DeclarationI declare that exploring the Opportunities that Can Align with Green Public Procurement for

Local Government in KZN is my own work and that all the sources I have used or quoted have

been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references.

i

AcknowledgementsI would like to thank my Supervisor Dr. O. E. Okeke-Uzodike for his valuable advice and

guidance for the duration of the research study and the insights he shared on some of the

Opportunities that can be align with Green Public Procurement for Local Government in KZN.

ii

GlossaryEMS………………………………………………..……….Environmental Management Systems

GLM……………………………………………………….………..Green Logistics Management

GPP…………………………………………………….……………….Green Public Procurement

GSCM……………………………………..……………………Green Supply Chain Management

IGPN…………………………………………………….International Green Purchasing Network

RPN……………………………………………………………..Responsible Purchasing Network

WCSD............................................................…...World Conference on Sustainable Development

iii

AbstractThere is huge demand for green public procurement and South Africa is still in the root level not

very much created. Government policies have not been clearly created with the end of Green

Public Procurement. Governments are among the biggest consumers in in the economy so they

have huge influence to strengthen and drive markets for sustainable production and consumption

when they try to purchase green product and services. The awareness and the ways of

implementation green public procurement (GPP) is still low in most developing nations. There

are challenges in getting suppliers; there is a lack of guidance by higher order authority and lack

of information about real environmental impacts of the product. Public procurement can shape

production and consumption patterns which shows that an important demand from public

authorities to create or expand markets for environmentally friendly products and services.

Secondary data has been utilized as a source of information to provide solutions as to where local

government could improve their GPP practices, pressure/drivers, what steps to be considered

when implementing GPP and how to select green supplier, manage and evaluating them.

iv

Table of ContentsDeclaration.................................................................................................................................................... i

Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................................ii

Glossary....................................................................................................................................................... iii

Abstract........................................................................................................................................................ iv

List of figures..............................................................................................................................................vii

CHAPTER 1.................................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY........................................................................1

1.1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1

1.2. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY..........................................................................................1

1.3. RESEARCH PROBLEM.........................................................................................................1

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS......................................................................................................2

1.5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES.....................................................................................................2

1.6. HYPOTHESIS..........................................................................................................................3

1.7. LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH......................................................................................3

1.8. SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY............................................................................................3

1.9. ETHICAL STATEMENT........................................................................................................3

1.10. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY..............................................................................................4

1.11. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................4

CHAPTER 2.................................................................................................................................................5

LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................................5

2.1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................5

2.2. GPP PRACTICES....................................................................................................................5

Four traits of Implementing GLM..............................................................................................8

The expected role and function of eco-labeling.........................................................................10

2.3. GPP PRESSURES/DRIVERS................................................................................................11

Figure 2.1: Key Drivers of Green Public Procurement.................................................................13

Internal driver:..........................................................................................................................13

External drivers:.......................................................................................................................14

Other barriers to be considered are as follow:..........................................................................15

2.4. HOW CAN A MUNICIPALITY IMPLEMENT GREEN PROCUREMENT.......................17

v

Steps to be considered when implementing green public procurement.....................................19

2.5. HOW CAN A MUNICIPALITY SELECT A GREENER SUPPLIER, EVALUATE AND MANAGE?....................................................................................................................................22

2.6. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER 3...............................................................................................................................................25

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY...................................................................................25

3.1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................25

3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN............................................................................................................25

3.3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH................................................................................................26

Qualitative Research Methods..................................................................................................26

3.4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT.................................................................................................28

3.5. NATURE OF THE STUDY....................................................................................................29

3.6. DATA COLLECTION METHODS.......................................................................................30

3.7. SELF-COMPLETION SURVEYS.........................................................................................30

3.8. STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONNAIRES................................................................................31

3.9. SAMPLE SIZE.......................................................................................................................32

3.10. DATA ANALYSIS................................................................................................................32

3.11. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION............................................................................................33

3.12. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY.........................................................................................34

3.13. CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................35

CHAPTER 4...............................................................................................................................................36

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................36

4.1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................36

REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................................37

APPENDICES............................................................................................................................................40

APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE..............................................................................................40

vi

List of figures

Figure 1: A Conceptual model for GPP practices motivation……………………………………6

Figure 2.1: Key Drivers of Green Public Procurement…………………………………………..13

Figure 2.2: Environmental Procurement Criteria: Identified barriers to be addressed…………..15

Figure 2.3: Identified support requirements for the effective implementation of GPP.................18

Figure 2.4 Stages in the procurement process where environmental requirement can be put

forward and possible misconception of these demands may take place before they are received

by potential suppliers…………………………………………………………………………….22

vii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

1.1. INTRODUCTION

Green Public Procurement (GPP) International is having an impact on the way in which South

Africa works it GPP. Henceforth Green Public Procurement in neighborhood government should

be formed so as to contrast positively and worldwide measures. This chapter provides a

background to the opportunities and problems of Green Public Procurement for local government

in KwaZulu-Natal and presented the research problem. The research objectives, research

methodology and ethics were also discussed.

1.2. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Green Public Procurement is one approach to manage further ecological arrangements (Zhu et

al., 2013). GPP practices adoption, especially in developing countries is still an issue, attempting

to solve these issues we build up a theoretical model which estimates moderate effects of GPP

information on the associations between GPP drives and practices. It is found that regulations,

stipends and motivator picks up, and accomplices apply weight to convince determination of

GPP practices. Learning of GPP regulations, commitments and involvement in developing

countries is seen to be confined. Changing individual practices was recognized as a key segment

to execute GPP practice successfully (Zhu et al., 2013). Affecting and encouraging singular

powers to execute GPP practices requires further research. Some of the countries city pursue

green procurement (Urban seed, 2012). These municipalities, and some provinces, have search

for ways to develop green procurement approach to deal with varying degrees with the purpose

of impacting asset effective procurement measures and criteria. However the actual utilization of

such procurement practices has been moderate to take off.

1.3. RESEARCH PROBLEM

South Africa has an organized economy, with government a fundamental bit of all parts of

financial and social change, impediments to GPP practices still exists. For example indistinct

administrative essentials, cost for GPP, and low environmental mindfulness by procurement

officers have been seen to hinder GPP rehearses. Yet Chinese government still find convincing

1

GPP advancement a huge test and studies on GPP practices are still obliged especially in

connection to private division green purchasing (Zhu et al., 2013). Cost of greener item can be a

burden for governments in both developed and developing countries. While certain

administration bodies seem to have progressed in making green procurement strategies, the

utilization of these strategies appears, in every way, to be not precisely finish. Where other

government methodologies exist that bolster GPP, these have not been clearly made with the

deciding objective of GPP or seen as supporting GPP (Hanks et al., 2008). At a national level,

there is no green procurement strategy set up or a work in progress. While national acts and

strategies that would support or maintained by a green procurement policy exist, these are not

based on the green procurement exercises that they could reinforce on how a green procurement

approach may reinforce their key targets. No course material or standard proclamations for

tenders relating to green acquisition measures have been given to workplaces and there is

obviously inconsequential affirmation of green procurement being practice within national

divisions. Different reviews on GPP have concentrated on numbers of environmental solicitation

in calls for tenders without genuinely uncovering whether environmental criteria truly affect the

final conclusion (Michelsen and de Boer, 2009). There gives off an impression of being nobody

association that gives environmental confirmation to items and administrations in the nation.

1.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The study intends to give answers to the following questions:

1. What variables can help government to create GPP practices?

2. How can a municipality implement Green Public Procurement?

3. How can a municipality select a green supplier, evaluate and manage?

1.5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

To give answers to research questions and accomplish the aim of the research, the following

objectives were set:

1. To determine the implementation of green procurement that can work for local

government in KwaZulu-Natal using the GPP practices motivation.

2. The incorporating sustainability considerations in the procurement process.

2

3. The Environmental Management Systems (EMS) using ISO 14001 and EMAS

scheme.

1.6. HYPOTHESIS

NULL HYPOTHESIS: The Regulations, Rewards and incentive gains and Non-government

stakeholders cannot provide opportunities that can align with Green Public Procurement

practices for local government in KZN.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS: The Regulations, Rewards and incentive gains and Non-

government stakeholders can provide opportunities that can align with Green Public

Procurement practices for local government in KZN.

1.7. LIMITATION OF THE RESEARCH

The study targets government officials at the municipal government level in KwaZulu-Natal

under eThekwini municipal. Primary data such as self-completion questionnaire and focus group

will be used and secondary data will be used such as online resources, data, reports and other

information published by local government for sustainability, the International Green Purchasing

Network (IGPN), The Responsible Purchasing Network (RPN), Environmental management

practices and other initiatives that promotes and expand GPP activities will be gathered.

Qualitative method will pertain.

1.8. SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

This study seeks to provide opportunities that eThekwini municipality can take to implement the

Green Public Procurement successful and identifies ways that they can use for products and

services verification. There are also people that will benefits from this study they include:

a. Customers / Suppliers of goods and services.

b. Students that wish to do further research on this topic.

1.9. ETHICAL STATEMENT

All rules of directing exploration will be taken after and not damaged.

3

1.10. OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY

Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the research problem, which covers the background of the

study, the research problem, research question, research objectives, limitation of the study,

significant of the study and ethical statements.

Chapter 2 is primary concerned with the literature review, which covers the implementation of

GPP practices, factors that can help local government to develop GPP practices and available

methods to select a green supplier, evaluate and manage them.

Chapter 3 provides details on the Research Methodology.

Chapter 4 is the conclusion of the study which includes necessary recommendation for further

studies. There will also be appendix which will contain materials used in the course of the study.

1.11. CONCLUSION

This chapter provided a detailed overview on the background to the problem of Green Public

Procurement in eThekwini municipality which include background to the study, research

problem, research questions, research objectives, hypothesis, limitation of the study and

significant of the study. Chapter 2 which follows presents a literature review on the conceptual

model for GPP practices motivation, on how a municipality can implement Green Public

Procurement and available ways to select green supplier, evaluate and manage them.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION

The aim of this chapter is to review the relevant published material relating to the opportunities

available that can align with Green Public Procurement for local government in KZN. This will

help us to contrast the current situation with the theoretical framework. GPP has been

implemented in many nations and has been acknowledged as a successful mean of reducing

environmental impacts. Numerous legislatures have acquainted GPP policies with guarantee that

the purchasing people incorporate environmental considerations in their government

procurement choices. The usage of the Green Public Procurement can demonstrate the

municipalities’ commitment in ensuring the environment that can be replicated by the overall

population in general (Adham and Siwar, 2012).

2.2. GPP PRACTICES

The Environmental management practices for example GPP can enhance the environmental and

economic performance. To study GPP practices motivation, we first present the theoretical

framework. External pressures for example regulations can stimulate GPP practices while

authorities need the tools and knowledge to effectively execute the practices (Zhu et al., 2013).

In this model, we recommend that different drivers and pressures can encourage adoption of GPP

practices while GPP knowledge moderates this motivation.

5

Figure 2: A conceptual model for GPP practices motivation.

Source: (Zhu et al., 2013). Motivating green public procurement in China: An individual level perspective. Journal of

Environmental Management, 126, 85-95.

GPP practices can add to sustainability development at local level if the municipality tackles a

path which completely integrates this aim in its business, through impressive changes at the

cultural, managerial and operational levels. Utilizing sustainability considerations into public

procurement practices can help stimulate sustainable product-service system innovation. The

GPP is a policy instrument that targets at boosting the use of increasingly effective

environmental requirements in public procurement. And it potential lies in that suppliers and

supply chains are given incentives to progressively and innovatively move the production in a

direction that can be foreseen with the regards to communicated requirement. However, some

points to the uptake of green procurement being slow and that innovative solution are weakly

supported by public procurement (Bratt et al., 2013). Purchasing cost is still the prevailing

criteria for rewarding public contract.

Public procurement can shape assembling and utilization trends, thus, a tremendous enthusiasm

from Public Authorities (PA) for environmental well-disposed goods and services can make or

6

expand markets (Testa et al., 2012). In order words, the dispersion of GPP can successfully add

to decreasing the environmental pressure brought about by unsustainable consumption trends and

can help stimulating a critical mass of demand on the final and intermediate markets for more

sustainable products which for the most part would be difficult to get into the business sectors.

GPP is playing a vital role in stimulating the interest for environmentally friendly products and

services, and there is a strongly need to analyze which components are driving the incorporation

of environmental criteria in public tenders. The behavior in the organization is encouraged by

norms, routine and specific culture; the PAs with cutting edge level of awareness about the

potentials of GPP are likely to incorporate environmental performance requirements in technical

specifications, as this ensures that the environmental requirements are followed by winner and

environmental benefits are higher. The principle motivation behind training activities on GPP is

to build the awareness among buyers and show them how to embrace a new mindset to become

eager in valuing environmental performance as much as the price or quality of the goods or

services target by a tender.

Environmental demands from bigger firms have made the suppliers enhanced their

environmental performance and offer more green products. And in general the roles of the

customers are thought to be the drivers for businesses to enhance their environmental

performance through product advancement (Mosgaard et al., 2013). The tools for greening

procurement seems to focus on adjusting the perceived gap or market failure; the lack of

information regarding the environmental performance of product.

The use of environmental criteria in public tenders has been gradually spreading. For instance,

numerous national activities can be accounted in South Africa (Testa et al., 2012). Even though

there have been many international and local experiences on green public procurement and many

operational tools and guidelines being created to support the use of environmental criteria in

public purchase processes, scholarly papers on this field have not been numerous, and green

public procurement is relatively new area of research. The impact of GPP on innovation and

focused execution was explored by Testa et al., 2011. In view of information study and by

applying a regression they found that capability of GPP is strongly associated with the interests

in technology developments: It is affirmed that environmental policies, even when they are

7

connected by method for delicate instruments, for example, GPP, they get themselves ready to

impact the advancement capacities of the firm (Testa et al., 2014).

In today’s extremely highly competitive environment, the green logistics issues are gaining

interest. However, it is not easy to find literature reference on this topic. In fact, the literature

review shows that this topic was not talked about until 1990 (Ubeda et al., 2011), when green

logistics was considered as a relevant social and economic issue. Environmental issues can

impact on several logistical decisions throughout the supply chain such as location, sourcing of

raw material, modal selection, and transport planning among others.

The most basic environmental and social difficulties confronted in today's consumer driven

society include decreasing gas emissions, reducing the effect of hazardous chemicals,

minimizing the measure of waste produced. Procurement, a procedure in which public or private

organizations purchase goods and services, can impact the advancement of sustainable

consumption trends. In this manner it is fundamental to deal with the use of raw materials and

energy, the chemicals utilized as a part of products and the differing qualities of supplier in the

procurement process (Uttam et al., 2012).

Green Logistics Management (GLM) is a novel and one of a kind with respect to ideas, for

example, reverse logistics and closed loop supply chain, which are bound to an emphasis on

mitigating the environmental harms through dealing with the forward and reverse physical

movement of merchandise among exchanging partners (Lai and Wong, 2012).

Four traits of Implementing GLM

Procedure-based practices: Policy rules are required in implementing any hierarchical

practices, for example, GLM. GLM help producers to detail and justify the moves

that should be made to GLM and serves as a communication tool between

organizational functions on their commitment in GLM.

Evaluating-based practices:

Intermittent execution appraisal is favored for assembling companies to perceive key

areas for advancement. These practices reflect organizational ability to evaluate,

screen and improve execution on continuous bases. The main purpose of assessing

8

based practice is to give formal records and reports to directors, decreasing lack of

clarity on the accomplishment of GLM.

Partner-based practices:

A logistics chain needs the assistance and information of internal staff to work

beyond organizational points of confinement for any action, for instance,

environmental management to create result. Colleague communication and training

on GLM is subsequently required to finish the targeted implementation results. A

firm ought not to act solo. Furthermore the in reverse with suppliers and forward with

clients, is instrumental to intensely wipe out the ecological impact rising up between

organizational ability and product streams.

General environmental management practices:

This section of GLM requires visibility in the product improvement process and that

the activities are in consistent with ISO 14000 in a logistics chain. The general

environmental management practices evaluate the extent to which firms are

perceptible in environmental security activities that are the obligation of different

stakeholders. Firms keep up records in satisfying environmental benchmarks with

formal reporting framework for partner access, for example, publishing corporate

social obligation reports.

Executing GLM practices can make business pollute less. What more, these practices incorporate

substituting with less contaminating inputs, reusing by-products of processes, and advancing

contamination methods, these practices are valuable for dropping utilization of unsafe materials

and furthermore bringing down transfer of waste water and strong waste in the production

process.

Sensitive goods are usually transported by air, while large volumes of commodities are shipped

by rail, inland barge or pipeline. Technological innovations such as cooled containers and data

loggers have empowered a shift from air to slower modes, like truck or sea ships. And there are

few Operation Research papers that deal with these issues (Dekker et al., 2012).

Supplier selection is the important task for creating sustainable supply chain partnerships.

Environmental, social and economic dimensions should be considered so as to choose a well-

suitable sustainable supplier that can enhance supply chain performance. Presently because of

9

outsourcing initiatives, organizations have turned out to be more reliant on suppliers which in

return make it more critical to choose and assess their supplier performance (Diabat and

Govindan, 2011). The movement toward socially sustainable purchasing means to facilitate the

buying technique criteria for instance controlling the supplier moral business practices or making

safe working equipment through inspirations to purchase recyclable or reusable materials

(Oreuzabala et al., 2012) As an insight, Oreuzabala et al., 2012 contends that the ISO 14000

ensured suppliers is favored keeping in mind the end goal to cut down the environmental danger.

Green preferences or environmental necessities can in this manner be one of the criteria adjusted

during the offer assessment stage (Uttam et al., 2012).

Environmental Management Systems (EMS) aims to structure the organization’s environmental

work so as to favor its continual improvements in terms of environmental performance. EMSs

also function as a third-party guarantee of environmental excellence providing organizations

with more competitive position. The support of an EMS serves to define the operative

procedures needed to manage indirect environmental aspect that have prominent important of

PAs (Testa et al.). The consideration of green criteria in the public tenders is unmistakably the

most legitimate way to deal with control and impact the environmental performance of suppliers.

The Eco-labeling of product gives a basic quality affirmation part in communicating product

information on environmental effects (Bratt et al., 2011).

The expected role and function of eco-labeling

The manufacturer point of view

From a manufacturer point of view the eco-label is a basic tool to reveal the

environmental or social performance of goods and services and it serves as a benchmark

for improvement and competitiveness. The label affects the procurement decision for the

labeled product.

The customer point of view

Eco-labeling provides customer with information, about the augmented quality

assessment of goods and services. Furthermore, this is communicated through a label that

reveals the presence of environmental or social characteristics that the client can't decide

alone.

The policymaker point of view

10

From a policymaker point of view, eco-labeling may serve as a correlative tool to make

incentives for and strengthen product advancements to, substituting products with high

impacts on the earth for goods and services with lower effects.

Understanding an in depth regulatory requirement of GPP practices and their adoption is

significant and without a deeper knowledge of regulation logic and purpose, managers and

personnel may see them as pointless bureaucratic formality that is hard to comprehend.

Green procurement has been a business sector situated approach procedure that brings the

environmental performance criteria into normal purchasing (Mosgaard et al., 2012).

Investigating about the components that can bolster municipalities to create GPP practices, one

cannot think little of the probability that there are some correlative components which firmly

impact the mentality of a public administration to grow such practices. This is especially right in

light of the fact that when municipality looks for environmental greatness by means of diverse

instruments or solutions that are emphatically synergies with GPP practices.

2.3. GPP PRESSURES/DRIVERS

The drivers of environmental concerns are discovered when the pressure of governments and

other different partners influence sustainable decisions in organizations. Internal and external

drivers of environmental supply management are identified, which include factors, regulations,

consumers, rivals and society’s (Oreuzabala et al., 2012). The inclusion of environmental

considerations into purchasing policies is provided by regulations.

There is a level headed discussion on the best and productive regulatory components to enhance

the environmental and competitive performance of industry. The impact of environmental

regulation on social orders can redistribute wages streams and have the force on how individuals

live (Testa et al., 2011). Basically, we can distinguish three noteworthy hypothetical

methodologies. The traditionalist viewpoints of neoclassical environmental economies contend

that the purpose behind environmental regulation is to right negative externalities by

internalizing the costs of the negative externalities in any case; it weights organizations with

extra expenses. The firm that conform to regulation builds the uses in natural insurance and face

higher generation costs and diminish the intensity of their items in domestics and remote

markets.

11

The second arrangement of overviews contend that there is insufficient exact proof to

demonstrate that environmental regulation extremely influences international trade, firms and

industry profitability, business area, and economists should not therefore worry too much about

industrial competitiveness. Environmental regulations can give motivating forces to change a

company's production schedules i.e. mechanical or process advancement in a manner that could

prompt consistence and diminished expenses through diminished asset inputs. The third

translation of ecological strategies sways on aggressiveness is proposed by Resource based

viewpoint approach. Various studies have shown that immediate regulation, including integrated

licensing, is compelling in enhancing environmental performance.

Supply chain pressures, like facing demands from consumers, are one of the factors that influent

the existence of green procurement in an organization. For the purchase of minor items, the

supply chain pressure towards green procurement is less likely to actually influence the

purchasing decision of the purchasers.

12

Figure 2.1: Key Drivers of Green Public Procurement

Source: HANKS, J., DAVIES, H. & PERERA, O. 2008. Sustainable public procurement in South Africa. Sustainable

Development.

Internal driver:

Organizational factors

Individual’s personal commitment is observed to be decidedly identified with green supply chain

management (Walker et al., 2008).

The founder of the organization's identity and ethical values is clarified through the entire

organization however interestingly, not top management but rather center management’s support

is decidedly identified with environmental purchasing. Worker inclusion completely improve

operational and environment. In Handfield et al., 2007 study, the organization that exceeded

expectations in different green supply chain management activities was driven neither by

environmental consistence nor by a strategy business visionary. An expanded pressure

originating from shareholders has additionally been seen in the improvement of environmental

policies.

13

External drivers:

Regulation

A purchasing company's commitment in green buying is absolutely related on how they view the

importance of environmental compliance. However, compliance with environmental legislation

does not no guarantee environmental performance improvement. The proactive actions towards

environmental regulation are definitely to be drivers of fruitful green supply chain management

ventures. Environmental regulation can be seen as a persuading component to advance and

lessen the environmental effect requiring little to no effort, as opposed to a cause for litigation.

Customers

Examining the part of buying in environmental management, it was found that consumer

requests that take a long-term supply chain point of view have more positive impact on

environmental management as opposed to consumer demands which include shorter time period.

Competitors

Competitors, as the potential environmental innovation pioneers, may have the capacity to set

industry standards and plainly can drive environmental development.

Society

The general population is impacted by an organization's reputation regarding the environment

when deciding on purchasing choices. People demand more environmental product and they are

more socially cognizant by considering what firms purchase and where they purchase it from.

The danger of expanded environmental mindfulness likewise makes an open door for

organizations to win new customers.

Suppliers

Suppliers do not act as the direct driving force but it has been proposed that they give significant

thoughts on the usage of environmental activities.

14

The scientific view on the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) and human

behaviors related to long-term negative environmental impact has led to increased significance

being attached to sustainable industry practices (Kenley et al., 2014). Through collaborative

processes, numerous incentive and reward mechanisms can be built into the procurement process

in order to translate policies and strategies into pro-active initiatives.

Figure 2.2: Environmental Procurement Criteria: Identified barriers to be addressed

Source: HANKS, J., DAVIES, H. & PERERA, O. 2008. Sustainable public procurement in South Africa. Sustainable

Development.

Other barriers to be considered are as follow:

Financial

Premium on green products

15

It is seen that the dominant part of green items carry a premium cost. What's more, this

premium cost can come about as a result of the item costing more to make, take-back or

transfer expense, expenses of green check or expanded expenses in transportation if

imported from somewhere else. With public sector subsidizing being constrained and being

spurred for on a yearly premise, worries around offices not having the capacity to manage

the cost of the cost premiums for green items exist.

Market

Verification of green items

South Africa uses limited green verification schemes when checking products. There is by

all accounts no organization that gives ecological check to products and services in the

country. The green confirmation schemes and eco-marks that are at present used are mostly

from existing international check or eco-mark schemes.

At one stage, the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) began to make standards and

guidelines for green confirmation and labeling, yet this did not simply go ahead and brought

about vulnerability in the business sector.

While the number of databases showcasing green items is growing, a set number of these

will just show items that have not had their environmental accreditations confirmed, while

most show all items that claim to be green and will conceivably contract the list down as

confirmation schemes get to be accessible.

The absence of confirmation schemes is an outcome of blend of not having the frameworks

or criteria against which to accept the products, an absence of expertise in check for

particular product areas and an absence of time and financing to review the products.

Moreover there are worried that the municipalities that start of building up verification

schemes would experience the harsh effects of the regulatory burden of carrying out

persistent reviews to keep up the label's respectability.

Without autonomous green verification plans, authorities fear the distortion of

environmental characteristics of products and the absence of straightforwardness as to

production strategies and segments. The worries around the verification of green items

16

focus on how procurement personnel would realize that the items being supplied to them are

in reality green.

Availability of products

In spite of the fact that the accessibility of green items in the country is at present on the

rise, it is still extremely restricted. This could prompt a premium cost for green items that

are accessible in the country. Concern additionally exists in respect to whether imported

green items would override local non-green product.

Availability of suppliers

The number of suppliers of green items in South Africa is limited, which could prompt a

premium value and support suppliers who are not capable to give green items.

Competition with non-green products

It may be troublesome for green products to go up against non-green brands items. States of

mind may be exceptionally hard to change as to have confidence in the lesser-known green

items.

2.4. HOW CAN A MUNICIPALITY IMPLEMENT GREEN PROCUREMENT

The influence of purchasing to address worldwide environmental objectives has been taken by

the private sector which began to see a rush of activities in corporate obligation with direct effect

of procurement on supply chain. Furthermore just a couple studies have looked at environmental

supply chain management both in the public and private sector and there is relatively minimal

distributed work on green public procurement regardless of general society policy activities

connected with it (Correia et al., 2013). Little information is known about the way local

government utilizes the procurement function to promote sustainability. The contribution of

public procurement to sustainability is large, when considering the size of the public sector

expenditure (Gelderman et al., 2015). Municipality procurement rules regularly utilize price

preferences or quantity targets to compensate products that meet environmental criteria, for

example, fusing reused substance and uncovering contamination levels well beneath regulatory

breaking points. These strategies can significantly help increase interest for the targeted on

17

product and services through the municipality's own particular purchasing choices, since the

government is a noteworthy client (Simcoe and Toffel, 2013).

Figure 2.3: Identified support requirements for the effective implementation of GPP?

Source: HANKS, J., DAVIES, H. & PERERA, O. 2008. Sustainable public procurement in South Africa. Sustainable

Development.

Settling on actualizing a green different option for an existing goods is difficult. There are lots of

variables included to decide the effect on the environment, including: raw materials securing,

assembling, re-use and transfer. Fortunately the assets to assist the municipalities with identifying

greener choices are out there and turning out to be more various. The critical variable that will

impact achievement or disappointment in the integration of GPP with the current purchasing

structure is the upfront investment. One needs purchase in and seeing, especially from

government official's i.e. political command and top management i.e. budgetary officers and

supply chain management, from procurement work force, from suppliers and from the inside

18

clients who use focal procurement. Careful the usage of green procurement standards is reliant on

all work force inside of municipality, understanding and practicing the standards of green

acquisition is the key. There will be restriction, change dependably creates that, so be watchful

for it and attempt to be master dynamic in order to utmost its effect.

Steps to be considered when implementing green public procurement

STEP 1: Form a Green Procurement Team

To start with, pick individuals that will make up the execution group and drive the procedure

inside different offices. Ensure that the group is very much capable for the job. The colleagues

must have a nitty gritty comprehension of procurement standards, and additionally understanding

why it is critical and their obligation in making the change that is required. Moreover it is viewed

as significant to place one or more individuals that are liable to oppose the arrangement into the

group. External boost may give preparing on green procurement and help the municipality in

building up environmental purchasing criteria.

STEP 2: Decide on an Implementation Approach

The decision must be tackled whether to take a huge approach or distinguish some pilot extends

that will be liable to succeed. The pilot venture is prescribed, disregarding the way that your

particular situation may require huge approach. GPP is practice is likely to be an

accomplishment as a rule in the event that it is staged in orderly, instead of executed overnight.

There must likewise be choice on whether the pilot or venture must to be limited to focal

procurement or to incorporate those included in procurement somewhere else in the

municipality. There is more control over a concentrated pilot with less long-term influence.

Qualities of successful pilots incorporate goods or services where: an expansive measure of data

is accessible on the best way to measure the greenness of the item, there are number of existing

suppliers who are promoting their items as green, prices are sensibly low with no significant

contrasts crosswise over suppliers, the cost of green items is not that distinctive to that of

conventional items, quantities are huge and the item is requested by a large range of inside

clients and the items presently being obtained adversely affect the earth.

STEP 3: Review the Current Situation

Audit the present procurement strategy, procedure and systems to take in green procurement.

Remembering that the accompanying controlling inquiries are expected to educate the survey: 1.

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Challenges: Why has not the green acquisition grown actually? What has ceased it from taking it

root? How to perceive and resolve these troubles? 2. Opportunities: Where do we have asset

proficient obtainment set up? What lessons would we have the capacity to pull from this to

extend our conceivable outcomes of accomplishment? The purchase policy review should

consider the accompanying

Do colleagues have the data and ability to actualize green purchasing?

Is the institutional structure helpful for green purchasing?

Does the standard contract incorporate green purchasing?

Is the correspondence clear about green purchasing when issuing tenders?

Is the prerequisite assessment stage included, where the necessity is assessed against green

standards?

Is re-use considered, rather than acquire new products

STEP 4: Market the Project

The venture dispatch will raise the task profile and expand mindfulness, comprehension and

backing of the municipalities endeavors. Inner and outer correspondence battles will build

purchase in and activity both inside and remotely. In the event that archives have a logo on them

that sort them as a major aspect of the pilot, this will help suppliers and local representatives to

comprehend what is going on.

STEP 5: Market Analysis

In the event that the purchasing division is not exceptionally acquainted with the sourcing of

green item, marketing analysis will be helpful. There are different helpful sites that are accessible

with regards to assessing items as far as their ecological effect.

20

STEP 6: Engage Suppliers

Once the district has done research and comprehended the business sector and the details of

items and administrations have been recognized, reaction from suppliers can be welcomed. This

is done best as an intelligent procedure, where suppliers have the capacity to correspond with

purchasing office to build up sensible guidelines, examine other conceivable approaches to

deliver better goods, and propose elective arrangements. The accompanying will go about as rule

when setting good and service standards:

Eliminate or decrease the utilization of destructive man-made chemicals and components.

Eliminate or decrease conditions that undermine individuals' ability to meet their

fundamental human needs.

Suppliers with existing contracts ought to be counseled to see whether they can meet the

prerequisites needs. Innovative change may be conceivable, or work creation through reusing.

This iterative procedure ought to in the end lead to an agreement or delicate proposal

STEP 7: Decide on Monitoring Approach

It is vital to show venture achievement or lessons learnt through observing. Set up the markers

that will figure out if the pilot has been a win and verify that they can be measured and the

essential estimation arrangements are set up. The checking procedure ought to incorporate the

accompanying: Pilot venture objective, Cost, Public and inside reaction on how has open and

inward observation been effected, the effects of new procedures, here information ought to be

gathered so that the effect can be assessed, the components of the choice making procedure

ought to be measured, the time of pilot and checking, the measure of assets utilized i.e. water,

power, fuel. On the off chance that material to pilot, measure of waste delivered and the

sum/sorts of chemicals utilize

STEP 8: Formalize Procurement

Guarantee the tender specification or the agreement reflects the new goods and service criteria.

These ought to incorporate particular and effortlessly justifiable criteria notwithstanding broad

criteria. The legal division can help with drafting a decent contract that meets the municipality

requirements. At that point welcome reactions and pick the supplier that best meets the criteria.

STEP 9: Pilot Wrap-Up

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It is vital for the pilot to have an end-date and be assessed. At the point when the pilots have

been actualized, it ought to be conceivable to expand on them by expanding the scope of goods

and services that are liable to the Green Procurement Policy. Development, support and transport

offer awesome open doors for minimizing ecological effect; however they require generous

exploration and inspiration, which will be simpler taking after fruitful pilots. The advertising can

be utilized to distribute the victories.

2.5. HOW CAN A MUNICIPALITY SELECT A GREENER SUPPLIER, EVALUATE

AND MANAGE?

The environmental requirement can be raised at distinctive phases of the acquisition procedure,

beginning from the introductory express requests in tender declarations to choice criteria in the

final selection of the tender. Moreover various overviews on GPP have concentrated on different

quantities of environmental requests in calls for tenders without really uncovering whether

environmental criteria really impact an official choice (Michelsen and de Boer, 2009).

Figure 2.4 Stages in the procurement process where environmental requirement can be put forward and possible

misconception of these demands may take place before they are received by potential suppliers.

Source: Michelsen and de Boer. (2009). Green procurement in Norway; a survey of practices at the municipal and

county level. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 160-167.

22

Figure 2.4 demonstrates the acquisition procedure and the phases of where environmental

requests and limitations can be set. It concentrated on the utilization of environmental data for

prequalification and final selection of suppliers. Here the environmental effect is comprehended

as any effect on nature and biological systems, of which does excluding effect on working

conditions. In any case, the environmental requests set forward by the municipality may not as a

matter of course be seen at the same level by the potential suppliers since they are separated

through the reports utilized as a part of the acquisition process.

In the purchasing aspect, Sarkis, (2006) considers green purchasing as vendor selection and in-

bound logistics (Lin and Huang, 2012).

As far as supplier choice, Chou and Chang, (2008) proposed a framework which will assess

elective suppliers that uses Supply Chain Management methodology to distinguish supplier

qualified criteria and the subsequent model that permits chief to consolidate the supply dangers

of individual suppliers into official decision making. Chan and Kumar (2007) distinguished a

portion of the imperative and basic criteria for the advancement of a productive framework for

worldwide supplier determination (Tseng and Chiu, 2013).

The administration policy supporting EMS grasp the components of a business sector situated

methodology by possibly reassuring business sector separation through eco-labeling and

certificate and making new markets for environmental friendly productive. Government

approach tried to enhance creation productivity, while diminishing expansive scale characteristic

asset management.

The ISO 14001 standard is an inner management tool and a method for publicizing

environmental duty of municipality (Boiral and Henri, 2012). The position adopted influence

whether the standard may be thought to be a method for enhancing environmental performance

or a method for reacting to institutional pressures. The usage of ISO 14001 must add to

coordinate environmental concerns into every day management activities and committing the

municipality to a point of continuous improvement. An Environmental Management Systems

requires the business to meet its ecological prerequisites, distinguish critical dangers and deal

with those (Cary and Roberts, 2011). It coordinates environmental administration into day by day

operations, long haul planning and quality administration. Generally, the most common Green

23

Supply Chain Management (GSCM) practices consists of assessing the environmental

performance of suppliers, require suppliers to undertake measures that ensure the environmental

quality of their product and evaluate the cost of waste in their operating systems. GSCM theory

concentrates on how a firm uses their supplier's procedures, innovation and capacity, and

coordinating ecological worries to enhance its upper hand. GSCM focus on products and

production processes including material sourcing. The focus of GSCM on the prompt result of

the supplier on green endeavors, and on the methods by which more green operations or items

may be accomplished, the purchaser necessities are frequently incorporated into the

conceptualization of green inventory network (Tseng and Chiu, 2013).

2.6. CONCLUSION

The chapter shows how GPP practices can contribute to sustainability at local level when only if

municipality undertakes a path which fully integrates with the aim of its organization and the

dissemination of GPP can viably add to diminishing the ecological weight brought on by

unsustainable utilization designs. This chapter also mentions the four attributes that can be used

to implement Green Logistics Management which deals with the concept such as reverse

logistics and the Eco-labeling of products. Figure 2 showed the key drivers of Green Public

Procurement , drivers of environmental concerns are found in the weight of government and

different partners while the three major theoretical approaches argues that the inclusion of

environmental considerations into purchasing policies is expressly provided by regulations. The

nine steps were steps that municipality should consider when implementing green purchase and

what backing is required keeping in mind the end goal to viably actualize the GPP. The

execution of ISO 14001 must add to coordinating environmental worries into every day

administration exercises, while EMS integrates environmental management into daily operations,

long-term planning and quality management when selecting the suppliers.

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. INTRODUCTION

Chapter 3 will discuss the research design and methodology used to obtain information from a

representative sample of individuals from the EThekwini Municipality on issues such as low

environmental awareness by procurement personnel, cost of GPP and factors that can help local

government to develop GPP practices. A research design is not only considered as a work plan;

the purpose of a research design is to ensure that the evidence acquired allows us to provide

answer to the initial question clearly (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, 2006). Research design is portrayed

as an arrangement that represents how, when and where information is to be assembled and

analyzed. Methodology alludes to how the research was done and its logical sequence

incorporate the design, setting, sample, and the data collection and analysis techniques in a study.

This exploration lends itself to utilizing qualitative research due to the fact that very senior

member and team members who are under supply chain department at EThekwini municipality

are responsible for the green procurement process. By using a qualitative approach a better

understanding of the issues related to Green Public Procurement can be obtained through self-

completion questionnaire and focus group. Primary data are data that are collected for a specific

research problem at hand (Joop J et al., 2005).

Self-completion questionnaire and focus group will be utilized to get the essential information

from respondents and the exploration discoveries would be utilized to address the research

problem. The essential information gathered i.e. primary data would be textual data. Secondary

data related to Green Public Procurement will also be used.

3.2. RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is a blueprint for the gathering, measuring, and analyzing of data, based on the

research questions of the study (Sekaran, 2006). Research design deals with reasonable issues

and not logistical issues (De Vaus, 2013). Research design may reflect the entire research

process, from conceptualizing an issue to the literature review, research questions, methods, and

conclusions, while in another study, research design alludes just to the methodology of a study

(Harwell, 2011). The study will be based on qualitative approach as it will allow a point by point

25

investigation of the subject of enthusiasm for which data will be gathered through focus group

and self-completion questionnaire.

3.3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research depends on subjective information and has a tendency to take after the

exploratory system for the logical routines. Qualitative researchers are interested in

understanding the meaning people have constructed, that is, how people make sense of their

world and the experiences they have in the world (Merriam, 2014). We will concentrate on five

particular sorts of subjective examination: Phenomenology, Ethnography, Case study, Grounded

hypothesis and Historical exploration. Pure qualitative research relies on the collection of

qualitative data and it also follows the characteristics of the qualitative research (Merriam, 2014).

Qualitative Research Methods

The fundamental qualities of qualitative data collection are that it gives rich and point by point

data about populaces influenced, viewpoints of particular social and social connections,

incorporation of an assorted and delegate cross segment of influenced persons, inside and out

investigation of the effect of a crisis, an information accumulation process which requires

restricted quantities of respondents and information accumulation process which can be

completed with constrained assets.

The shortcomings of qualitative data are that will it results in information that won't be

objectively verifiable, it will require a work concentrated investigation process and need skillful

interviewers to successfully carry out the primary data collection activities.

Phenomenology

Phenomenology is the most important type of qualitative research. When conducting this

research study, a researcher is trying to understand how one or more people are encountering a

marvel. The key segment of a phenomenological research study to the analyst is that they

attempting to see how individual experience a marvel from the individual's own specific

perspective.

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Ethnography

This is viewed as a standout amongst the popular approaches to qualitative research in education.

Ethnography researchers are occupied with depicting the way of life of a gathering of individuals

and figure out how it gets a kick out of the chance to be an individual from the gathering from

the point of view of the individuals from that gathering. Scientists are keen on reporting things

like the qualities, hones, and shared dispositions, and standards, examples of cooperation, points

of view, and dialect of a gathering of individuals. Ethnographers use the holistic descriptions to

try and portray how the individuals from a gathering cooperate and how they meet up to make up

the gathering all in all (Moriarty, 2011).

Case Study Research

The case study research relies on the qualitative data, and also uses multiple methods. This

research method can be used to address exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research

questions. And it is more varied than phenomenology, ethnography, or grounded theory.

Grounded Theory

This is a subjective way to deal with creating and building up a hypothesis from the information

you gather in an exploration study.

Historical Research

Historical research examines "the content of history," and frequently exhibits its outcomes

through stories or accounts. Despite the fact that numerous chronicled examination studies are

delegated blended (e.g., when qualitative and quantitative data are utilized), this kind of

exploration is set under subjective research since the data have a tendency to be subjective and

the methodology in utilizing of the proof and framing of the contentions is closer to that of

subjective research than to quantitative research. Historical research is done to better understand

events that have already occurred.

Quantitative research methods

The quantitative research method is about to test the pre-determined hypotheses and produce

generalizable results. There are characterized by the collection of information which can be

27

analyzed numerically, and the results of which are presented using statistics, tables and graphs

(Bernard and Bernard, 2012).

The primary qualities of quantitative information gathering are that it gives: numeric measures,

opportunity for generally uncomplicated information investigation, data which are undeniable,

data which are tantamount between diverse groups inside distinctive areas and data which don't

require investigative judgment past thought of how data will be introduced in the dispersal.

Shortcomings characteristic in quantitative information include: gaps in data - issues which are

excluded in the poll, or optional information agenda, won't be incorporated into the investigation,

a work concentrated information gathering procedure and limited investment by influenced

persons in the substance of the inquiries or bearing of the data gathering process

3.4. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

Interviews or self-completion questionnaires

Picking between an interview and a self-completion questionnaire on which the respondent

composes their answers is an essential choice. What's more, there are likewise decisions to be

made, each with points of interest or detriments. Accordingly interviews should be possible eye

to eye or by phone. A questionnaire can be sent and returned by email or post, filled in on the

web, or gave specifically to the respondent who finishes it on the spot and hands it back.

Interviews have some advantages over self-completion questionnaires. The interviewer can

explain questions that the respondent has not understood and can ask for further elaboration of

replies. Telephone interviews are subject to greater levels of monitoring because supervisors can

unobtrusively listen in to interviews to ensure that they are carried out correctly. On the other

hand, interviews are time consuming for the specialist and the facts may confirm that interviewer

predisposition, where the questioner impacts the answers by uncovering their own particular suppositions,

and it can be hard to ask delicate inquiries on the phone, this can be avoided by self-completion

questionnaires (Phellas et al., 2011).

Self-completion questionnaire have the advantage of being cheap, however are more suited to

issues where there are just a couple inquiries that are moderately clear and straightforward in

their significance, and the decision of answers can be restricted to altered classifications. They

are particularly valuable in reviewing individuals who are scattered over a wide land range,

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where the voyaging requests on an interviewer would be unreasonable (Phellas et al., 2011).

Questionnaires must be short and the inquiries must be basic as there is no chance to test or

illuminate errors. There is no power over who rounds out the poll, and the scientist can never

make sure that the opportune individual has finished the survey. Those with low levels of

proficiency or poor access to email or the Internet are unrealistic to finish a survey, implying that

they are prohibited from the study. Reaction rates have a tendency to be low and it is hard to

know the qualities of the individuals who have not filled in the review and how their non-

reaction will influence the discoveries. Reaction rates in self-fulfillment reviews have a tendency

to be expanded when respondents have an enthusiasm for the subject of the exploration and are

along these lines roused to finish the poll. Likewise, reaction rates can be expanded by

conveying update letters and messages and catch up postings of the poll, however this means the

hands on work component of such reviews can be protracted.

There are numerous motivations to utilize interviews for gathering information and utilizing it as

an exploration instrument. Dark (Kajornboon, 2005) has given the accompanying reasons: there

is a need to accomplish profoundly customized information, there are opportunities required for

examining and a decent return rate is vital.

Respondents are not conversant in the local dialect of the nation, or where they have troubles

with composed dialect. It is important for the analyst to plan before the genuine meeting. The

meeting begins before the meeting really starts. This is the scientist's arrangement stage. When

the meeting is led the scientist needs to verify that the respondents have: an unmistakable

thought of why they have been inquired; basic data about the reason for the meeting and the

exploration undertaking of which it is a part; some thought of the plausible length of the meeting

and that you might want to record it (clarifying why) and an unmistakable thought of

unequivocally where and when the meeting will happen.

3.5. NATURE OF THE STUDY

The main focus of this study was the exploration of the opportunities that can align with Green

Public Procurement for Local Government in KZN since there is very little existing research on

this subject matter therefore the research approach was qualitative.

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3.6. DATA COLLECTION METHODS

There are various vital contemplations when utilizing the self-completion questionnaire. The

respondent and the researcher can contact through the paper instrument and the letter going with

the survey and the questionnaire itself must be all around outlined. The researcher ought to

invested energy outlining stage testing questionnaire with respondents comparable in qualities to

the target sample. There may be various issues, for example, a language obstructions, utilization

of vernacular or a low education level that should be calculated into the outline. Questions must

be focused at the fitting level for the sampled population.

3.7. SELF-COMPLETION SURVEYS

Self-completion techniques, whether paper based or electronic, can profit by the complete

nonattendance of an interviewer from the procedure. . As this removes a source of potential bias

in the responses, and makes it easier for respondents to be honest about sensitive subjects.

On the other hand, self-fulfillment studies can likewise endure subsequent to there are no

interviewer to distinguish when a respondent has misconstrued, or to request clarification where

there are irregularities, or to test for more full replies. Self-completion questionnaires are often

considerably cheaper per interview to administer than interviewer administered ones, although,

this is not always the case.

Advantages of paper questionnaires

With a paper self-completion questionnaire, respondents have the time to consider their

responses. They can leave the questionnaire whilst they think about an issue. With little time

pressure on respondent, they can write lengthy and full answers to open questions.

Focus group

Focus group will be another data collection method that will be used since it can uncover an

abundance of detailed data and profound knowledge. At the point when all around executed, a

focus group creates an accepting environment that set participant calm permitting them to keenly

answer questions in their words and add meaning to their answers.

A focus group comprises of a small group of six to ten individuals led in an open discussion by a

moderator. The group will be large enough to generate rich discussion but not so large that some

30

participants are left out. The focus group moderator will nurture disclosure in an open format.

The moderator’s goal is to generate a maximum number of different ideas and opinions from as

many different people in allocated time. The amount of time that will be put aside for a focus

group will be from 45 to an hour and a half since past this the group will not be productive and it

becomes burden on the participant time. I will structure the focus group around a set of carefully

predetermined questions. The participant comment will stimulate and influence the thinking and

sharing of others. I will choose a homogeneous group of strangers to pick the focus group with

the goal that I can deliver substantial results. To ensure that the focus group members

comprehend and completely regard to the questions postured, questions will be: short and to the

point, focused on one measurement each, unambiguously worded and open-ended or sentence

completion types

Worded in a manner that they can't be replied with straightforward "yes" or "no"

3.8. STRUCTURE OF QUESTIONNAIRES

The questionnaire will comprise both open-ended and closed ended questions. The utilization of

open-ended questions will gives members the chance to respond in their own words, instead of

driving them to look over fixed responses, as quantitative strategies do. Open-ended questions

additionally can bring out responses that are important and socially notable to the member,

unforeseen by the researcher and that are rich and explanatory in nature. Answers will be

recorded in full in a self-managed review the respondent records his or her own whole reaction.

Open-ended questions are less likely to suggest or guide the answer as with the case in closed

questions because they are free from the format effects associated with closed questions, and

they can add new information when there is very little existing information available about a

topic. Consideration will be taken in writing open-ended questions in order to maintain a

strategic distance from configurations that inspire a dichotomous yes/no or agree/disagree

response. Closed- ended questions request that the respondent pick, among a possible set of

answers, the reaction that most nearly speaks to their perspective. The respondent will be

requested to tick an answer. Closed-ended questions will offer straightforward choices, for

example, "Yes" or 'No'. It will likewise require that the respondent picks among a few answer

classifications, or that the respondent uses a frequency scale, a significance scale, or an

agreement scale. The main advantage of closed questions are that the respondent is restricted to a

31

finite set of responses, they are easy and quick to answer, they have response categories that are

easy to code, and they permit the inclusion of more variables in a research study because the

format enables the respondent to answer more questions in the same time required to answer

fewer open-ended questions.

3.9. SAMPLE SIZE

The sizes of the population are employees who are employed at various KZN municipalities. A

sample is a subset of the population. It comprises some members selected from the population.

The questionnaires will be given to senior members of the local government municipalities and

team members who are in the supply chain department in various KZN municipalities so to have

the quality data and fewer participants are needed because the topic being studied is obvious and

clear, and the information is easily obtain from the interviews.

The populace's sizes are workers who are utilized at different KZN districts. A specimen is a

populace's subset. It contains a few individuals chose from the populace. The surveys will be

given to senior individuals from the neighborhood government districts and colleagues who are

in the inventory network office in different KZN regions so to have the quality information and

less members are required in light of the fact that the subject being examined is evident and

clear, and the data is effectively get from the meetings.

3.10. DATA ANALYSIS

Data analysis is the most complex phase of a qualitative project, and it receives the least

considerate discussion in the literature (Thorne, 2000). Data analysis is dictated by the

exploration destinations, different readings and by interpretation of raw data. Thus the findings

are derived from both the research objectives outlined by the researcher and findings arising

directly from the analysis of the raw data (Thomas, 2006). The primary mode of analysis is the

development of categories from the raw data into a model or framework that captures key themes

and processes judged to be important by the researcher (Thomas, 2006). This distinction

shouldn’t be taken too rigidly, since it stresses the importance of considering the process through

which particular discourses and texts are created and obtained and, ultimately, how they may be

analyzed. The following steps below describe the basic elements of narrative data analyzed. The

following steps below describe the basic elements of narrative data analysis and interpretation.

32

Get to know your data.

This implies you read and re-read the content. On the off chance that you have tape recordings,

you hear them out a few times. Record any impressions you have as you experience the

information.

Focus the analysis.

You focus the analysis to take a gander at how an individual or group reacted to every inquiry or

theme. This is typically done with open-ended questions. You sort out the information by inquiry

to look over all respondents and their answers so as to recognize textures and contrasts. You put

all the information from every inquiry together.

Categorize information.

Identify themes or patterns — ideas, concepts, interactions, incidents, behaviors, terminology or

phrases used. Organize them into coherent categories that summarize and bring meaning to the

text.

Identify patterns and connections within and between categories.

You can summarize the data relating to one topic, or catching the likenesses or contrasts in

individuals' reactions inside of a class. Furthermore, to accomplish this, you have to collect all

the information relating to the specific topic (class).

Interpretation – Bringing it all together.

Here you use the subjects and associations to clarify your discoveries and a best place to begin is

to build up a list of key focuses or essential discoveries you have found as a consequence of

arranging and sorting information.

3.11. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

Ethical behavior do not simple extend to the relationship between questionnaire writer and

respondent, the questionnaire writer has a responsibility to behave ethically towards the

respondent. The researcher has an ethical duty to ensure that the questionnaire is fit for the

purpose of the study. Intentionally introducing bias in order to support a particular point of view

is unethical and is rarely of value to the respondent.

33

The respondent should always be given the opportunity to comment on the questionnaire. It is

the researcher’s responsibility to ensure that the respondent has sufficient time to consider the

questionnaire and any implications for the data to be collected before being asked to agree it.

From an ethical point of view the introduction should include: the name of the organization

conducting the study; the broad subject area; whether the subject area is particularly sensitive;

whether the data collected will be held confidentially or used at a personally identifiable level for

other purposes such as database building or direct marketing, and if so by whom; the likely

length of the interview; any cost to the respondent; whether the interview is to be recorded, either

audio or video, other than for the purposes of quality control.

3.12. VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Validity

Joppe (2000) explains what validity under quantitative research is:

Validity determines whether the research truly measures what it was intended to measure or how

truthful the research results are. In other words, is the research instrument allowing you to meet

your research objective? Researchers generally determine validity by asking a series of

questions, and will often look for the answers in the research of others (Golafshani, 2003).

Validity is concerned about the extent to which a question measures what it was proposed to

measure. Usually the content, empirical, and concurrent validity are validity related to the use of

questionnaires. Content legitimacy alludes to whether a leading body of judges or pro on the

subject concurs that the announcements relates to what they should measure. Empirical validity

is generally tested using a correlation coefficient which measures relationships between

questionnaire responses and other related behavioral characteristic. Simultaneous validity

comprises of measuring the extent to which a variable corresponds with another measure,

effectively accepted, of the same variable.

Reliability

The extent to which results are consistent over time and an accurate representation of the total

population under study is referred to as reliability and if the results of a study can be reproduced

34

under a similar methodology, then the research instrument is considered to be reliable

(Golafshani, 2003).

Reliability is concerned with the consistency of measurement. That is, the propensity to acquire

the same results if the measure was to be done again utilizing the same subjects under the same

conditions.

There are two general approaches in establishing the reliability of a questionnaire. The principal

is to pose the question again in an alternate some portion of the questionnaire in the same or in a

marginally changed structure, however in a manner as to pick up the same data. A second

approach is called Test-Retest, it is going to read minister a questionnaire to the same group of

people a few days after the fact and contrast it and the outcomes that were acquired before

3.13. CONCLUSION

This chapter discussed about the research design and methodology of the study and depicted the

research design, qualitative research, research instrument, nature of the study, data collection

method, structure of questionnaire, sample size, data analysis, validity and reliability, and ethical

considerations. Chapter 4 will cover recommendations and conclusion.

35

CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1. INTRODUCTION

In conclusion GPP can successfully contribute in reducing the environmental pressure brought

about by unsustainable utilization designs and can stimulate a minimum amount of interest on

the last and middle of the road markets for more supportable merchandise and administrations

which generally would be hard to get into the business sectors. Environmental demands from

large firms can improve the supplier’s environmental performance and encourage more green

products, and supplier selection forms an important operational task for developing sustainable

supply chain relationships. The municipality’s addition of green criteria in public tenders allows

them to control and influence the environmental performance of the supplier. Environmental

regulation can be seen as a spurring variable to improve and decrease the ecological effect easily,

as opposed to a reason for case although it is troublesome for green items to contend with surely

understood brands. The Municipality purchasing rules frequently utilize price inclinations or

quantity targets to compensate items that meet environmental criteria, for example, consolidating

reused substance, uncovering contamination levels well beneath administrative cutoff points, or

surpassing intentional vitality productivity measures. Moreover the assets to assist the districts

with identifying greener choices are out there and turning out to be more various.

The usage of ISO 14001 must add to coordinate ecological worries into day by day

administration exercises and submitting the association to a manner of thinking of nonstop

change.

36

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE

(OFFICE USE ONLY)Dear participant

Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire. Please answer all the following questions in appropriate manner.

1. Are you male or female?PLEASE GIVE ONE ANSWER ONLY……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Into which of the following groups does your age fall?PLEASE CIRCLE ONE ANSWER ONLY18–2526–2930–3435–3940–4445–4950–5455–5960–65Over 65

3. Which department do you work in?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. What position do you hold?………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Environmental demands put forward by municipalities and counties to potential suppliers.

Does the municipality on a regular basis put

forward demands on environmental performance

when calls for tender are announced and/or when

potential vendors are contacted?

Yes Occasionally No Do not know

Relevant demands Suppliers of goods must have an

environmental management system.

Suppliers of services must have an

environmental management system.

Explicit environmental knowledge required

(service suppliers).

The use of environmental information in the final selection of the supplier

Does the municipality actively use information on

environmental performance for qualification of

suppliers?

Does the municipality actively use information on

environmental performance in the final selection

of suppliers?

Yes No Do not know

Environmental performance as criteria for final selection of supplier

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Have environmental criteria resulted in rejection of

the offer with the lowest price?

Yes No Do not know

Below are a number of statements regarding Consumer Choice Behavior regarding Green Products? Please read each one and indicate whether you agree or disagree with it by ticking one box for each statement.

Functional value-qualityThe green product would perform consistently.The green product has an acceptable standard of quality.Functional value-priceThe green product offers value for money.The green product would be economical.The green product is reasonably priced.Social valueBuying the green product would improve the way that I am perceived.Buying the green product would make a good impression on other people.Emotional valueBuying the green product instead of conventional products would feel like making a good personal contribution to something better.Buying the green product instead of conventional products would feel like the morally right thing.Conditional valueI would buy the green product instead of conventional products under worsening environmental conditions.I would buy the green product instead of conventional products when there are

Agree Neither agree DisagreeStrongly Agree nor disagree Disagree Strongly

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discount rates for green products or promotional activity.Epistemic valueI would acquire a great deal of information about the different makes and models before buying the product.Choice behaviorI make a special effort to buy paper and plastic products that are made from recycled materials.When I have a choice between two equal products, I purchase the one less harmful to other people and the environment.I have avoided buying a product because it had potentially harmful environmental effects.Environmental concernI have boycotted or avoided buying the products of a company because you felt that company was harming the environment.

Determinants of Green Public Procurement

Training on GPPHave public procurers attended training programs on GPP practices?Knowledge of GPP toolkits and guidelinesHave public procurers frequently adopted the GPP toolkits and official documents provided by national and European policy makers?Certified EMS adoptionHas your institution adopted a certified EMS?Environmental strategyHas your institution considered environmental issues at strategic level?

Yes Occasionally No Do Not Know

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What are the issues and challenges of implementing GPP?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

What do you think should be the government commitments towards GPP?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....

If you are not the participant to whom this questionnaire was addressed, please write in your name here. Otherwise leave this blank.

First nameSurname

THANK YOU FOR COMPLETING THIS QUESTIONNAIRE.

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