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DATA HIDING THROUGH IMAGE

STEGANOGRAPHY[B.Tech Project Report]

A Project ByMd Rameez Akhtar

Ishita ChelKushal Kannungo

Somyojit Das

Project GuideProf. Anjan Payra

Dr Suchir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College

[Computer Science and Engineering Dept]

West Bengal University of Technology(2009-2013)

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DATA HIDING THROUGH IMAGESTEGANOGRAPHY

Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Computer Science and Engineeringby

Md Rameez Akhtar (09255001001)

Ishita Chel(09255001013)

Kushal Kannungo(092550010xx)

Somyojit Das(092550010xx)

Project Guide

Prof. Anjan Payra

Dr Suchir Chandra Sur Degree Engineering College

Computer Science and Engineering Dept

[Affiliated to WBUT]

West Bengal

2009-2013

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[Affiliated to WBUT]

West Bengal2009-2013

Certificate

This is to certify that this project report entitled DATA HIDING

THROUGH IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY by Md Rameez Akhtar (Roll

No. 09255001001), Ishita Chel (Roll No. 09255001001), Kushal Kannungo

(Roll No. 092550010xx) and Somyojit Das (Roll No. 092550010xx)

submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor

of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering of the WestBengal University Of Technology, West Bengal, during the academic year

2012-13,is a bonafide record of work carried out under our guidance and

supervision.

The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other

University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.

(Guide) (Head of Dept)

Prof. Anjan Payra Prof. Samir Kundu

Acknowledgement

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It is our privilege to express our sincerest regards to our project

coordinator, Prof. Anjan Payra, for his valuable inputs, able guidance,

encouragement, whole-hearted cooperation and constructive criticism

throughout the duration of our project. We deeply express our sincere

thanks to our Head of Department Prof. S Kundu for encouraging and

allowing us to present the project on the topic Data Hiding Through

Image Steganography at our department premises for the partial

fulfillment of the requirements leading to the award of B-Tech degree.

We take this opportunity to thank all our lecturers who have directly or

indirectly helped our project. We pay our respects and love to our parents

and all other family members and friends for their love and

encouragement throughout our career. Last but not the least we express

our thanks to our friends for their cooperation and support.

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ABSTRACT

The Internet as a whole does not use secure links, thus information in

transit may be vulnerable to interception as well. The important of reducing a

chance of the information being detected during the transmission is being an

issue now days. Some solution to be discussed is how to passing information in

a manner that the very existence of the message is unknown in order to repel

attention of the potential attacker. Besides hiding data for confidentiality, thisapproach of information hiding can be extended to copyright protection for

digital media. In this research, we clarify what steganography is, the definition,

the importance as well as the technique used in implementing steganography.

We focus on the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique in hiding messages in an

image. The system enhanced the LSB technique by randomly dispersing the bits

of the message in the image and thus making it harder for unauthorized people

to extract the original message.

Keyword: Steganography, information hiding

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Introduction

Steganography brings science to the art of hiding information. The

purpose of steganography is to convey a message inside of a conduit of

misinterpretation such that the existence of the message is both hidden and

difficult to recover when discovered. Basically the information hiding process in

a Steganoraphic system starts by identifying a cover mediums redundant bits.

The embedding process creates a stego medium by replacing these redundant

bits with data from the hidden message. The basic purpose to make

communication unintelligible to those who do not possess the right keys.

The first step is steganography is that to embed and hiding information

is to pass both the secret message and the cover message in to the encoder,

inside the encoder, one or several protocols will be implemented to embed the

secret information into the cover message.

A key is needed in the embedding process. By using the key we can reduce the

chance of third party attackers getting hold of the stego object and decoding itto find out the secret information. In general the embedding process inserts a

mark X, in an object Y, a key K, usually produced by a random number

generator is used in the embedding process and the resulting marked object Y

is generated by mapping X x Y x K Y

Having passed through the encoder a stego object will be produced. A

stego object is the original cover object with the secret information

embedded inside. This object should look almost identical to the cover object as

otherwise a third party attacker can see embedded information. Having

produced the stego object, It will be sentoff via some communication channel.

At the receiving end the stego object is fed into the system the public or

private key that can decodethe original key that is used inside the encoding

process is also needed to detect the secret information.

One of the reasons that intruders can be successful is that most of the

information they acquire from a system is in a form that they can read and

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comprehend. Intruders may reveal the information to others, modify it to

misrepresent an individual or organization, or use it to launch an attack. One

solution to this problem is, through the use of steganography. Steganography is

a technique of hiding information in digital media. In contrast to cryptography,

it is not to keep others from knowing the hidden information but it is to keep

others from thinking that the information even exists.

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1.2 Background of the ProblemSteganography become more important as more people join the

cyberspace revolution. Steganography is the art of concealing information in

ways that prevent the detection of hidden messages. Steganography include an

array of secret communication methods that hide the message from being seen

or discovered.

The goal of steganography is to avoid drawing suspicion to the existence

of a hidden message. This approach of information hiding technique has

recently become important in a number of application areas. Digital audio,

video, and pictures are increasingly furnished with distinguishing butimperceptible marks, which may contain a hiddin copyright notice or serial

number or even help to preventunauthorized copying directly.

Military communications system make increasing use of traffic security

technique which, rather than merely concealing the content of a message using

encryption, seek to conceal its sender, its receiver or its very existence. Similar

techniques are used in some mobile phone systems and schemes proposed for

digital elections.

Some of the techniques used in steganography are domain tools or

simple system such as least significant bit (LSB) insertion and noise

manipulation, and transform domain that involve manipulation algorithms and

image transformation such as discrete cosine transformation and wavelet

transformation. However there are technique that share the characteristic of

both of the image and domain tools such as patchwork, pattern block encoding,

spread spectrum methods and masking.

1.3 Objective

This project comprehends the following objectives:

(i) To produce security tool based on steganographic techniques.(ii) To explore techniques of hiding data using steganography.

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Results obtained hiding the message 111 in the pixel10101000-10101000-10101000 with the LSB method

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The Scope Of Steganography

With the boost in computer power, the internetand with the development ofdigital signalprocessing (DSP), information theory and codingtheory, steganography

has gone digital. In therealm of this digital world, steganography hascreated an

atmosphere of corporate vigilance thathas spawned various interesting

applications,thus its continuing evolution is guaranteed.Cyber-crime is believed to

benefit from thisdigital revolution. Hence an immediate concernis to find out best

possible attacks to carry outsteganalysis, and simultaneously, finding outtechniques to

strengthen existing stegnographytechniques against popular attacks likesteganalysis.

Cryptography

Cryptography encodes information in such a way that nobody can read it, except the

person who holds the key. More advanced crypto techniques ensure that the

information being transmitted has not been modified in transit. There is some

difference in cryptography and steganography, in cryptography the hidden message is

always visible, because information is in plain text form but in steganography hidden

message is invisible.

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Steganography Versus Cryptography

The comparison and contrast between steganography and cryptography is illustratedfrom the following table .

S.no. Context Steganography Cryptography

1 Host

FilesImage, Audio,

Text, etc.Mostly Text

Files2 Hidden

FilesImage, Audio,

Text, etc.Mostly Text

Files

3 Result Stego File Cipher Text

4 Type of

AttackSteganalysis:

Analysis of a

file with a

objective of

finding

whether it is

stego file or not

Cryptanalysis

Table Comparison and contrast between steganography and cryptography.

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Steganalysis

Steganalysis is a relatively new research discipline with few articles appearing beforethe late-1990s. Steganalysis is "the process of detecting steganography by looking at

variances between bit patterns and unusually large file sizes" . It is the art of

discovering and rendering useless covert messages. The goal of steganalysis is to

identify suspected information streams, determine whether or not they have hidden

messages encoded into them, and, if possible, recover the hidden information.

The challenge of steganalysis is that:

1. The suspect information stream, such as a signal or a file, may or may not have

hidden

data encoded into them.

2. The hidden data, if any, may have been encrypted before being inserted into the

signal or file.

3. Some of the suspect signal or file may have noise or irrelevant data encoded into

them

(which can make analysis very time consuming).

4. Unless it is possible to fully recover, decrypt and inspect the hidden data, often one

has

only a suspect information stream and

cannot be sure that it is being used for transporting secret information.

Modern Terminology and Framework

Secret

Message

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no

yes

Histogram

Cover

Message

Secret

Key

Embedding

Algorithm

Stego

Message

Is Stego

Message

Suppress

Message

Message Retrieval

Algorithm

Secret

Message

Secret

Key

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A histogram is one of the basic quality tools. It is used to graphically

summarize and display the distribution and variation of a process data set. A

frequency distribution shows how often each different value in a set of data occurs.

The main purpose of a histogram is to clarify the presentation of data. You canpresent the same information in a table; however, the graphic presentation format

usually makes it easier to see relationships. It is a useful tool for breaking out process

data into regions or bins for determining frequencies of certain events or categories

of data. These charts can help show the most frequent.

Typical applications of histograms in root cause analysis include:

Presenting data to determine which causes dominate

Understanding the distribution of occurrences of different problems, causes,

consequences, etc.

A histogram can typically help you answer the following questions:

What is the most common system response?

What distribution (center, variation and shape) does the data have?

Does the data look symmetric or is it skewed to the left or right?

A histogramis a specialized type of bar chart. Individual data points are grouped

together in classes, so that you can get an idea of how frequently data in each class

occur in the data set. High bars indicate more points in a

class, and low bars indicate less points.

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Original image

Fig. 1 grayscale image

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Histogram of Fig. 1

Least Significant Bit SubstitutionIn LSB steganography, the least significant bits of the cover medias digital data are

used to conceal the message. The simplest of the LSB steganography techniques is LSB

replacement. LSB replacement steganography flips the last bit of each of the data

values to reflect the message that needs to be hidden. Consider an 8-bit grayscale

bitmap image where each pixel is stored as a byte representing a grayscale value.Suppose the first eight pixels of the original image have the following grayscale values:

11010010

0100101010010111

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10001100

00010101

01010111

0010011001000011

To hide the letter C whose binary value is 10000011, we would replace the LSBs of

these pixels to have the following new grayscale values:

11010011

01001010

10010110

10001100

00010100

01010110

00100111

01000011.

Note that, on average, only half the LSBs need to change. The difference between the

cover (i.e. original) image and the stego image will be hardly noticeable to the human

eye. Figure

(a), (b) that show a cover image and a stego image (with data is embedded); there is

no

visible difference between the two images.

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Fig. a Cover image

Fig. b Stego image

LSB steganography, as described above, replaces the LSBs of data values to match bitsof the message. It can equally alter the data value by a small amount, ensuring the a

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legal range of data values is preserved. The difference being that the choice of

whether to add or subtract one from the cover image pixel is random.This will havethe same effect as LSB replacement in terms of not being able to perceive the

existence of the hidden message. This steganographic technique is called LSBmatching. Both LSB replacement and LSB matching leave the LSB unchanged if the

message bit matches the LSB. When the message bit does not match the LSB, LSB

replacement replaces the LSB with the message bit; LSB matching randomly

increments or decrements the data value by one. LSB matching is also known as 1

embedding.

In the case of still grayscale images of type bitmap, every pixel is represented

using 8 bits, with 11111111 (=255) representing white and 00000000 (=0) representing

black. Thus, there are 256 different grayscale shades between black and white which

are used in grayscale bitmap images. In LSB stegonography, the LSBs of the cover

image is to be changed. As the message bit to be substituted in the LSB position of

the cover image is either 0 or 1, one can state without any loss of generality that the

LSB's of about 50 percent pixel changes.

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There are three possibilities:

1. Intensity value of any pixel remains unchanged.

2. Even value can change to next higherodd value.

3. Odd Value change to previous lower even value.

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

First Component Alteration TechniqueFor Image Steganography

In the technique, a new imagesteganography scheme based on firstcomponenet

Alteration technique is introduced.In a computer, images are represented as arraysof

values. These values represent the intensities of the three colors R (Red), G (Green)

and B(Blue), where a value for each of three colorsdescribes a pixel. Each pixel is

combination ofthree components(R,G and B).

In this scheme, the bits of firstcomponent (blue component) of pixels of image have

been replaced with data bits, which areapplied only when valid key is used.

Bluechannel is selected because a research wasconducted by Hecht, which reveals that

thevisual perception of intensely blue objects is lessdistinct that the perception of

objects of red andgreen.

For example, suppose one can hide a message in

three pixels of an image (24-bit colors). Suppose

the original 3 pixels are:

(0010011111101001 11001000) (001001111100100011101001)

(11001000 00100111 11101001)

A steganographic program could hide the letter"A" which has a position 65 into

ASCIIcharacter set and have a binary representation"01000001", by altering the blue

channel bits ofpixels.

(0100000111101001 11001000) (001001111100100011101000)

(11001000 00100111 11101001)

A. Embedding phaseThe embedding process is as follows.

Inputs: Image file and the text file

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Output: Text embedded image

Procedure:

Step 1: Extract all the pixels in the given imageand store it in the array called Pixel-

array.

Step 2: Extract all the characters in the given textfile and store it in the array called

Characterarray.

Step 3: Extract all the characters from the Stegokey and store it in the array called

Key- array.

Step 4: Choose first pixel and pick charactersfrom Key- array and place it in first

componentof pixel. If there are more characters in Keyarray,then place rest in the

firstcomponent of next pixels, otherwise follow Step(e).

Step 5: Place some terminating symbol toindicate end of the key. 0 has been used as

aterminating symbol in this algorithm.

Step 6: Place characters of Character- Array in each first component (blue channel)

of nextpixels by replacing it.

Step 7: Repeat step 6 till all the characters hasbeen embedded.

Step 8: Again place some terminating symbol toindicate end of data.

Step 9: Obtained image will hide all thecharacters that input.

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B. Extraction phaseInputs: Embedded image file

Output: Secret text message

Procedure:Step 1: Consider three arrays. Let they beCharacter-Array, Key-array and Pixel-array.

Step 2: Extract all the pixels in the given imageand store it in the array called Pixel-

array.

Step 3: Now, start scanning pixels from firstpixel and extract key characters from first

(blue)component of the pixels and place it in Keyarray.Follow Step3 up to terminating

symbol,otherwise follow step 4.

Step 4: If this extracted key matches with the keyentered by the receiver, then follow

Step 5,otherwise terminate the program by displayingmessage Key is not matching.

Step 5: If the key is valid, then again startscanning next pixels and extract secret

messagecharacters from first (blue) component of nextpixels and place it in Character

array. FollowStep 5 till up to terminating symbol, otherwise

follow step 6.

Step 6: Extract secret message from Character array. The primary motivation of the

current work is to increase PSNR. For this purpose we employ the approach

whichhide secret image in to cover image with the help of logic gates.

Algorithm:

Step1:Read the image to be embedded

Step 2: Read the image inside which message isembed

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Step 3:set numSignificantBits = n ; where n=1,28

Step 4: size1 = size(secret); and size2 =size(coverImage);

Step 5: set the "numSignificantBits"n significantbits of each byte of cover image to

zero by usingbit by AND operation on cover and size1 matrix

Step 6: embedd the "numSignificantBits" mostsignificant bits of secret image to

create the stegoimage by using stego= (cover zero+ secret)/28-n

Step 7: recover the embedded image, by using bitby shift operation

Step 8: Display Figure of cover image, Image tobe hidden, stego image and recover

image

Step 9: End

Note :- as the value of n will be increase thequality of stego and recover image will

bedegraded.

The proposed method is applicable for both 24bit color and 8 bit gray image. So the

conversion of 24 bit color image to 8 bit grayscale image isdone as follow:

Conversion Of Color Image Into Greyscale ImageConversion of a color image tograyscale can be done using several approaches.

Different weighting of the primary colorseffectively represent the effect of

obtainingblack-and-white image with color images. Acommon strategy is to match the

luminance ofthe grayscale image to the luminance of the color

Image.

The proposed method is baled both 24 bit colorand 8 bit gray image

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To convert any color to a grayscalerepresentation of its luminance, first onemust

obtain the values of its red, green, and blue(RGB) primaries in linear intensity

encoding, bygamma expansion. Then, add together 30% ofthe red value, 59% of thegreen value, and 11%of the blue value(these weights depend on theexact choice of the

RGB primaries, but aretypical). Regardless of the scale employed (0.0 to1.0, 0 to 255,

0% to 100%, etc.), the resultantnumber is the desired linear luminance value;

ittypically needs to be gamma compressed to getback to a conventional grayscale

representation. a conventional grayscale representation.

To convert a gray intensity value toRGB, simply set all the three primary color

components red, green and blue to the grayvalue, correcting to a different gamma

ifnecessary. The method adopted in current workfor experimental evaluation is to

obtain the RGBvalues of individual pixels and to take the average to be normalized to

fit in the scale 0 to 255.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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The method is applicable for both grayscale (8 bit) or color image(24 bit). We categorized images with respect to their JPEG quality factor, and observed

the effect on the performance of the steganalyzers. But other than the JPEG

quality factor, image properties such as image texture could be used to

categorize the images. There are many approaches to quantify the texture of an

image. A crude measure of image texture would be the mean variance of JPEG

blocks. This measure is simple and can be efficiently computed, even with our

large data set.

Text Steganography

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Cover image Text File

Stego image

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Future Scope

Why steganography? Who needs steganography? What are the uses for

steganography? Where can one use steganography?

According to Richard E. Smith (a data security expert), he doesnt see

many practical uses for steganography because it only works as long as nobody

expects you to use it. The author respectfully takes exception to this statement.

Initially after reading this statement, the myth that Charles H. Duell, Commissioner of

Patents in 1899 had declared that the Patent Office should be closed because

everything that could possibly be invented had already been invented came to mind.

Perhaps the computer security community should give up on endless patches, security

applications, etc because they only work if nobody expects that they are in use. To

quote Dale Carnegie, Most of the important things in the world have been

accomplished by people who have kept on trying when there seemed to be no hope at

all. There are ongoing studies to harden steganographic images from steganalysis. In

his paper, Defending Against Statistical Steganalysis, Provos presents new methods

which would allow one to select a file in which a message might be safely hidden and

resistant to standard statistical analysis.

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How we propose to extent our projectThis project on steganography has the potential to be scaled up to higher

standards. We have only brushed the surface of the research on data security through

steganography. Its only limited to our imagination what we can do in future to modify

and scale up this projects to new standards. Some of our ideas are discussed below.

The first idea that we have is to develop a multi bit image steganography

method that is much more efficient in hiding large volumes of data in a single image

file. In this manner we will uncover a steganographic technique which will enable

hassle free transmission of large volumes of secure data over the network from

sender to a destined receiver.

Furthermore another radical idea is that we can train this proposed software

through the help of technologies like neural network to determine and distinguish a

normal image with a stego image. In this manner this software will get trained to

understand a stego image and therby can autonomously perform steganalytic

operations without human intervention.

There are many such ideas and we will always work on them to improve this

work for a long time. There are multiple possibilities of improving the current

techniques and careful work may reveal many of the possibilities in the field of

steganography.

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ACRONYMSLSB-Least significant Bit. In computing, the least significant bit (lsb) isthe bit position in a binary integer giving the units value, that is, determining whether

the number is even or odd. The lsb is sometimes referred to as the right-most bit, due

to the convention inpositional notation of writing less significant digits further to the

right.

RGB-Red Green Blue Colour model. The RGB color model is an additive colormodel in which red, green, and blue light are added together in various ways to

reproduce a broad array of colours.

PSNR- Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio. PSNR is one of metrics to determine thedegradation in the embedded image with respect to the host image..Values over 36 dB in PSNR are acceptable in terms of degradation, which means nosignificant degradation is observed by human eye.

ASCII-The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a character-encoding scheme originally based on the English alphabet. ASCII codesrepresent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that usetext.

DSP- Digital signal processing is the mathematical manipulation of an informationsignal to modify or improve it in some way. It is characterized by the representation

of discrete time, discrete frequency, or other discrete domain signals by a sequence of

numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals.

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CONCLUSION

Steganography can be used for hidden communication. We have explored the

limits of steganography theory and practice. We pointed out the enhancement of the

image steganographic system using LSB approach to provide a means of secure

communication. A stego-keyhas been applied to the system during embedment of the

message into the cover-image. In our proposed approach, the message bits are

embedded randomly into the cover-image pixels instead of sequentially. Finally, we

have shown that steganography that uses a key has a better security than non-key

steganography. This is so because without the knowledge of the valid key, it is difficult

for a third party or malicious people to recover the embedded message. However

there are still some issues need to be tackled to implement LSB on a digital image as a

cover-objectusing random pixels.

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http://www.alphatecltd.com/watermarking/eikonamark/eikonamarkhttp://www.alphatecltd.com/watermarking/eikonamark/eikonamarkhttp://www.alphatecltd.com/watermarking/eikonamark/eikonamarkhttp://www.alphatecltd.com/watermarking/eikonamark/eikonamark