Final Drafr Labour Law Word Nis

8/18/2019 Final Drafr Labour Law Word Nis

1/23

GROWTH OF TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN INDIA

P

roject Work of Labour Law I

On

“Growth of Trade Union Movement in India”

Submitted To:-r! S! "! #o$

%acu&t$ of Labour Law

Submitted '$: -

(i)hant *umar

#o&& (o! ++,,

.nd /ear '!0! LL!'! 12on)3

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2/23


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly elated to have o!"ed o# my !e$ea!%h to&i% “Growth of Trade Union Movement in

India” '#de! the g'ideli#e$ o( r! S! "! #o$ %acu&t$ of Labour Law I! I am ve!y g!ate('l to

him (o! hi$ &!o&e! g'ida#%e)

I o'ld li"e to ta"e thi$ o&&o!t'#ity to e*&!e$$ my &!o(o'#d g!atit'de a#d dee& !ega!d to him (o!

hi$ e*em&la!y g'ida#%e+ val'a,le (eed,a%" a#d %o#$ta#t e#%o'!ageme#t th!o'gho't the d'!atio#

o( the &!o-e%t)

Hi$ val'a,le $'gge$tio#$ e!e o( imme#$e hel& th!o'gho't my &!o-e%t o!")

Hi$ &e!%e&tive %!iti%i$m "e&t me o!"i#g to ma"e thi$ &!o-e%t i# a m'%h ,ette! ay) Wo!"i#g

'#de! him a$ a# e*t!emely "#oledgea,le e*&e!ie#%e (o! me)

I o'ld al$o li"e to tha#" all my (!ie#d$ a#d my $e#io!$ a#d a&a!t (!om all the$e I o'ld li"e to

give $&e%ial !ega!d to the li,!a!ia# o( my '#ive!$ity ho made a !eleva#t e((o!t !ega!di#g to

&!ovide the mate!ial$ to my to&i% a#d al$o a$$i$ti#g me)

Fi#ally I o'ld li"e to tha#" my &a!e#t$ a#d ,!othe! (o! thei! imme#$e $'&&o!t a#d &!e$e#%e

d'!i#g thi$ hole &!o-e%t o!")

Ni$ha#t .'ma!

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TA0E OF 2ONTENT3

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1) GROWTH OF TRADE UNION344444444444444444444);611

/) HI3TOR: OF TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN INDIA44444444))))41/61<

=) PHA3E3 OF TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN INDIA444444444)4))176/1

5) 2ON2U3ION444444444444444444444444444//6/=

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4/23


T!ade U#io#$ a!e vol'#ta!y o!ga#i$atio# o( Wo!"e!$ a$ ell a$ Em&loye!$ (o!med to &!ote%t a#d

&!omote the i#te!e$t o( thei! mem,e!$) They a!e the mo$t $'ita,le o!ga#i$atio#$ (o! ,ala#%i#g a#d

im&!ovi#g the !elatio#$ ,etee# the em&loye! a#d the em&loyee$) T!ade U#io#$ have made

headay d'e to !a&id i#d'$t!ial develo&me#t) The o!"e!$ %ome togethe! to mai#tai# a#d

im&!ove thei! ,a!gai#i#g &oe! o# age$ a#d o!"i#g %o#ditio#$)1 The (i!$t o!ga#i$ed T!ade

U#io# i# I#dia #amed a$ the Mad!a$ a,o'! U#io# a$ (o!med i# the yea! 1;1>) F!om the

,egi##i#g it$el(+ T!ade U#io#$ e!e #ot %o#(i#ed to o!"e!$ alo#e)/ F!om 1;th 2e#t'!y it$el(

the!e e!e Em&loye!?$ a$$o%iatio#$ i# the (o!m o( 2ham,e! o( 2omme!%e+ I#d'$t!ial

A$$o%iatio#$ et%) to &!ote%t a#d &!omote the i#te!e$t$ o( thei! mem,e!$ i# a %o#%e!ted ma##e!)

A(te! i#de&e#de#%e+ e*&a#$io# o( i#d'$t!ial a%tivity a#d g!o'&i#g o!"e!?$ T!ade U#io#$ a%ted

a$ a $&'! (o! $t!e#gthe#i#g a#d e*&a#$io# o( em&loye!$? o!ga#i$atio#)=

I# i#d'$t!ially adva#%ed %o'#t!ie$+ t!ade '#io#i$m ha$ made a g!eat im&a%t o# the $o%ial+

&oliti%al a#d e%o#omi% li(e) I#dia+ ,ei#g a# ag!i%'lt'!al %o'#t!y+ t!ade '#io#i$m i$ !e$t!i%ted to

i#d'$t!ial a!ea$ a#d it i$ $till i# a $tage o( g!oth) The ea!lie$t "#o# t!ade '#io#$ i# I#dia e!e

the 0om,ay Millha#d@$ A$$o%iatio# (o!med i# 1>;+ the Amalgamated 3o%iety o( !ailay

$e!va#t$ o( I#dia a#d 0'!ma (o!med i# 1>;9+ P!i#te!$@ U#io# (o!med i# 2al%'tta i# 1;


5/23


The o!igi# o( the &a$$i#g o( a T!ade U#io#$ A%t i# I#dia a$ the hi$to!i% 0'%"i#gham Mill %a$e

o( 1;5 i# hi%h the Mad!a$ High 2o'!t g!a#ted a# i#te!im i#-'#%tio# agai#$t the 3t!i"e

2ommittee o( the Mad!a$ a,o'! U#io# (o!,iddi#g them to i#d'%e %e!tai# o!"e!$ to ,!ea" thei!

%o#t!a%t$ o( em&loyme#t ,y !e('$i#g to !et'!# to o!") T!ade U#io# leade!$ (o'#d that they e!e

lia,le to &!o$e%'tio# a#d im&!i$o#me#t (o! ,o#a (ide '#io# a%tivitie$ a#d it a$ (elt that $ome

legi$latio# (o! the &!ote%tio# o( t!ade '#io# a$ #e%e$$a!y)7 I# Ma!%h+ 1;/1+ 3h!i N) M) 8o$hi+

the# Ge#e!al 3e%!eta!y o( the All I#dia T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$+ $'%%e$$('lly moved a !e$ol'tio#

i# the 2e#t!al egi$lative A$$em,ly !e%omme#di#g that Gove!#me#t $ho'ld i#t!od'%e legi$latio#

(o! the !egi$t!atio# a#d &!ote%tio# o( t!ade '#io#$) O&&o$itio# (!om em&loye!$ to the ado&tio# o(

$'%h a mea$'!e a$+ hoeve!+ $o g!eat that it a$ #ot '#til 1;/7 that the I#dia# T!ade U#io#$

A%t a$ &a$$ed) 9

The main 4rovi)ion) made in thi) 0ct are a) under:

Trade Union: T!ade U#io# mea#$ a#y %om,i#atio#+ hethe! tem&o!a!y o! &e!ma#e#t+ (o!med

&!ima!ily (o! the &'!&o$e o( !eg'lati#g the !elatio#$ ,etee# o!"me# a#d em&loye!$ o! ,etee#

o!"me# a#d o!"me# o! ,etee# em&loye!$ a#d em&loye!$+ o! (o! im&o$i#g !e$t!i%tive

%o#ditio#$ o# the %o#d'%t o( a#y t!ade o! ,'$i#e$$+ a#d i#%l'de$ a#y (ede!atio# o( to o! mo!e

t!ade '#io#$) >

#e5i)tration of Trade Union: The A%t &!ovide$ (o! the !egi$t!atio# o( the t!ade '#io#$ ith the

@Regi$t!a!$ o( T!ade U#io#$@ $et '& i# di((e!e#t 3tate$) Fo! !egi$t!atio# o( a t!ade '#io#+ $eve# o!

mo!e mem,e!$ o( the '#io# %a# $',mit thei! a&&li%atio# i# the &!e$%!i,ed (o!m to the Regi$t!a!

o( t!ade '#io#$) The a&&li%atio# $hall ,e a%%om&a#ied ,y a %o&y o( the @!'le$ o( the t!ade '#io#@

a#d a $tateme#t givi#g the (olloi#g &a!ti%'la!$B6 i Name$+ o%%'&atio#$ a#d add!e$$e$ o( the

mem,e!$ ma"i#g the a&&li%atio# iiThe #ame o( the t!ade '#io# a#d the add!e$$ o( it$ head

o((i%e iii The title$+ #ame$+ age$+ add!e$$e$ a#d o%%'&atio#$ o( the o((i%e ,ea!e!$ o( the t!ade

'#io# a$ &e! the (o!mat give# i# the A%t) The Regi$t!a!+ o# ,ei#g $ati$(ied that the U#io# ha$%om&lied ith all the !e'i!eme#t$ o( thi$ A%t+ !egi$te!$ the t!ade '#io#) ;

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6/23


#e5i)tration "ertificate: O# !e%ei&t o( the a&&li%atio# (o! !egi$t!atio#+ the Regi$t!a! i$$'e$ a

%e!ti(i%ate o( !egi$t!atio# i# the &!e$%!i,ed (o!m a$ a %o#%l'$ive evide#%e o( !egi$t!atio# o( that

t!ade U#io#) 1

"ance&&ation of #e5i)tration: A %e!ti(i%ate o( Regi$t!atio# may ,e ithd!a# o! %a#%elled ,y

the Regi$t!a! eithe! a(te! a# a&&li%atio# o( a T!ade U#io# o! i( the Regi$t!a! i$ $ati$(ied that the

%e!ti(i%ate i$ o,tai#ed ,y (!a'd o( mi$ta"e o! that the t!ade '#io# had %ea$ed to e*i$t o! ill('lly

a#d a(te! #oti%e (!om the Regi$t!a! %o#t!ave#e a#y &!ovi$io#$ o( the A%t o! !'le$ et%) 11

0nnua& Statutor$ #eturn): The !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io#$ o!"e!$ J em&loye!$ a!e !e'i!ed to

$',mit a##'al $tat'to!y !et'!#$ to the Regi$t!a! !ega!di#g thei! mem,e!$hi&+ ge#e!al ('#d$+

$o'!%e$ o( i#%ome a#d item$ o( e*&e#dit'!e a#d detail$ o( thei! a$$et$ a#d lia,ilitie$+ hi%h i#

t'!# $',mit$ a %o#$olidated !et'!# o( thei! $tate i# the &!e$%!i,ed &!o(o!mae to a,o'! 0'!ea'+

Mi#i$t!y o( a,o'! a#d Em&loyme#t) The a,o'! 0'!ea' o# !e%eivi#g the a##'al !et'!#$ (!om

di((e!e#t 3tate$CU#io# Te!!ito!ie$ %o#$olidate$ the all I#dia $tati$ti%$ a#d di$$emi#ate$ them

th!o'gh it$ &',li%atio# e#titled the @T!ade U#io#$ i# I#dia@ a#d it$ othe! !eg'la! &',li%atio#$)

Eve!y t!ade '#io# $hall $e#d a##'al !et'!#$ to the Regi$t!a! i# t!i&li%ate o# o! ,e(o!e the 1$t day

o( 8'#e o( the yea! $'%%eedi#g the %ale#da! yea!) 1/

U)e) of %und): The ge#e!al ('#d$ o( a !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io# $hall #ot ,e $&e#t o# a#y othe!

o,-e%t$ tha# tho$e $&e%i(ied i# the A%t) Al$o+ a !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io# may %o#$tit'te a $e&a!ate

('#d+ (!om %o#t!i,'tio#$ $e&a!ately levied (o! o! made to that ('#d+ (o! the &!omotio# o( the %ivi%

a#d &oliti%al i#te!e$t o( it$ mem,e!$) No mem,e! $hall ,e %om&elled to %o#t!i,'te to $'%h ('#d

a#d a mem,e! ho doe$ #ot %o#t!i,'te to the $aid ('#d $hall #ot ,e e*%l'ded (!om a#y ,e#e(it$

o( the t!ade '#io#)1=

Maintenance of 0ccount): The a%%o'#t ,oo"$ o( a !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io# a#d the li$t o(

mem,e!$ the!eo( $hall ,e o&e# to i#$&e%tio# ,y a# o((i%e6,ea!e! o! mem,e! o( the t!ade '#io# at

$'%h time$ a$ may ,e &!ovided (o! i# the !'le$ o( t!ade '#io#) 15

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7/23


i)6ua&ification: A &e!$o# $hall ,e di$'ali(ied (o! ,ei#g %ho$e# a$+ a#d (o! ,ei#g a mem,e! o(+

the e*e%'tive o! a#y othe! o((i%e6,ea!e! o! !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io# i(6 i he ha$ #ot attai#ed the

age o( eightee# yea!$ ii he ha$ ,ee# %o#vi%ted ,y a %o'!t i# I#dia o( a#y o((e#%e i#volvi#g

mo!al t'!&it'de a#d $e#te#%ed to im&!i$o#me#t+ '#le$$ a &e!iod o( (ive yea!$ ha$ ela&$ed $i#%e

hi$ !elea$e) 1<

0IMS 0( O'78"TI98S

The &!ime o,-e%tive o( the !e$ea!%he! i$ toB

L To a%'ai#t him$el( ith the T!ade U#io# Moveme#t i# I#dia

L To "#o va!io'$ a$&e%t$ o( T!ade U#io# Moveme#t i# I#dia

L To "#o ho T!ade U#io# Moveme#t i# I#dia ,!o'ght %ha#ge$)

L To "#o !elated %a$e la$)

#8S80#"2 M8T2OLOG/

The va!io'$ ,oo"$+ va!io'$ a!ti%le$+ e,$ite$+ a -o'!#al$+ A%t$+ T!eati$e$+ a!e !e(e!!ed (o! thi$

to&i%) The $o'!%e$ (!om hi%h the mate!ial (o! thi$ !e$ea!%h %olle%ted a!e &!ima!y J $e%o#da!y)

The methodology '$ed i# the !e$ea!%h ha$ ,ee# Do%t!i#al) No #o#6do%t!i#al method ha$ ,ee#

'$ed ,y the !e$ea!%he! i# thi$ &!o-e%t o!")

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8/23


SOU#"8S O% 0T0

L P!ima!y 3o'!%e$B 6 1) a,o'! a#d I#d'$t!ial a$

/) 2ode o( 2!imi#al P!o%ed'!e

L 3e%o#da!y 3o'!%e$B6 1) 0oo"$ o# a,o'! a#d I#d'$t!ial a$

/) Magai#e$

=) We,$ite$

5) 8o'!#al$ et%)

+! G#OWT2 O% T#08 U(IO(S

I# 1;/+ the All I#dia T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ AITU2 a$ $et '&) I# 1;/7+ the T!ade U#io#$ A%t

a$ &a$$ed hi%h gave a legal $tat'$ to the !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io#$)

3',$e'e#tly ma#y t!ade '#io#$ e!e (o!med $'%h a$B

L I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ INTU2+

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9/23


L 2e#t!e o( I#dia# T!ade U#io#$ 2ITU+

L Hi#d Madoo! 3a,ha HM3+

L 0ha!atiya Madoo! 3a#gha 0M3+

L U#ited T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ UTU2+ a#d

L Natio#al Fede!atio# o( I#de&e#de#t T!ade U#io#$ NFITU)17

Growth of Trade Unions in India

It a$ #ot '#til the %lo$e o( Fi!$t Wo!ld Wa!+ that the mode!# t!ade U#io# moveme#t !eally too"

&e!ma#e#t !oot$ i# I#dia# 3oil) The e$ta,li$hme#t o( 0om,ay Mill Ha#d$? A$$o%iatio# i$

%o#$ide!ed a$ the (i!$t &ha$e o( the t!ade '#io# moveme#t i# I#dia) I# 1; The R'$$ia# Revol'tio# a#d the I#d'$t!ial a,o! O!ga#i$atio#

have i#$&i!ed the I#dia# la,o!e!$ to la'#%h t!ade '#io#$ li"e the 3&i##e!$ U#io# a#d Weave!?$

U#io# hi%h had ,ee# e$ta,li$hed i# Mad!a$ a#d Ahmeda,ad !e$&e%tively)1;

0't the im&o!ta#t $te& i# the hi$to!y o( I#dia# t!ade '#io#i$m a$ the (o'#datio# o( All I#dia

T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ i# 1;/) The!e had ,ee# a $teady &!og!e$$ o( t!ade '#io# moveme#t i#

I#dia) Hoeve!+ the de%i$io# o( the Mad!a$ High 2o'!t that the (o!matio# o( t!ade '#io# i$

illegal $tood i# the ay o( it$ develo&me#t)

I# 1;/7+ the T!ade U#io#$ A%t a$ e#a%ted to give legal !e%og#itio# to the di((e!e#t t!ade '#io#$)

The $aid A%t al$o )%o#(e!!ed %e!tai# &!ivilege$ o# the !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io#$ i# a# i#d'$t!ial '#it)

The T!ade U#io#$ A%t ha$ made it %om&'l$o!y o# t!ade '#io#$ to '$e thei! ('#d$ (o! o!"e!$

i#te!e$t$ a#d to &!e$%!i,e a (ee o( at lea$t /< &ai$a &e! o!"$) Mo$t o( the mem,e!$ o( the

e*e%'tive %ommittee o( a t!ade '#io# m'$t ,e em&loyed i# the (a%to!y)/

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10/23


I# 1;=+ the %limate a$ #ot (avo!a,le to the g!oth o( t!ade U#io# moveme#t$ i# I#dia) The

&!o$e%'tio# o( the %omm'#i$t$ i#volved i# Mee!'t %o#$&i!a%y %a$e a#d the (ail'!e o( 0om,ay

Te*tile $t!i"e o( 1;/; !eta!ded the t!ade '#io# moveme#t) /1 Mo!eove! the $e!io'$ e%o#omi%

de&!e$$io# a$ added ith it+ d'!i#g the &e!iod) I# the #e*t &ha$e+ the 3e%o#d Wo!ld Wa! gave a

g!eat im&et'$ to the t!ade '#io# moveme#t i# I#dia) The !i$i#g %o$t o( livi#g (o!%ed la,o'!e!$ to

o!ga#i$e them$elve$ i#to t!ade '#io#$) At the $ame time the 3e%o#d Wo!ld Wa! $&lit the t!ade

'#io# leade!$ o# the 'e$tio# o( &a!ti%i&ati#g i# the a!) I#d'$t!ial '#!e$t a$ al$o i#%!ea$ed

d'!i#g thi$ &e!iod) A$ a !e$'lt the!e a$ a ma!"ed i#%!ea$e i# ,oth the #'m,e! o( t!ade '#io#$

a#d o( o!ga#i$ed o!"e!$)//

With i#de&e#de#%e a#d &a!titio#+ the %o'#t!y a$ &l'#ged i#to g!oi#g '#em&loyme#t) A $e!ie$

o( $t!i"e$ o%%'!!ed+ i# the %o'#t!y) The All I#dia T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ a$ $&lit '& a$ a !e$'lt o(

hi%h the I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ INTU2 a$ (o!med i# 1;59 '#de! the %o#t!ol

o( %o#g!e$$ &a!ty) The Hi#d Madoo! 3a,ha HM3 a$ (o!med ,y the $o%iali$t Pa!ty i# 1;5>+

a#d U#ited T!ade U#io# %o#g!e$$ UTU2 a$ (o!med i# 1;5;) Re%e#tly+ 2e#t!e o( I#dia# T!ade

U#io#$ 2ITU ha$ ,ee# (o!med ,y the 2omm'#i$t Pa!ty Ma!*i$t$) /= The!e a!e mo!e tha#

(o'!tee# tho'$a#d !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io#$ i# I#dia) The $teady g!oth o( t!ade '#io#$ i# I#dia i$

d'e to the &oliti%al %o#$%io'$#e$$ amo#g the la,o'!e!$ a$ ell a$ the gove!#me#tal mea$'!e$ to

(a%ilitate %olle%tive ,a!gai#i#g th!o'gh a&&!o&!iate legi$latio#)/5

The mai# %ha!a%te!i$ti%$ o( the t!ade '#io#i$m a!eB

a 3mall $ie o( mem,e!$hi&+

, a%" o( ade'ate (i#a#%e+

% No# ('l(illme#t o( el(a!e $%heme$+

d 2o#t!ol o( &oliti%al &a!tie$+

e O't$ide i#te!(e!e#%e i# the a%tivitie$ o( la,o! '#io#$)

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11/23


.! 2ISTO#/ O% T#08 U(IO( MO98M8(T I( I(I0

The hi$to!y o( t!ade '#io# moveme#t i# I#dia i$ #ot ve!y lo#g) F!om the i#d'$t!ial &oi#t o( vie

I#dia i$ ve!y ,a%"a!d a#d a%%o!di#gly the hi$to!y o( t!ade '#io# moveme#t i$ !elatively $ho!t)

I#deed+ the t!ade '#io# moveme#t %ome$ i#to ,ei#g ith i#d'$t!ial g!oth a#d develo&me#t) I#

I#dia+ the i#d'$t!ial develo&me#t too" &la%e i# the middle o( the #i#etee#th %e#t'!y) A(te!

i#d'$t!ial develo&me#t+ the (i!$t o!ga#i$atio# that %ame i#to ,ei#g a$ that o( the i#d'$t!iali$t$)

The o#e!$ o( the i#d'$t!ie$ (o!med a# o!ga#i$atio#) /9< to !e(o!m the de&lo!a,le %o#ditio#$ &!evaili#g amo#g the I#dia#

la,o'!e!$) He al$o d!e the atte#tio# o( a'tho!itie$ to the &itia,le $it'atio# o( the la,o!) Hoeve!+

the e((o!t$ o( M!) 0e#gali did #ot ,ea! m'%h (!'it a#d the!e a$ #o $',$ta#tial im&!oveme#t i#

the lot o( I#dia# la,o!)

The Gove!#me#t o( I#dia &!om'lgated the (i!$t I#d'$t!ie$ A%t i# 1>>1) I# 1>>1+ M! Na!aya#6Megh-i o"ha#de made !e#eed e((o!t$ (o! !e(o!m i# the %o#ditio#$ o( I#dia# la,o'!) M!

o"ha#de $'mmo#ed a $'mmit %o#(e!e#%e o( o!"e!$ e#gaged i# mill$ i# 0om,ay P!e$ide#%y)

I# thi$ %o#(e!e#%e+ the e$$e#tial dema#d$ o( la,o! e!e %o#$ide!ed a#d a #'m,e! o( !e$ol'tio#$

e!e &a$$ed)the ma-o! dema#d o( thi$ %o#(e!e#%e a$ that the o!"e!$ $ho'ld ,e g!a#ted a

/< I#d'$t!ial Relatio#$ T!ade U#io#$ J a,o'! egi$latio#/#d Editio# A'th) P)R)N) 3i#ha

/7 htt&BCC#(i!i#dia)o!gCdo#load$CTRADEUNIONA2T1;/7)PDF

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12/23


ee"ly holiday a#d give# hal(6a#6ho'! !e$t eve!y day) 0e$ide$+ it a$ al$o i#$i$ted that o!"e!$

$'((e!i#g (!om a%%ide#tal i#-'!ie$ $ho'ld ,e ade'ately %om&e#$ated) The e((o!t$ o( thi$

%o#(e!e#%e ,o!e $ome healthy (!'it$) 3ome i#d'$t!iali$t$ a%%e&ted $ome o( the a,ove dema#d$)

A$ a %o#$e'e#%e o( $'%%e$$ a%hieved ,y the %o#(e!e#%e+ M! o"ha#de (elt e#%o'!aged a#d he

e$ta,li$hed a t!ade '#io# i# M'm,ai) He %h!i$te#ed thi$ o!ga#i$atio# 0om,ay Mill Ha#d$A$$o%iatio#) He al$o hel&ed i# the &',li%atio# o( a la,o! magai#e)

Thi$ magai#e a$ %h!i$te#ed Dee#,a#dh') Th'$+ M! o"ha#de $tood ,y the o!"i#g %la$$

a#d did a g!eat deal to im&!ove thei! lot) 0't a(te! the death o( M! o"ha#de+ the mome#t'm o(

the+ o!" ,ei#g do#e ,y him a$ lo$t) A(te!a!d$ !ailay em&loyee$ o!ga#i$ed them$elve$ i#to

a '#io#)

I# 1;


13/23


A(te! thi$+ a !eg'la! %o#(e!e#%e o( I))O) a$ $ta!ted i# I#dia) I# 1;/+ I#dia# Natio#al T!ade

U#io# 2o#g!e$$ a$ e$ta,li$hed)/;

With the e$ta,li$hme#t o( thi$ t!ade '#io#+ the la,o! moveme#t i# I#dia !e%eived t!eme#do'$

(illi&) A $&e%ial $te& toa!d &!og!e$$ a$ made i# 1;/=+ he# the the# Gove!#me#t &a$$ed the

I#dia# T!ade U#io# A%t) With the &a$$age o( thi$ A%t+ the t!ade '#io#$ e!e g!eatly ,e#e(ited)A%%o!di#g to thi$ A%t+ all !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io#$ e!e g!a#ted %o#$tit'tio#al !e%og#itio#)=

The o!ga#i$atio# o( t!ade '#io#$ '#de!e#t a g!eat %ha#ge i# 1;/7) Whe# the leade!$hi& o( t!ade

'#io#$ e#t ove! to %omm'#i$t$) The %omm'#i$t$ made !adi%al %ha#ge$ i# the &oli%ie$ a#d

o!ga#i$atio# o( t!ade '#io#$ a#d a$ a %o#$e'e#%e o( thi$ the t!ade '#io#$ divided them$elve$

i#to to)=1

The o!"e!$ oi#g allegia#%e to old leade!$hi& had a &ea%e('l a#d %o#$t!'%tive o'tloo"+ he!ea$

tho$e oi#g allegia#%e to %omm'#i$t$ had !adi%al o'tloo") Oi#g to di((e!e#%e o( o'tloo"+ the

to t!ade '#io#$ e!e alay$ at logge!head$) The m't'al $t!i(e ,etee# '#io#$ a$adva#tageo'$ to the em&loye!$) The m't'al $t!i(e amo#g t!ade '#io#$ "e&t o# i#%!ea$i#g) I#

1;/;+ I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ held it$ 1th $e$$io# i# Nag&'!) Thi$ $e$$io# a$

&!e$ided ove! ,y a# emi#e#t $o%ial !e(o!me! Pa#dit 8aaha!lal Neh!') 3',$e'e#t to thi$ $e$$io#+

$ome t!ade '#io#$ $eve!ed thei! %o##e%tio# ith the &a!e#t ,ody)=/

The '#io#$+ hi%h $e&a!ated them$elve$ (!om INTU2+ (o!med thei! o# all I#dia ,ody '#de! the

#ame All I#dia T!ade U#io# Fede!atio#) The $t!'ggle ,etee# t!ade '#io#$ did #ot limit it$el( '&

to he!e o#ly) A$ a !e$'lt o( the m't'al $t!i(e i# 1;=1+ a #e All I#dia T!ade U#io# '#de! the la,el

All I#dia Red T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ %ame i#to ,ei#g)The m't'al ,i%"e!i#g a#d $t!i(e amo#g

t!ade '#io#$ &!oved adva#tageo'$ to em&loye!$ a#d h'!t the i#te!e$t$ o( o!"e!$) At le#gth i#1;=5+ thi$ m't'al $t!i(e e#ded) I# thi$ yea!+ a g!a#d $e$$io# o( I#dia# T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ too"

&la%e) Thi$ $e$$io# a$ &!e$ided ove! ,y Pa#dit Ha!i#ath 3ha$t!i) I# thi$ $e$$io#+ a# ag!eeme#t

a$ !ea%hed ,etee# All I#dia Red T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ a#d T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$)

A%%o!di#g to thi$ ag!eeme#t All I#dia Red T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ a$ a,oli$hed) 3',$e'e#tly

i# 1;=>+ T!ade U#io# Fede!atio# a$ al$o me!ged i# I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$) The

%!edit (o! thi$ ag!eeme#t i$ d'e to the e((o!t$ made ,y the (o!me! P!e$ide#t o( I#dia+ 3h!i V)V)

Gi!i) Th'$+ o#%e agai# i# 1;5+ a '#ited ,ody o( t!ade '#io#$ a$ e$ta,li$hed) Hoeve!+ thi$

m't'al amity amo#g '#io#$ &!oved to ,e $ho!t6lived a#d the 3e%o#d Wo!ld Wa! ,!o'ght to

$'!(a%e o#%e agai# m't'al di$$e#$io#$ a#d di$ag!eeme#t$)

I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ o&&o$ed the a! a#d %o#dem#ed the gove!#me#t)

Hoeve!+ leade!$ li"e M)N) Roy e!e o&&o$ed to thi$ attit'de a#d+ a$ a %o#$e'e#%e a !i(t

/; I#d'$t!ial Relatio#$ T!ade U#io#$ J a,o'! egi$latio#/#d Editio# A'th) P)R)N) 3i#ha= htt&BCC#(i!i#dia)o!gCdo#load$CTRADEUNIONA2T1;/7)PDF

=1 htt&BCCait'%)i#C

=/ a,o'! a#d I#d'$t!ial a$/9th Editio# A'th) 3)N)Mi$!a

1= | Page


14/23


develo&ed amo#g leade!$ o( INTU2) A$ a $e'el to thi$ !i(t+ I#dia# T!ade U#io# a,o!

Fede!atio# %ame i#to e*i$te#%e)Thi$ a$ headed ,y M)N) Roy) Fo! a lo#g time+ to &a!allel

la,o! '#io#$ %o#ti#'ed to ('#%tio#)The di$$e#$io#$ a#d %o#(li%t$ amo#g %omm'#i$t$ a#d

2o#g!e$$me# &e!$i$ted a#d 'ltimately d'e to the e((o!t$ o( G'la!ilal Na#da a#d 3a!da! Patel+

I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ a$ e$ta,li$hed)

A# o((i%ial $'!vey i# 1;5> !evealed that the mem,e!$hi& o( I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io#

2o#g!e$$ a$ ;9=+19; a#d that o( All I#dia T!ade U#io# >1


15/23


.! P20S8S O% T#08 U(IO( MO98M8(T I( I(I0

The $i* &ha$e$ o( t!ade '#io# moveme#t i# I#dia a!e a$ (ollo$B A) P!e61;1> Pha$e 0) 1;1>6

1;/5 Pha$e 2) 1;/


16/23


The (i!$t la,o'! agitatio#+ '#de! the g'ida#%e a#d leade!$hi& o( M!) 3) 3) 0e#galee+ a $o%ial

!e(o!mi$t a#d &hila#th!o&i$t+ $ta!ted i# 0om,ay i# 1>9< to &!ote%t agai#$t the a&&alli#g

%o#ditio#$ o( o!"e!$ i# (a%to!ie$+ e$&e%ially tho$e o( ome# a#d %hild!e# a#d a&&ealed to the

a'tho!itie$ to i#t!od'%e legi$latio# (o! the amelio!atio# o( thei! o!"i#g %o#ditio#$)

A$ a !e$'lt+ the (i!$t Fa%to!y 2ommi$$io# a$ a&&oi#ted i# 0om,ay i# the yea! 1>9< a#d the (i!$t

Fa%to!ie$ A%t a$ &a$$ed i# 1>>1) M!) N) M) o"ha#de may ,e $aid to ,e the (o'#de! o(

o!ga#i$ed la,o'! moveme#t i# I#dia ho (o'#ded the (i!$t t!ade '#io# i# the %o'#t!y+ #amely+ the

0om,ay Mill Ha#d$ A$$o%iatio# 1>;)=7

Thi$ a$ (olloed ,y a $e!ie$ o( a$$o%iatio#$ $'%h a$ the Amalgamated 3o%iety o( Railay

3e!va#t$ i# I#dia 1>;9+ The P!i#te!$? U#io# o( 2al%'tta 1;


17/23


%o#$%io'$#e$$ amo#g the o!"e!$) Thi$ led to the (o!matio# o( t!ade '#io#$ i# the t!'ly modem

$e#$e o( the te!m)

A$ a !e$'lt+ Ahmeda,ad Te*tile a,o'! A$$o%iatio# 1;19+ led ,y 3h!imati A#$'ya,e# 3a!a,hai

the Mad!a$ a,o'! U#io# 1;1>+ led ,y 0) P) Wadia I#dia# 3eame#?$ U#io#+ 2al%'tta 2le!"?$

U#io# a#d All I#dia Po$tal a#d RM3 A$$o%iatio# e!e (o!med)

The variou) factor) that inf&uenced the 5rowth of trade union movement in India durin5

thi) 4ha)e ma$ be brief&$ cata&o5ued a) fo&&ow): ;<

1) The !et%hed %o#ditio#$ o( o!"e!$ o# a%%o'#t o( $&i!ali#g &!i%e$ o( e$$e#tial %ommoditie$

d'!i#g the &o$t6Wo!ld6Wa! I led o!"e!$ to (o!m t!ade '#io#$ to im&!ove thei! ,a!gai#i#g &oe!

a#d+ i# t'!#+ livi#g %o#ditio#$)=>

/) The &oliti%al $%e#a!io %ha!a%te!ied ,y the home6!'le moveme#t a#d the ma!tial la i# P'#-a,

made the &oliti%ia#$ to !e%og#ie the o!"e!$ moveme#t a$ a# a$$et to thei! %a'$e) At the $ame

time+ o!"e!$ al$o #eeded a,le g'ida#%e a#d leade!$hi& (!om the &oliti%ia#$ to $ettle thei!

g!ieva#%e$ ith the em&loye!$)

=) The R'$$ia# Revol'tio# al$o $ayed the la,o'! moveme#t i# I#dia $hoi#g a #e $o%ial

o!de! to the %ommo# ma# i# the %o'#t!y)

5) The $etti#g '& o( the I#te!#atio#al a,o'! O!ga#i$atio# IO i# 1;1; al$o gave a ,ig (illi& to

the la,o'! moveme#t i# I#dia) I#dia ,e%omi#g a (o'#de!6mem,e! o( the IO !e'i!ed de&'ti#g

delegate$ to the IO) M!) N) M) 8o$hi (o! the (i!$t time a$ de&'ted a$ the !e&!e$e#tative (!om

I#dia to I#te!#atio#al a,o'! 2o#(e!e#%e$ a#d 3e$$io#$)=; It ig#ited o!"e!$? a#*iety to o!ga#i$e)

A$ a !e$'lt+ the All I#dia T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ AITU2 a$ (o!med i# 1;/) 0y 1;/5+ the

t!ade '#io# moveme#t i# I#dia &!oli(e!ated to the e*te#t o( 179 t!ade '#io#$ ith a 'a!te!

millio# mem,e!$)

Thi$ &e!iod i# the hi$to!y o( t!ade '#io# moveme#t ha$ ,ee# de$%!i,ed a$ the Ea!ly T!ade U#io#

Pe!iod)

=9 0'%"i#gham a#d 2a!#ati% Mill$ 3t!i"e=> htt&BCC)%it'%e#t!e)o!gC

=; I#d'$t!ial Relatio#$ T!ade U#io#$ J a,o'! egi$latio#/#d Editio# A'th) P)R)N) 3i#ha

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C. 1925-1934 Phase:

With i#%!ea$i#g ha!d$hi&$ o( o!"e!$+ the $ig#$ o( milita#t te#de#%ie$ a#d !evol'tio#a!y

a&&!oa%h i# t!ade '#io#i$m got e*&!e$$io# i#to viole#t $t!i"e$ $i#%e 1;/5) The %omm'#i$t$

gai#ed i#(l'e#%e i# t!ade '#io# moveme#t d'!i#g thi$ &e!iod) They $&lit the T!ade U#io#2o#g!e$$ ti%e ith thei! ide#i#g di((e!e#%e$ ith the le(t6i#g '#io#i$t$)5

The mode!ate $e%tio# '#de! the leade!$hi& o( M!) N) M) 8o$hi a#d M!) V) V) Gi!i $e%eded (!om

the 2o#g!e$$ a#d $et '& a $e&a!ate o!ga#i$atio# #amed the Natio#al T!ade U#io#$ Fede!atio#

NTUF)

A#othe! $&lit i# AITU2 too" &la%e i# 1;=1 at it$ 2al%'tta $e$$io# he# the e*t!eme le(t i#g

'#de! the leade!$hi& o( Me$$!$ 3) V) De$h&a#de a#d 0 T Ra#dive ,!o"e aay a#d (o!med a

$e&a!ate o!ga#i$atio#+ #amely+ the All I#dia Red T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ To :ea!$ late!+ the

Natio#al Fede!atio# o( a,o'! a$ (o!med to (a%ilitate '#ity amo#g all the le(t6i#g

o!ga#i$atio#$ o( la,o'!) A$ a !e$'lt+ the AITUF a#d NF me!ged to (o!m the Natio#al T!ade

U#io# Fede!atio# NTUF)

A#othe! im&o!ta#t (eat'!e o( thi$ &e!iod a$ the &a$$i#g o( to A%t$+ #amely+ the T!ade U#io#$

A%t 1;/7 a#d the T!ade Di$&'te$ A%t+ 1;/; hi%h al$o gave a (illi& to the g!oth o( t!ade

'#io#i$m i# I#dia) The (o!me! A%t &!ovided (o! vol'#ta!y !egi$t!atio# a#d %o#(e!!ed %e!tai#

!ight$ a#d &!ivilege$ '&o# !egi$te!ed '#io#$ i# !et'!# (o! o,ligatio#$) The late! A%t &!ovided (o!

the $ettleme#t o( t!ade '#io#$) Thi$ &ha$e o( the I#dia# la,o'! moveme#t may ,e de$%!i,ed a$

The Pe!iod o( e(t Wi#g T!ade U#io#i$m)

D. 1935-1938 Phase:

The I#dia# Natio#al 2o#g!e$$ a$ i# &oe! i# $eve# &!ovi#%e$ i# 1;=9) Thi$ i#-e%ted '#ity i#

t!ade '#io#$) A$ a !e$'lt+ the All I#dia Red T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ it$el( ith the AITU2 i# 1;=+ the Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ NTU2 al$o a((iliated ith the

AITU2) Othe! (a%to!$ that %o#t!i,'ted to the !evival o( t!ade '#io#$ e!e i#%!ea$i#g aa"e#i#g

amo#g the o!"e!$ to thei! !ight$ a#d %ha#ge i# the ma#age!ial attit'de toa!d$ t!ade '#io#$)


1> | Page


19/23


I# 1;=>+ o#e o( the mo$t develo&me#t$ too" &la%e a$ the e#a%tme#t o( the 0om,ay I#d'$t!ial

Di$&'te$ A%t+ 1;=>) A# im&o!ta#t &!ovi$io# o( the A%t+ i#te! alia+ to a%%o!d %om&'l$o!y

!e%og#itio# o( '#io#$ ,y the em&loye!$ gave a ,ig (illi& to the g!oth o( t!ade '#io#i$m i# I#dia)

E. 1939-1946 Phase:

i"e Wo!ld Wa! I+ the Wo!ld Wa! II al$o ,!o'ght %hao$ i# i#d'$t!ial (!o#t o( the %o'#t!y) Ma$$

!et!e#%hme#t it#e$$ed d'!i#g the &o$t6Wo!ld Wa! II led to the &!o,lem o( '#em&loyme#t )Thi$

%om&elled o!"e!$ to -oi# '#io#$ to $e%'!e thei! -o,$) Thi$ !e$'lted i# ,ig $&'!t i# the

mem,e!$hi& o( !egi$te!ed t!ade '#io#$ (!om 779 i# 1;=;65 to 1>9 i# 1;5+71/

to =>+


20/23


0ha!tiya 8a#ata Pa!ty 08P) :ea!$ a(te!+ the %omm'#i$t &a!ty $&lit i#to va!io'$ (!a%tio#$ (o!mi#g

the U#ited T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ UTU2 a#d the 2e#te! o( I#dia# T!ade U#io#$ 2ITU)51

ate! agai#+ a g!o'& di$a$$o%iated it$el( (!om the UTU2 a#d (o!med a#othe! UTU2e#i#

3a!a#i) O( late+ ith the eme!ge#%e o( !egio#al &a!tie$ $i#%e 1;7+ mo$t o( the !egio#al &a!tie$

have $ho# it$ i#%li#atio# to a t!ade '#io# i#g+ th'$+ addi#g to the &!oli(e!atio# o( t!ade '#io#$

i# the %o'#t!y) Th'$+ it i$ %lea! that the o!igi# a#d g!oth o( t!ade '#io# moveme#t i# I#dia i$

!iddled ith (!agme#ted &oliti%i$atio#)

0t 4re)ent= there are centra& trade union or5ani)ation)! Of the)e= four major federation)

with their nationa& network are:

1) All I#dia T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ AITU2

/) I#dia# Natio#al T!ade U#io# 2o#g!e$$ INTU2

=) 0ha!tiya Madoo! 3a#gh 0M3

5) 2e#t!e o( I#dia# T!ade U#io#$ 2ITU


/ | Page


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;! "O("LUSIO(

The t!ade '#io# moveme#t ha$ to &ay g!eate! atte#tio# to the ,a$i% #eed$ o( it$ mem,e!$)

Im&o!ta#t amo#g the$e a!e 1 to $e%'!e (ai! age$ (o! o!"e!$+ / to $a(eg'a!d $e%'!ity o(

te#'!e a#d im&!ove %o#ditio#$ o( $e!vi%e+ = to e#la!ge o&&o!t'#itie$ (o! &!omotio# a#d t!ai#i#g+

5 to im&!ove o!"i#g a#d livi#g %o#ditio#$+


22/23


I# thi$ %o#te*t+ $ome im&o!ta#t $o%ial !e$&o#$i,ilitie$ o( t!ade '#io#$ a&&ea! to ,e i# the (ield o(

i &!omotio# o( #atio#al i#teg!atio#+ ii ge#e!ally i#(l'e#%i#g the $o%io6e%o#omi% &oli%ie$ o( the

%omm'#ity th!o'gh a%tive &a!ti%i&atio# i# thei! (o!m'latio# at va!io'$ level$ a#d iii i#$tilli#g i#

thei! mem,e!$ a $e#$e o( !e$&o#$i,ility toa!d$ i#d'$t!y a#d the %omm'#ity) The t!ade '#io#

moveme#t i# the %o'#t!y ha$ ,ee# ,'ilt '&+ &a!ti%'la!ly i# it$ ea!ly $tage$+ ,y leade!$ ho

$eldom ,elo#ged to it) It i$ o(te# $'gge$ted that de&e#de#%e o( '#io#$ o# o't$ide!$ a$ thei!

e*e%'tive$ i$ o#e o( the ma#y %a'$e$ o( '#healthy !ival!ie$ i# the la,o'! moveme#t)

While thi$ allegatio# i$ #ot e#ti!ely itho't (o'#datio#+ it m'$t ,e !e%og#i$ed that o't$ide!$ have

&layed a# im&o!ta#t &a!t i# ,'ildi#g '& the t!ade '#io# moveme#t$ i# the %o'#t!y) 0't (o! thei!

a$$o%iatio#+ the moveme#t o'ld #ot have !ea%hed eve# it$ &!e$e#t dime#$io#$ a#d $t!e#gth) It i$

i#te!e$ti#g to #ote that !e%e#tly the #'m,e! o( o't$ide!$ ma#agi#g the t!ade '#io#$ ha$ $ho# a

de%li#e) Thi$ t!e#d de$e!ve$ to ,e e#%o'!aged)

T!ade '#io# !ight i$ a ('#dame#tal !ight o( the o!"e!$) Fo! o!"e!$ it ha$ %!eated a#

e#vi!o#me#t o( &!ote%tio# agai#$t e*&loitatio# ,y em&loye!$) I#dia# t!ade '#io# moveme#t ha$

ma#y de(e%t$) M'lti&li%ity o( t!ade '#io#$+ &oliti%al !ival!ie$+ i#t!a6'#io# !ival!ie$+ la%" o(

!e$o'!%e$ a#d di$'#ity i# the !a#"$ o( o!"e!$+ la%" o( (i#a#%e a!e $ome o( the ma-o! ea"#e$$e$

i# a #'m,e! o( e*i$ti#g '#io#$)5/

A $t!o#g t!ade '#io# moveme#t i$ #e%e$$a!y ,oth (o! $a(eg'a!di#g the i#te!e$t$ o( la,o'! a#d (o!

!eali$i#g the ta!get$ o( &!od'%tio#) a%" o( demo%!ati% ideal$ a#d la%" o( ed'%atio# &'t $e!io'$

o,$ta%le$ i# the develo&me#t o( t!ade '#io# o!ga#i$atio# i# I#dia) With a vie to ,'ildi#g '&

$t!o#g '#io#$+ it a$ &!o&o$ed i# the $e%o#d Five :ea! Pla# that '#io#$ $ho'ld ,e g!a#ted

$tat'to!y !e%og#itio# '#de! %e!tai# %o#ditio#$) I# doi#g $o the im&o!ta#%e o( o#e '#io# i# o#e

i#d'$t!y !e'i!e$ to ,e "e&t i# vie)

O#e ma-o! de(e%t o( the t!ade '#io# moveme#t i$ the m'lti&li%ity o( t!ade '#io#$ ith the !e$'lt

that mo$t '#io#$ have lo mem,e!$hi&) E*6 P!e$ide#t V)V) Gi!i !ightly advo%ated Qo#e '#io# i#

o#e i#d'$t!y?) To avoid m'lti&li%ity o( '#io#$+ the Natio#al a,o'! 2ommi$$io# $'gge$ted

$omehat highe! mi#im'm mem,e!$hi& (o! $&o#$o!i#g a '#io#) The 2ommi$$io# thi#"$ it

5/ a,o'! a#d I#d'$t!ial a$/9th Editio# A'th) 3)N)Mi$!a

// | Page


23/23


a&&!o&!iate to !ai$e the #'m,e! !e'i!ed (o! $ta!ti#g #e '#io#$ to 1 &e! %e#t o( the !eg'la!

em&loyee$ o( a &la#t o! 1+ hi%heve! i$ loe!)

I( the de(e%t$ o( t!ade '#io# moveme#t a!e #ot !emoved+ the $o%io6e%o#omi% e#vi!o#me#t o(

,'$i#e$$ %a##ot ,e im&!oved) The i#te!e$t$ o( the em&loyee$ %a# ,e &!ote%ted a#d &!omoted ,y

the %!eatio# o( a la,o'! '#io# havi#g a ,a!gai#i#g &oe! mat%hi#g that o( ma#ageme#t) We have

a va$t '#o!ga#i$ed $e%to! i# ag!i%'lt'!e) It i$ #e%e$$a!y to &!omote '#io#i$atio# o( ag!i%'lt'!al

o!"e!$ a#d %'!, &oliti%ali$atio# o( la,o'! '#io#$) The thi!d Five :ea! Pla# o,$e!ve$ that t!ade

'#io#$ $ho'ld ,e a%%e&ted a$ a# e$$e#tial &a!t o( the a&&a!at'$ o( i#d'$t!ial a#d e%o#omi%

admi#i$t!atio# a#d $ho'ld ,e &!e&a!ed (o! the di$%ha!ge o( the$e !e$&o#$i,ilitie$)

Thei! leade!$hi& ha$ to g!o &!og!e$$ively o't o( the !a#"$ o( o!"e!$ a#d thi$ &!o%e$$ ill ,e

g!eatly a%%ele!ated a$ the &!og!amme o( o!"e!$? ed'%atio# gathe!$ mome#t'm)

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http://aituc.in/http://www.citucentre.org/http://www.citucentre.org/http://nfirindia.org/downloads/TRADEUNIONACT1926.PDFhttp://labourbureau.nic.in/TU%25202k2%2520Chapter%25201.htmhttp://indiankanoon.org/doc/1980557/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/32075/64876/E26IND01.htmhttp://nfirindia.org/downloads/TRADEUNIONACT1926.PDFhttp://labourbureau.nic.in/TU%25202k2%2520Chapter%25201.htmhttp://aituc.in/http://www.citucentre.org/http://nfirindia.org/downloads/TRADEUNIONACT1926.PDFhttp://labourbureau.nic.in/TU%25202k2%2520Chapter%25201.htmhttp://indiankanoon.org/doc/1980557/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/WEBTEXT/32075/64876/E26IND01.htmhttp://nfirindia.org/downloads/TRADEUNIONACT1926.PDFhttp://labourbureau.nic.in/TU%25202k2%2520Chapter%25201.htm

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