet.
The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large series of similar
ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external capacitors, etc. E.g.
The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the
MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more
expensive in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal capacitors. It is also moredifficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety MAX232A.
A similar IC, the MAX3232 is nowadays available for low-power 3V logic.
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Serial_Programming:8250_UART_Programminghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Serial_Programming:8250_UART_Programminghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Atmel_AVRhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/PIC_Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/PIC_Microcontrollerhttp://www.sipex.com/products/interface.htmhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Serial_Programming:8250_UART_Programminghttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Atmel_AVRhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/PIC_Microcontrollerhttp://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems/PIC_Microcontrollerhttp://www.sipex.com/products/interface.htm -
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MAX232(A) DIP Package
No. Name Purpose Signal VoltageCapacitor
MAX232
Capacitor
MAX232A
1 C1++ connector for
capacitor C1
capacitor should stand at
least 16V1F 100nF
2 V+output of voltage
pump
+10V, capacitor should
stand at least 16V1F to VCC 100nF to VCC
3 C1-- connector for
capacitor C1
capacitor should stand at
least 16V1F 100nF
4 C2+ + connector for capacitor should stand at1F 100nF
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capacitor C2 least 16V
5 C2-- connector for
capacitor C2
capacitor should stand at
least 16V1F 100nF
6 V-output of voltage
pump / inverter
-10V, capacitor should
stand at least 16V1F to GND 100nF to GND
7 T2out Driver 2 output RS-232
8 R2in Receiver 2 input RS-232
9 R2out Receiver 2 output TTL
10 T2in Driver 2 input TTL
11 T1in Driver 1 input TTL
12 R1out Receiver 1 output TTL
13 R1in Receiver 1 input RS-232
14 T1out Driver 1 output RS-232
15 GND Ground 0V 1F to VCC 100nF to VCC
16 VCC Power supply +5V see above see above
V+(2) is also connected to VCC via a capacitor (C3). V-(6) is connected to GND via a capacitor (C4).
And GND(16) and VCC(15) are also connected by a capacitor (C5), as close as possible to the pins.
A Typical Application
The MAX232 (A) has two receivers (converts from RS-232 to TTL voltage levels) and two drivers
(converts from TTL logic to RS-232 voltage levels). This means only two of the RS-232 signals can
be converted in each direction. The old MC1488/1498 combo provided four drivers and receivers.
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Typically a pair of a driver/receiver of the MAX232 is used for
TX and RX
and the second one for
CTS and RTS.
There are not enough drivers/receivers in the MAX232 to also connect the DTR, DSR, and DCD
signals. Usually these signals can be omitted when e.g. communicating with a PC's serial interface. If
the DTE really requires these signals either a second MAX232 is needed, or some other IC from the
MAX232 family can be used (if it can be found in consumer electronic shops at all). An alternative for
DTR/DSR is also given below.
The circuitry is completed by connecting five capacitors to the IC as it follows. The MAX232 needs
1.0F capacitors, the MAX232A needs 0.1F capacitors. MAX232 clones show similar differences. It
is recommended to consult the corresponding data sheet. At least 16V capacitor types should be used.
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If electrolytic or tantalic capacitors are used, the polarity has to be observed. The first pin as listed in
the following table is always where the plus pole of the capacitor should be connected to.
Capacitor + Pin - Pin Remark
C1 1 3
C2 4 5
C3 2 16
C4 GND 6This looks non-intuitive, but because pin 6 is
on -10V, GND gets the + connector, and not the -
C5 16 GND
The 5V power supply is connected to
+5V: Pin 16
GND: Pin 15
The output of the VT pin is high only when the transmission is valid. Otherwise it is low always.
Output type: There are 2 types of output to select from:
Momentary type: The data outputs follow the encoder during a valid transmission and
the reset.
Latch type: The data outputs follow the encoder during a valid
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DC Motor
DC motors are configured in many types and sizes, including brush less, servo, and gear
motor types. A motor consists of a rotor and a permanent magnetic field stator. The magnetic
field is maintained using either permanent magnets or electromagnetic windings. DC motors are
most commonly used in variable speed and torque.
Motion and controls cover a wide range of components that in some way are used to
generate and/or control motion. Areas within this category include bearings and bushings,
clutches and brakes, controls and drives, drive components, encoders and resolves, Integratedmotion control, limit switches, linear actuators, linear and rotary motion components, linear
position sensing, motors (both AC and DC motors), orientation position sensing, pneumatics and
pneumatic components, positioning stages, slides and guides, power transmission (mechanical),
seals, slip rings, solenoids, springs.
Motors are the devices that provide the actual speed and torque in a drive system. This
family includes AC motor types (single and multiphase motors, universal, servo motors,
induction, synchronous, and gear motor) and DC motors (brush less, servo motor, and gear
motor) as well as linear, stepper and air motors, and motor contactors and starters.
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it
will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the
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external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite
(North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South)
repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a magnet
or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or winding with a
"South" polarization).
Fig 25: Block Diagram of the DC motor
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator,
field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the
external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the
stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent
magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates with
respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being
electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout --
with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that
when power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are
misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As
the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the
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next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current
through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, and driving it to
continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is avery common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can
imagine how with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation
(perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole
motor, there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes
touch both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste
energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor
is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is
cyclic with the position of the rotor).
]
Fig 26: Block Diagram of the DC motor having two poles only
So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's tinker with the
workings of one via an interactive animation (JavaScript required):
Fig 27: Block Diagram
of the DC motor having Three
poles
You'll notice a few things
from this -- namely, one pole is
fully energized at a time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions
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from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's
field will rapidly charge up (this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the
effects of this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil
windings' series wiring:
Fig 28: Internal Block Diagram of the Three pole DC motor
H-Bridge:
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Fig: shows the H-Bridge operation. The H-Bridge consists of a four PNP transistors such as
Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4. These transistors are arranged in a way that a DC motor M can rotate. A and B
are represented as two inputs for operating a motor through the transistors. For the circuit operation,we are providing +12V DC as a VCC. The operation will be explained as follows:
The inputs A and B can be applied as a either logic 0 or logic 1 ie., may be either 5V DC
voltage or Ground. If the input A =logic 0 and B=logic1 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be
ON state and Q2 and Q3 will be OFF state. The current flows from Q1 to Q4 so that the motor
M can rotate in clockwise direction.
If the input A =logic 1 and B=logic0 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be OFF state and
Q2 and Q3 will be ON state. The current flows from Q1 to Q4 so that the motor M can rotate in
Anti-clockwise direction.
If the input A =logic 1 and B=logic1 then transistors Q1 and Q4 will be OFF state and
Q2 and Q3 will be OFF state. No current flows from in the circuit. The circuit will be in hold
condition. The motor will not rotate any direction. So, there is no wastage of power will occur.
Otherwise, if both inputs are low that is all transistors are come under working and more current willflows in the circuit. But the motor will be at hold condition. More power is wasted
IR sensor
Theory of Operation
A line sensor in its simplest form is a sensor capable of detecting a contrast between adjacent
surfaces, such as difference in color, roughness, or magnetic properties, for example. The
simplest would be detecting a difference in color, for example black and white surfaces. Using
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simple optoelectronics, such as infrared photo-transistors, color contrast can easily be detected .
Infrared emitter/detectors or photo-transistors are inexpensive (usually under $1 per sensor) and
are easy to interface to a microcontroller. In addition, standard red LEDs and Cds photocells
work well too and fall in the same price range as the infrared photo-transistors.
The theory of operation is simple and for brevity, only the basics will be considered. For more
information about the physics of these sensors, please refer to an optoelectronics and heat
transfer text. Suffice for now, we will consider the basic effects of light and what happens when
it shines on a black or white surface. When light shines on a white surface, most of the incoming
light is reflected away from the surface. In contrast, most of the incoming light is absorbed if the
surface is black. Therefore, by shining light on a surface and having a sensor to detect the
amount of light that is reflected, a contrast between black and white surfaces can be detected.
Figure 1 shows an illustration of the basics just covered.
Figure 1. Light reflecting off a white and black surface.
More light is reflected from the white surface compared to the black surface.Using what we
know about light, and black and white surfaces, the objective of tracking a line is simple can be
achieved using the appropriate sensors.
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Figure 3. Infrared emitter and detector sensors.
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Object Detection using IR light
The basic idea is to send infra red light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any objectin front of the sensor.Then all you have to do is to pick-up thereflected IR light. For detecting the reflectedIR light, we are going to use a very original
technique: we are going to use another IR-
LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted from
another led of the exact same type!This is an electrical property of Light EmittingDiodes (LEDs) which is the fact that a ledProduce a voltage difference across its leadswhen it is subjected to light. As if it was a photo-cell, but with much lower output current. In otherwords, the voltage generated by the leds can't be- in any way - used to generate electrical powerfrom light, It can barely be detected. that's whyas you will notice in theschematic, we are going to use a Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately detect very smallvoltage changes.
2X16 LCD:
Most LCD programmed in 8 bit configuration. Moreover LCD put on equipment that show the
value of measurement, i.e. temperature, voltage, current, etc. There are a lot of tutorial show
steps how to configure out in order to LCD on. But each LCD has own characteristic
Basic Specifications
Power requirements 4.8 to 5.5Vdc @ 3mA
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User connector 5-pin header; 0.025" posts on 0.10" centers
Connector pinout +5V GND SERIAL GND +5V
Serial Input RS-232 or inverted TTL, 2400/9600, N81
Operating Temperature 0 to 50 C
Initialization switches LCD power; performs soft init
Instruction prefix ASCII 254 (0FE hex)
LCD type Supertwist (STN), yellow-green
Optimum viewing direction 6 o'clock
LCD Instructions by Function
This is different from our other serial LCDs, which use a protocol that's similar to a text terminal.
The Backpack protocol's simplicity means that it can run at a very low clock rate (480kHz) for
the lowest possible current draw.
Function ASCII Value
Clear screen 1
Home cursor 2
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Blank display (retaining data) 8
Hide cursor 12
Show underline cursor 14
Move cursor 1 character left 16Move cursor 1 character right 20
Scroll 1 character left 24
Scroll 1 character right 28
Set display address (position the cursor) 128 + location
Move to 1st character of 1st line 128
Move to nth character of 1st line 128 + n
Move to 1st character of 2nd line 192
Move to nth character of 2nd line 192 + n
Set character-generator address 64 + address
POWER SUPPLY UNIT:
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e.,
230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The
output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage,
the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even
after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc
voltage.
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Circuit Diagram
Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages are
5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input available at the
mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level. This is done by a
transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the voltage to a required
level.
Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The
rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is usedbecause of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load
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is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.
Voltage regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an electrical
regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this project, power
supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels, 7805 and 7812
voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive supply and the numbers
05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.
Notice in the above diagram that a relay uses an electromagnet. This is a device consisting of a
coil of wire wrapped around an iron core. When electricity is applied to the coil of wire it
becomes magnetic, hence the term electromagnet. The A B and C terminals are an SPDT switch
controlled by the electromagnet. When electricity is applied to V1 and V2, the electromagnet
acts upon the SPDT switch so that the B and C terminals are connected. When the electricity is
disconnected, then the A and C terminals are connected. It is important to note that
theelectromagnetis magnetically linked to theswitch but the two are NOT linked electrically.
Software profile
The Keil tool chain consists of the following executables located in the c:\c51eval\bin directory:
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Vision uvw51e.exe
C Compiler c51.exe
Assembler a51.exe
LinkerbL51.exe
dScope dsw51.exe
Vision IDE
Vision is a Windows based front end for the C Compiler and Assembler. It was developed in the
USA as was the printed manual set. Compiler, Assembler and Linker options are set with simple
mouse clicks. Vision runs on Windows 3.1, 95 and NT. The Compiler, Assembler and Linker
are DOS executables. They can be accessed with your favorite batch files if you prefer. This
provides maximum flexibility. This Integrated Development Environment (IDE) has been
expressly designed with the user in mind. A full function editor is included. All IDE functions
are intuitive via pull down menus with prompted selections. An extensive Help utility is
included. External executables can be run from within Vision. This includes emulator
software.
C51 C Compiler for the 8051, 8x931Hx and 8x931Ax [USB]
The C51 ANSI compiler along with the A51 assembler is designed specifically for the Intel
MCS 8051 microcontroller family, including the 8x931 USB. The C51 is 100% compatible
with existing 8051programs. Extensions provide access to all 8051 hardware components.
Sample USB/931 code is available: www.keil.com/usb. C51 supports code banking. The
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compiler can be run in either DOS mode or called from the Windows based front end Vision.
run from Vision which is included with every Assembler and Compiler package.
Evaluation Version of the Keil Tool Set:
The evaluation version of the Keil tool set is restricted to a 2K code size and the code must be
located at 0x4000. Useful object code is produced. Other than these restrictions, the tool set
works exactly as the full version does. This allows you to fully evaluate the features and power
of Keil products. The full version has no restrictions and is fully ANSI compliant.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:
ZigBee is the most popular industry wireless mesh networking standard for
connecting sensors, actuators, and instrumentation and control systems.
The main advantages of ZigBee are:
Power saving, as a result of the short working period, low power consumption of
communication, and standby mode.
Reliability: Collision avoidance is adopted, with a special time slot allocated for
those communications that need fixed bandwidth so that competition and conflict are avoided
when transmitting data. The MAC layer adopts completely confirmed data transmission, that is,
every data packet sent must wait for the confirmation from the receiver.
Low cost of the modules and the ZigBee protocol is patent fee free.
Short time delay, typically 30 ms for device searching, 15 ms for standby to
activation, and 15 ms for channel access of active devices.
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Large network capacity: One ZigBee network contains one master device and
maximum 65,000 slave devices. There can be as many as 100 ZigBee networks
within one area.
Safety: ZigBee provides a data integrity check and authentication function. AES-
128 is adopted and at the same time each application can flexibly determine its safety property.
APPLICATIONS:
Electricity departments
Household Energy meter monitoring
Industrial Energy remote monitoring
Remote controlling systems
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE:
The proposed system for energy billing is automatic without human intervention and consumer
can directly know the amount he has to pay .So it is both consumer and EB friendly.
The software can developed very easily with the present IT technology. Here the security
measures are also taken in consideration so that this system overcomes the drawbacks in present
system and also the new system does not give any such chances.
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In future, this system can be improved by some additional features meeting the consumer
requirements like emergency signal from the EB station employees; bill payment
acknowledgement alarm etc., by just replacing the transmitter in the consumer side with a
transmitter and receiver antenna. The receiver micro controller can be made designated for some
other applications also.
REFERENCES
1. http://watthourmeters.com/history.html
2. Networking fundamentals: wide, local and personal area communications /Kaveh Pahlavan,
Prashant Krishnamurthy ISBN 9780470992906
3. ZigBee Alliance, www.zigbee.org
4. Nuvotem Talema http://www.talema-nuvotem.com/en/products/as.shtml
5. Instrumentacin Electrnica, Miguel A. Prez Garca, Juan C. lvarez Antn, Juan C. Campo
Rodrguez, Fco. Javier Ferrero Martin, Gustavo J. Grillo Ortega.
6. http://www.meshnetics.com/