filosofiafilosofiafilosofiafilosofiafilosofia

yvelasaTvisyvelasaTvisyvelasaTvisyvelasaTvisyvelasaTvis

sergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avalianisergi avaliani

kaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaia

gamomcemloba `zani~gamomcemloba `zani~gamomcemloba `zani~gamomcemloba `zani~gamomcemloba `zani~

Tbilisi, 2009Tbilisi, 2009Tbilisi, 2009Tbilisi, 2009Tbilisi, 2009

(pirveli gamocema)(pirveli gamocema)(pirveli gamocema)(pirveli gamocema)(pirveli gamocema)

saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia,saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia,saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia,saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia,saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia,

s. wereTlis filosofiis institutis. wereTlis filosofiis institutis. wereTlis filosofiis institutis. wereTlis filosofiis institutis. wereTlis filosofiis instituti

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ISBN 978-9941-9078-6-9

©©©©© s. avaliani, k. qecbaia, gamomcemloba `zani~, 2009s. avaliani, k. qecbaia, gamomcemloba `zani~, 2009s. avaliani, k. qecbaia, gamomcemloba `zani~, 2009s. avaliani, k. qecbaia, gamomcemloba `zani~, 2009s. avaliani, k. qecbaia, gamomcemloba `zani~, 2009

redaqtori redaqtori redaqtori redaqtori redaqtori irakli kalandia,irakli kalandia,irakli kalandia,irakli kalandia,irakli kalandia,filosofiis doqtori, profesori,filosofiis doqtori, profesori,filosofiis doqtori, profesori,filosofiis doqtori, profesori,filosofiis doqtori, profesori,saqarTvelos filosofiursaqarTvelos filosofiursaqarTvelos filosofiursaqarTvelos filosofiursaqarTvelos filosofiurmecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosimecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosimecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosimecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosimecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi

recenzenti recenzenti recenzenti recenzenti recenzenti mixeil maxaraZemixeil maxaraZemixeil maxaraZemixeil maxaraZemixeil maxaraZe ,,,,,filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,profesori, saqarTvelosprofesori, saqarTvelosprofesori, saqarTvelosprofesori, saqarTvelosprofesori, saqarTvelosfilosofiur mecnierebaTafilosofiur mecnierebaTafilosofiur mecnierebaTafilosofiur mecnierebaTafilosofiur mecnierebaTaakademiis akademikosiakademiis akademikosiakademiis akademikosiakademiis akademikosiakademiis akademikosi

lit. redaqtori lit. redaqtori lit. redaqtori lit. redaqtori lit. redaqtori jemal Soniajemal Soniajemal Soniajemal Soniajemal Sonia

redaqtor-gamomcemeli redaqtor-gamomcemeli redaqtor-gamomcemeli redaqtor-gamomcemeli redaqtor-gamomcemeli murman zaqaraiamurman zaqaraiamurman zaqaraiamurman zaqaraiamurman zaqaraia

kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofakompiuteruli uzrunvelyofakompiuteruli uzrunvelyofakompiuteruli uzrunvelyofakompiuteruli uzrunvelyofada dizaini da dizaini da dizaini da dizaini da dizaini Teana zaqaraiaTeana zaqaraiaTeana zaqaraiaTeana zaqaraiaTeana zaqaraia

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winasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaoba

wigni, romelsac qarTvel mkiTxvels vTavazobT,

warmoadgens filosofiis propedevtikul kurss yve-

lasaTvis, ganurCevlad profesiisa, romelTac surT

garkveuli warmodgena hqondeT filosofiis raobaze,

ainteresebT misi adgili da roli kulturis

sferoSi, misi damokidebuleba adamianis sulieri

cxovrebis sxva formebTan, misi mniSvneloba ganaT-

lebis sistemisTvis. cxadia, mas SeuZlia agreTve didi

daxmareba gauwios filosofiis Semswavleli nebis-

mieri specialobis studentebs, damamTavrebeli kla-

sebis moswavle axalgazrdobas, Seuqmnas maT sakmaod

naTeli warmodgena filosofiis raobisa da misi

ZiriTadi Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.

amJamad CvenSi sakmaod bevri wignia gamocemuli

`filosofiis Sesavlis~ saxelwodebiT. isini sxvada-

sxva metnaklebobiT naTel warmodgenas uqmnian mkiT-

xvels filosofiis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, Cveni

wigni arc erTi maTganis ganmeoreba ar aris arc

formiT da arc SinaarsiT. Mmis upiratesobas Cven –

misi avtorebi – maqsimalur simartivesa da sinaTleSi

vxedavT, romelmac mkiTxveli ara marto unda da-

ainteresos filosofiuri problemebiT, aramed kidec

gauRviZos misi Rrmad Seswavlis survili. cxadia,

gamartiveba sizustis xarjze ar unda moxdes. filo-

sofiis urTulesi problemebis gamartivebas Tavisi

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sazRvrebi aqvs, magram es sazRvrebi ioli dasaZlevia

yvela ganaTlebuli da dakvirvebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

swored amas niSnavs wignis saxelwodebac: `filoso-

fia yvelasaTvis~.

bunebrivia, rom am daniSnulebis mqone gamocema

specifikur stils moiTxovs rogorc Sinaarsis, aseve

formis mxriv. masSi, gagebis mizniT, dasaSvebia martivi

sasaubro ena, sailustracio masalis siWarbe da TviT

ganmeorebebic ki sxvadasxva rTuli filosofiuri

problemis axsnis procesSi, ramac mkiTxveli ar unda

gaakvirvos.

avtorebi siamovnebiT miiReben yvela saqmian

SeniSvnas, romelic miznad isaxavs wignis Sinaarsis

gaumjobesebas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi misi xelmeored

gamocemis dros.

dasasrul didi madlierebis grZnobiT gvinda

movixsenioT yvela is adamiani, romelTa qvelmoqme-

debis wyalobiT am wignma `mzis sinaTle~ ixila.

sergi avaliani,sergi avaliani,sergi avaliani,sergi avaliani,sergi avaliani,

kaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaiakaxa qecbaia

7 marti, 20097 marti, 20097 marti, 20097 marti, 20097 marti, 2009

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Tavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveliTavi pirveli

ra arra arra arra arra aris filosis filosis filosis filosis filosofia?ofia?ofia?ofia?ofia?sityva `filosofia~ warmomdgaria ori berZnuli

sityvisagan: `Phileo~ _ miyvars da `Sophia~ _ sibrZne.amrigad, `filosofia~ niSnavs sibrZnis siyvaruls.Ees termini pirvelad ixmara berZenma filosofosmada maTematikosma piTagora samoselma (570-500 ww.qristes win), xolo sityva `filosofosi~ Semoitanameore didma berZenma filosofosma herakliteefeselma (daaxl. 520-460 ww. qristes win), magramfilosofiis cnebam sayovelTao mniSvneloba moipovadidi berZeni filosofosis platonis (428-348 ww.qristes win) nawerebSi.

Zveli berZnebi Tvlidnen, rom brZeni, e. i. yvelazeWkviani, yovlismcodne da yvelaze gamocdili SeiZlebaiyos mxolod RmerTi. adamians ki mxolod is SeuZlia,rom uyvardes sibrZne, hbaZavdes RmerTs anu iyossibrZnis moyvaruli, e. i. filosofosi. cxadia, yvelaadamiani ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos sibrZnis moyvare– filosofosi, aramed es niWi mxolod rCeulTaxvedria. Aamitom filosofias jer kidev uZveles droSiyvela codnaze maRla ayenebdnen, xolo filosofossyvela adamianze ukeTesad Tvlidnen. CvenSic xSiradgaigonebT: ̀ es kaci brZenia, namdvili filosofosiao~.platonis azriT, saxelmwifos filosofosebi undamarTavdnen, vinaidan maT yvelaze ukeT SeuZliaTsazogadoebis interesebis Secnoba da saxelmwifoSiiseTi kanonebis SemoReba, romelic xalxs sikeTesmoutans.

amasTan dakavSirebulia qarTuli sityva: ̀ sibrZnis-metyveleba~, romelic igives niSnavs, rasac `filos-ofia~. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom qarTul universi-tetSi, romelic 1918 wels didi qarTveli mecnieris

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ivane javaxiSvilis TaosnobiT gaixsna, pirveli daim dros erTaderTi iyo sibrZnismetyvelebis faku-lteti, romelic filosofiasTan erTad sxva mec-nierebebsac aerTianebda. termini ̀ sibrZnismetyveleba~dResac qarTul enaSi `filosofiis~ sinonimadixmareba.

pirveli filosofiuri warmodgenebi Zveli aRmo-savleTis qveynebSi (CineTi, indoeTi) Caisaxa, magramfilosofia, rogorc codnis dargi, CamoyalibdasaberZneTSi jer kidev VII-VI saukuneebSi ww. qristeswin. ase rom, evropuli filosofia, romelic namdvilfilosofias warmoadgens, saTaves iRebs saberZneTSi,romelic im dros yvelaze ufro civilizebuli qve-yana iyo rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve kulturuliTvalsazrisiT. imdroindelma berZnulma samyarommogvca did filosofosTa mTeli pleada. berZnulifilosofiis mwvervalebs ki warmoadgendnen genia-luri filosofosebi sokrate, platoni da misi yo-fili mowafe aristotele (384-322 ww. qristes win).mas Semdeg filosofiam evropis qveynebSi – gansakuT-rebiT germaniaSi, inglissa da safrangeTSi – didwarmatebebs miaRwia, magram berZnuli filosofiismniSneloba mainc imdenad didia, rom zogierTi filo-sofosi (magaliTad, a. n. uaithedi, 1861-1947) dasavleTisqveynebis Tanamedrove filosofiur azrovnebas pla-tonis filosofiis komentarebad Tvlis. cxadia, amgva-ri Sefaseba gadaWarbebulia, Tumca igi Zveli berZn-uli filosofiis did Rirebulebaze miuTiTebs.

Zvel berZnul filosofias jer kidev pirvel sa-ukuneebSi saqarTveloSic kargad icnobdnen. amis Se-saxeb cota mogvianebiT gveqneba laparaki. varaudoben,rom qarTuli sityva `brZeni~ warmomdgaria sityvi-sagan `berZeni~.

Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis pirvel etapze filoso-fiad Tvlidnen yovelgvar codnas – maTematikurs,astronomiuls da a. S. yvela did mecniers filos-

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ofosi erqva. didi filosofosebi xSirad didi mecnie-rebic iyvnen. magaliTad, aristotele iyo ara martofilosofosi, aramed agreTve didi astronomi, bio-logi, fsiqologi, fizikosi da a.S. es garemoebatradiciad damkvidrda Semdgomi drois filosofiurazrovnebaSi. magaliTad, didi frangi filosofosirene dekarti (1596-1650) imave dros didi maTematikosida fizikosi iyo.Ggermaneli filosofosi gotfridvilhelm laibnici (1646-1716) iyo maTematikosic, fi-zikosic, iuristic, istorikosic da enaTmecnieric.xSirad fizikosTa da maTematikosTa naSromebi filo-sofiur gamokvlevebad iwodeboda. magaliTad, genia-luri ingliseli fizikosis isaak niutonis (1643-1727) mTavar Txzulebas, romelSic Camoyalibebuliaklasikuri meqanika, ewodeba `bunebrivi filosofiismaTematikuri principebi~, e. i. fizikuri xasiaTisTxzuleba miCneulia `bunebriv filosofiad~.

amrigad, WeSmariti filosofiuri azrovnebis das-abami Zvel saberZneTSia. es imitom, rom berZnulifilosofia principulad gansxvavdeboda aRmosavl-eTis qveynebis winare arsebuli filosofiuri warmo-dgenebisagan. gansxvavebas is qmnida, rom berZnulifilosofiis warmoSobamde arsebul filosofiur war-modgenebs ar hqondaT codnis, dasabuTebis xasiaTi.filosofia, rogorc codna, dasabuTebuli sistema,pirvelad berZnul filosofiaSi Camoyalibda. maga-liTad, pirveli filosofosi Talesi (624-547 ww.qristes win) amtkicebda, rom samyaroSi yvelaferiwylisagan warmoiSva; am mosazrebas, rogorc aristo-tele gadmogvcems, Talesi imiT asabuTebs, rom yovelisagani wyals Seicavs; Tu mis zedapirs gadavfxekTda davakvirdebiT, misi azriT, uTuod wylis niSnebs(sinestes) aRmovaCenT. es niSnavs, rom sagnebi warmo-Sobilia imisagan, risganac igi Sedgeba, e. i. wylisagan.Tqma ar unda, rom Talesi cdeboda; samyaros sagnebiwylisagan rodia warmoSobili, magram am SemTxvevaSi

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es ar aris mTavari. mTavaria is, rom Talesi cdilobdadaesabuTebina Tavisi filosofiuri mosazreba anucodnis saxe mieca Tavisi filosofiuri msoflmxed-velobisaTvis, rasac aRmosavlur filosofiaSi vervxvdebiT. filosofiuri warmodgenebis dasabuTebismcdeloba anu codnis saxiT warmodgena tradiciaddamkvidrda ara marto berZnul filosofiaSi, aramedmTeli Semdgomi epoqebis filosofiur azrovnebaSi.swored amitom iTvleba, rom WeSmariti filosofiuriazrovnebis samSoblo aris saberZneTi.

axla saWiroa vaCvenoT, Tu ras swavlobs filo-sofia, ra aris filosofiuri gamokvlevis sagani.qvemoT vnaxavT, rom filosofia iseve, rogorc yvelasxva mecniereba, sxvadasxva dargebisagan, sxvadasxvafilosofiuri disciplinebisagan Sedgeba, romel-Tagan TiToeuls Tavisi sagani aqvs, riTac igi sxvafilosofiuri disciplinebisagan gansxvavdeba. Mmagramrodesac filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT,mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is saerTo niSnebi, rac yvelafilosofiur mecnierebas aerTianebs. iseve rogorcSegviZlia vilaparakoT fizikis, qimiis, biologiisaTu sxva mecnierebaTa saganze, Tumca TiToeuli maTganisxvadasxva dargebisagan Sedgeba; aseve filosofiasxvadasxva filosofiur disciplinebs aerTianebs,magram es ar uSlis xels imas, rom filosofiissaganze vilaparakoT.

filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeb pirveli warmodgenebijer kidev 25 saukunis winaT antikur filosofiaSiCaisaxa. Ppirveli berZeni filosofosebi: Talesi, anaq-simandre (610-546 ww. qristes win), anaqsimeni (585-525ww. qristes win), heraklite da sxvebi svamdnen kiTxvebs:risgan gaCnda samyaro? igi materialuria Tuidealuri? ra adgili uWiravs adamians samyaroSi?Seimecneba Tu ara garegani samyaro da a. S. es ki iskiTxvebia, romelic filosofosebs yovelTvisaRelvebdaT da axlac aRelvebT.

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es kiTxvebi erT did kiTxvamde SeiZleba daviyvanoT,saxeldobr: rogoria samyaros – mTeli sinamdvilis– uzogadesi kanonzomiereba? ra aris is, racyovelgvar arsebuls uZevs safuZvlad? erTi sityviT,samyaros, rogorc mTelis, uzogadesi kanonzomierebaaris filosofiuri kvlevis obieqti, misi sagani. esaris filosofiis sagnis winaswari gansazRvreba.

samyaros, rogorc mTelis, erT-erTi uzogadesiniSania arseboba, romelic Tanabrad miewereba mate-rialursac da idealursac. maT Soris erT-erTi Ziri-Tadi gansxvaveba isaa, rom materialuri sagnebisivrcesa da droSi arsebobs; isini aris sadRac (siv-rceSi) da odesRac (droSi). droSi arseboba imasniSnavs, rom igi maradiuli ar aris. yvela materia-luri sxeuli warmoiSoba, garkveuli drois monakveT-Si arsebobs da Semdeg ispoba, kvdeba. idealuri kiarc droSi arsebobs da arc sivrceSi _ zedroulia,maradiulia. igi arsebobs cnobierebaSi, magramcnobierebisagan damoukidebelia. magaliTad, is azri,rom or wertils Soris umokles manZils sworixazi warmoadgens an samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami udrisori swori kuTxis jams, sivrcisa da drois gareSeaanu ar arsebobs arc garegan samyaroSi (sivrceSi) daarc droSi, e. i. maradiulia. or wertils Sorisumokles manZils swori xazi warmoadgenda adamianisgaCenamdec da iarsebebs maSinac, adamiani amqveynadrom aRar iyos. amaSia misi maradiuloba anu zedrou-loba; idealuria RmerTi, romelic sivrcisa da droisgareSea anu arc materialuria da arc Cvenscnobierebazea damokidebuli.

arsebobs iseTi ̀ Suamdebare~ movlenebic, romlebicarc materialuria da arc idealuri anu arc sivrceSiarsebobs da arc maradiulia. aseTia, magaliTad, Cveniemociebi, fsiqikuri gancdebi, romelic adamianisgareSe, e. i. sivrceSi ar arsebobs, magram arc zedro-ulia, maradiuli ar aris. xan raRac gvixaria, xan

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gvwyins, xan karg gunebaze varT, xan ki sevda Semog-vawveba. es niSnavs, rom fsiqikuri procesi droSiarsebobs anu ar aris maradiuli, idealuri. aseTprocesebs filosofiaSi `realurs~ uwodeben.

yvelaferi es imisaTvis vTqviT, rom yovelgvararsebuls, materialursac da idealursac, miuxedavadam gansxvavebisa, erTi uzogadesi kanonzomiereba aqvs,romelic filosofiis Seswavlis sagania. nebismierifilosofiuri disciplina Tavisi sagnis uzogadeskanonzomierebas swavlobs; magaliTad, gnoseologia(Semecnebis Teoria) Seiswavlis Semecnebisa da codnisuzogades kanonzomierebas, filosofiuri anTropo-logia _ adamianis uzogades kanonzomierebas, eTika_ adamianebs Soris zneobrivi urTierTobis uzogadeskanonzomierebas da a. S.

magram uzogadesi kanonzomiereba raRacis – aseveuzogadesis _ kanonzomierebas warmoadgens. es ̀ raRac~aris absoluturi arsi, romelsac filosofiaSi`substancias~ (laT. ̀ substantia~ _ ̀ qve-mdebare, safuZvladmdebare~ _ arseba) uwodeben, vinaidan igi aris is,rac mTeli sinamdvilis – yovelgvari arsebulis –qvemdebarea, misi uZiriTadesi safuZvelia. yovelgvariarsebulis arsebas anu substanciur arsebas swavlobsfilosofiis erT-erTi uZiriTadesi dargi _ onto-logia. xSirad, rodesac filosofiis sagnis Sesaxeblaparakoben, ontologiis sagans gulisxmoben, rasacgarkveuli gamarTleba aqvs, vinaidan filosofiuridisci plinebidan yvelaze mTavars ontologiawarmoadgens. amitom filosofiis sagnis zemoaRni-Snuli winaswari gansazRvreba ase SeiZleba davazu-stoT: filosofia aris mecniereba samyarosfilosofia aris mecniereba samyarosfilosofia aris mecniereba samyarosfilosofia aris mecniereba samyarosfilosofia aris mecniereba samyarosuzogadesi anu substanciuri kanonzomierebisuzogadesi anu substanciuri kanonzomierebisuzogadesi anu substanciuri kanonzomierebisuzogadesi anu substanciuri kanonzomierebisuzogadesi anu substanciuri kanonzomierebisSesaxebSesaxebSesaxebSesaxebSesaxeb. am gansazRvrebis qveS moTavsdeba ara mxolodontologia, aramed yvela filosofiuri mecniereba.

amrigad, absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba,rogorc samyaros uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, aris

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is, rasac filosofia Seiswavlis. TavianTi sagnebiskanonzomierebas yvela mecniereba swavlobs. Ffizikasainteresebs sinamdvilis fizikuri kanonzomiereba,qimias _ qimiuri da a.S. magram isini am farglebsgareT ar gadian. Ffilosofias ki ainteresebs arasinamdvilis specialuri kanonzomierebani, arameduzogadesi kanonzomiereba, romelic sinamdviliscalkeuli sferoebis kanonzomierebebs iqvemdebarebs.

aqedan cxadi unda iyos, rom filosofia arisuzogadesi mecniereba, vinaidan uzogadesia misi sagani.ar arsebobs filosofiaze ufro zogadi codna.amitom filosofia yvelaze abstraqtuli, konkretulisinamdvilisagan ganyenebuli codnis dargia, racfilosofiuri ideebis Seswavlis sirTules qmnis.gacilebiT ioli gasagebia fizikis, qimiis, biologiis,Tundac maTematikis cnebebisa da ideebis Sinaarsi,vidre filosofiisa. rodesac gveubnebian, rom atomiSedgeba eleqtronebisa da birTvisagan, cocxalsamyaroSi mimdinareobs arsebobisaTvis brZola anmTeli metia nawilze da a. S. maSin Cvens Semecnebas isaadvilebs, rom maTi warmodgena ase Tu ise SesaZle-belia. magram roca gvesmis aseTi filosofiuri de-buleba: movlena aris arsebis gamovlena, maSin mas verwarmovidgenT, vinaidan saqme exeba ara raRac konkretulsagans an movlenas, aramed sruliad abstraqtul,ganyenebul mosazrebas, romlis warmodgena SeuZlebelia.

magram aqedan gamosavali is rodia, rom filoso-fiuri msjelobisagan Tavi SevikavoT da konkretuli,specialuri mecnierebebiT davkmayofildeT. aseTSemTxvevaSi Cven ar gveqneba sinamdvilis Sesaxeb Rrmacodna, ar gvecodineba is, rac yvelaze saWiroa vicodeT.filosofia ikvlevs sinamdvilis uzogades kanonzo-mierebas anu mis uRrmes sferoebs. yvela specialurimecnierebis safuZvelSi filosofia Zevs, vinaidanyvela konkretuli raRac ufro zogads, ufro siRrmi-seuls emyareba. swored amitom didi mecnierebi

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TavianTi sagnis siRrmiseuli sferoebis kvlevisasfilosofiamde midian da filosofosobas iwyeben.amis naTeli magaliTia iseTi genialuri mecnierebismoRvaweoba, rogoric iyvnen fizikosebi maqs planki(1858-1947), ainStaini (1879-1955), haizenbergi (1901-1976),maTematikosi puankare (1860-1934) da sxvebi. filosofiissaWiroebas mxolod is uaryofs, vinac Tavisi saqmecRrmad ar icis.

zogierTi filosofosi substanciasa da RmerTserTmaneTTan aigivebs. amis gamarTlebas imaSi vxedavT,rom maT TiTqmis erTi da igive niSnebi aqvT: substa-nciac da RmerTic usasruloa, maradiulia, ideal-uria, Semoqmedia da a.S. amodioda ra am mosazrebidan,frangi filosofosi r. dekarti werda: `vlaparakobTra substanciis Sesaxeb, Cven SegviZlia iseTi ramvigulisxmoT, romelic Tavisi arsebobisaTvis arafersar saWiroebs garda Tavisi Tavisa... zustad rom vTqvaT,aseTi aris marto RmerTi~. iziarebda ra am koncef-cias, zogierTi filosofosi RmerTs filosofiissagnad Tvlida.

filosofiis sagnad RmerTis gamocxadeba platonisada aristoteles filosofiidan momdinareobs. aristo-tele filosofias (metafizikas) uwodebda mecnierebasRvTaebis Sesaxeb. filosofiisa da Teologiis sagnebisgaigiveba ara mxolod antikuri da Sua saukuneebisfilosofiaSi gvxvdeba, aramed axal droSic. didigermaneli filosofosi hegeli (1770-1831) werda: filo-sofiasa da religias erTi da igive sagani aqvs; esaris RmerTi.

magram RmerTis cnebaSi filosofia da Teologiasxvadasxva Sinaarss debs. filosofiaSi RmerTi niSnavsmTeli samyaros substancias, mis Semoqmeds. amis iqiTfilosofia ar midis. Teologia ki RmerTis cnebasufro farTod moiazrebs.

filosofia, cxadia, midis RmerTamde, rogorcyovelgvari arsebulis substanciamde, magram filo-

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sofiis sagans RmerTi mainc ar warmoadgens. winaaR-mdeg SemTxvevaSi filosofia da Teologia erTmaneTsdaemTxveoda. filosofiis sagania samyaros uzogadesikanonzomiereba, substanciuri arsi. am sagnis kvlevisprocesSi igi Camoayalibebs uzogades SexedulebaTasistemas garegani da Sinagani samyaros Sesaxeb, racfilosofiur msoflmxedvelobas warmoadgens. amrigad,filosofia aris msoflmxedveloba.

sityva `msoflmxedveloba~ TiTqmis yvela (yovelSemTxvevaSi, evropul) enaze msoflios xedvas niSnavs,rac uSualod migviTiTebs filosofiis saganze. filo-sofias xom msoflios (samyaros, mTeli sinmadvilis)uzogadesi kanonzomiereba ainteresebs! amitom filo-sofia unda gavigoT, rogorc msoflios xedva anumsoflmxedveloba. msoflmxedvelobis cneba ori _farTo da viwro _ azriT ixmareba. farTo azriTmsoflmxedeloba niSnavs mTeli msoflios xedvas,mis Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa sistemas, samyaros agebul-ebis, misi kanonzomierebis, misi arsebis Sesaxeb garkve-uli warmodgenebis erTobliobas. viwro azriT lapa-rakoben politikur, religiur Tu miTologiur msof-lmxedvelobaze, e. i. warmodgenaTa sistemaze, romelicadamianma SeimuSava ama Tu im kuTxiT samyaros danaxvisSedegad.

pirveli msoflmxedveloba, romelic civilizaciisgariJraJze Camoyalibda, iyo miTologiuri. miTologiaaris miTebis, ararealuri warmodgenebis erTobliobasamyaros warmoSobis, fantastikuri RmerTebisa darealuri adamianebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. igi, cxadia,cdilobs samyaros wesrigis axsnas, magram es axsnayovelTvis iluziuria, ararealuria. magaliTad,miTologebi varaudobdnen, rom cis TaRi raRacazeunda idges, Torem Zirs Camovardeba. igi Zirs imitomar vardeba, rom titanis, goliaTis – atlantis _mxrebze dgas; aseve dedamiwa kameCis rqebzea moTav-sebuli. xmeleTs marTavs uzenaesi RvTaeba – zevsi,

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xolo zRvebsa da okeaneebs – poseidoni. garda zevsisaarseboben sxva RmerTebic, romlebic zevss emorCi-lebian. isini xSirad erevian adamianTa cxovrebaSi.maTi cxovrebis wesi, berZeni miTologebis mixedviT,adamianTa cxovrebis wesisagan arsebiTad ar gansxva-vdeba. isini Wamen, svamen, Rreoben, mruSoben, qalebsitaceben, Surs iZieben da a. S.

miTologebs igive problemebi ainteresebdaT, racmogvianebiT filosofosebis kvlevis sagani gaxda:risgan warmoiSva samyaro, igi materialuria Tuidealuri, Tavisufalia Tu ara adamianis qceva daa.S. Zveli berZeni poeti da miTologi hesiode (daaxl.VIII-VII ss. qristes win) amtkicebda, rom samyaroqaosisagan warmoiSva. TviTon genialuri homerosis(daaxl. VIII saukune qristes win) poemebSi `iliada~da `odisea~ xSirad gxvdeba miTologiuri warmod-genebi. miTologiaSi ar arsebobs araviTari dasabuT-eba, araviTari argumenti; fantazia uzenaes donezeaatanili. miuxedavad amisa, miTologiuri msoflmxed-veloba ara marto win uswrebda filosofiur azrov-nebas, aramed kidec amzadebda mis warmoSobas. rogorczemoT aRvniSneT, kiTxvebi, romelTac miTologebiayenebdnen, filosofiaSi SenarCunebul iqna, magramam kiTxvebze filosofiuri pasuxebi miTologiuriwarmodgenebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda. gansxva-vebas is qmnida, rom filosofosebi cdilobdnenTavianTi Sexedulebebis dasabuTebas; maTi mosazrebebiar iyo iseTi fantastikuri, rogoric miTologiasaxasiaTebda. cxadia, filosofiis warmoSobis SemdegmiTologias arseboba ar Seuwyvetia, magram igisazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi dominantur rols aRarasrulebda.

garda filosofiuri da miTologiuri msoflmxed-velobisa arsebobs agreTve religiuri msoflmxed-veloba, romelic zebunebrivi Zalebis, kerZod Rmer-Tis, arsebobas emyareba. religiursa da miTologiur

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msoflmxedvelobebs Soris arsebobs rogorc saerTo,ise ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. maT Soris saerToa is,rom arc erTi maTgani codnas ar warmoadgens, arafersar asabuTebs. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, miTologiaSidasabuTebas miTologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. ratom Zirsar vardeba cis TaRi? _ imitom, rom igi atlantismxrebze dgas. aseTia miTologiuri ̀ dasabuTeba~, Tumcamas dasabuTebas ver davarqmevT, vinaidan masSi mecnie-ruli argumentaciis nasaxic ki ar aris. miTologi-ursa da religiur msoflmxedvelobebs sruliad gans-xvavebuli warmodgenebi aqvT RmerTebis Sesaxeb. reli-gia RmerTs mowiwebiT ixseniebs, adamiani masSi xsnasxedavs, miTologiaSi ki RmerTebs adamianis bedi srul-iad ar aintersebT. piriqiT, isini zogjer adamianebsupirispirdebian, maTTvis ubedureba moaqvT. religiuriRmerTi zeciur saufloSia, romelic idumalebiTaris moculi da adamianebs mxolod saswaulebs Tumouvlens. miTologiuri RmerTebi ki dedamiwazecxovroben; zevsi olimpos mTazea da adamianebs xSiradstumrobs. yvelaferi es gvafiqrebinebs, rom religiasada miTologias Soris genetikuri kavSiri ar arsebobs,miTologias araviTari wvlili ar miuZRvis religiiswarmoSobaSi. rac Seexeba filosofias, marTalia, igimiTologiisagan ar warmoSobila, magram isesxa issakiTxebi, romelzec zemoT gvqonda laparaki.

religiuri msoflmxedveloba, Tavis mxriv,sxvadasxva msoflmxedvelobaTa saxiT Camoyalibda.maT Soris yvelaze elementarul formas animatizmiwarmoadgenda, romlis mixedviT, mTeli bunebasulierebiT aris ganmsWvaluli. Semdgomsa da ufrosrul saxes warmoadgenda animizmi (laT. `anima~ –suli), romelic amtkicebda, rom mTeli samyarosulebiT aris savse; sulebi ganageben ara martomaterialur samyaros, aramed adamianis qcevasac. rarigmcdaric ar unda iyos es Tvalsazrisi, igi maincSeicavs erT genialur ideas, romelmac Semdgomi

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epoqebis filosofiursa da fizikur azrovnebaSifarTo asaxva pova. es aris materialuri samyarosinertulobis idea. animistebi Tvlidnen, rom materi-aluri samyaro mkvdaria, usicocxloa, gareSe Zaleb-isagan damoukideblad mas ar SeuZlia arc amoZraveba,xolo Tu moZraobs, _ arc SeCereba. Aamave drosisini xedavdnen, rom bunebaSi yvelaferi moZraobs,icvleba, araferi ar imyofeba uZrav, usicocxlo mdgo-mareobaSi. saidan unda hqondeT materialur sxeulebsmoZraobisa da cvalebadobis unari? Aam unaris arse-boba, maTi azriT, dakavSirebulia zebunebrivi Zalebis,saxeldobr, sulebis arsebobasTan. mxolod sulsSeuZlia mkvdari materiis amoZraveba. aqedan ki isiniim daskvnamde midiodnen, rom buneba gasulierebulia,materialur sagnebsa da movlenebs zebunebrivi sulebimarTaven. es aris animizmis ZiriTadi azri.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom materiis inertul-obis idea, romelic animizmSi Caisaxa, ufro mogvia-nebiT mecnierulad dadasturda. niutonis meqanikispirveli kanoni, romelic cnobilia inerciis kanonissaxelwodebiT, swored materiis inertulobis dasabu-Tebas warmoadgens. aqedan ki mTeli rigi antimate-rialisturi ideebis gamoyvana SeiZleba. imis aRniS-vnac sakmarisia, rom Tu materia inertulia (amasbunebismecniereba amtkicebs), maSin igi ar SeiZlebaiyos substancia, samyaros Semoqmedi, rac imas niSnavs,rom materialisturi msoflmxedveloba, romelicmateriis, rogorc substanciis, cnebidan amodis, mec-nierul Sinaarss moklebulia. es ki, Tavis mxriv,idealuri substanciis arsebobis ideamde mogviyvans,xolo sabolood _ Teologiamde.

religiuri msoflmxedvelobis mesame formaa hiloZ-oizmi (berZn. `hyle~ _ nivTiereba, materia; `zoe~ _sicocxle), romelic animizmze ufro Sors midis daamtkicebs sicocxlis universalurobas. hiloZoizmismixedviT, yvelaferi cocxalia. ase fiqrobdnen

172. s. avaliani, k. qecbaia

pirveli materialistebi, romlebic isev da isevmateriis inertulobis ideidan amodiodnen. hiloZo-izmis ideas bevri damcveli hyavda, maT Soris XVIIIsaukunis frangi materialistebic (didro, robine).

religiur msoflmxedvelobas Tavdapirvelad poli-Teizmis (mravalRmerTianobis) xasiaTi hqonda. poliTe-izmis idea man miTologiuri msoflmxedvelobidanaiRo. SemdgomSi poliTeizmi monoTeizmma (erTRmer-Tianobam) Secvala. filosofiis istoriaSi cnobiliaZveli berZeni filosofosis qsenofanes (VI-V ss qris-tes win) brZola poliTeizmis winaaRmdeg da mono-Teizmis ideebis dacva. qsenofanes monoTeisturi ide-ebi safuZvlad daedo monizmis (berZn. `monos~ _ erTi)warmoSobas filosofiaSi, romelic samyaros sawyisaderT princips miiCnevda. aseTi iyo parmenides (daib.540 an 515 ww. qristes win) moZRvreba arsis, rogorcerTaderTi principis, Sesaxeb. monizmis ideebi aramarto religiaSi SeiWra, aramed filosofiuri azro-vnebis erT-erT mamoZravebel faqtoradac iqca.

qristianuli religia monoTeisturia miuxedavadimisa, rom RmerTi erTi da sampirovania: mama, Ze dasuliwmida. Ze – ieso qriste – RmerTkacia; igi erTma-neTTan akavSirebs mama RmerTsa da adamians; SuamavaliaRmerTsa da adamians Soris imiT, rom orbunebovania;igi aris RmerTic da adamianic. swored amitom ewodebamarTlmadidebel qristianobas diofizituri –orbunebovani.

qristianuli religia uaRresad humanuria; misiprincipebia: `ara kac hkla~, `giyvardes mteri Seni~.es niSnavs, rom igi uzenaesi eTikuri da humanuriprincipebis damcveli da mqadagebelia, rac mas sxvareligiuri nominaciebisagan ganasxvavebs. adamianTacxovreba rom am principebze iyos agebuli, maSin ariarsebebda omebi, mkvlelobebi, boroteba. marTalia,Sua saukuneebSi kaTolikuri ideologia filosofi-aze iyo gabatonebuli da bevr borotebasac sCadioda

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– koconze wvavdnen gansxvavebulad moazrovneadamianebs, – magram amaSi brali TviTon qristianulreligias ki ar miuZRvis, aramed maT, vinc am uaRresadhumanuri religiuri moZRvrebis saxeliT aseveuaRresad antihumanur aqtebs sCadiodnen.

saerTod, religiis mniSvneloba socialur sferoSiimaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi win aRudges borotebas,codvebisagan ixsnas adamianebi, daamyaros mSvidobada saTnoeba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. magram, samwux-arod, adamianebi iSviaTad icaven religiur dogmebsan ise ganmartaven maT, rogorc maTTvisaa xelsayreli.

religia da filosofia – rwmena da codna – erTma-neTisagan principulad gansxvavdeba da maTi erTma-neTSi aRreva SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad am principuligansxvavebisa, religias filosofiuri safuZvlebiaqvs. arsebobs religiis filosofia, rogorc erT-erTi filosofiuri disci plina. religiisa dafilosofiis kavSiri gansakuTrebiT aSkara gaxda meocesaukunis kosmologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegad, romelmacaCvena religiuri da mecnieruli (kosmologiuri)kreacionizmis (arafrisagan yvelafris Seqmna) ideebisTanxvdena, magram es calke Temaa da aq misi ganxil-visagan Tavs SevikavebT.

dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom msoflmxedveloba araris ucvleli, inertuli. xSirad yovel epoqas Tavisimsoflmxedveloba aqvs. bunebrivia, rom Tanamedroveadamianis msoflmxedveloba antikuri epoqis msoflm-xedvelobisagan principulad gansxvavdeba.

amrigad, filosofiac, miTologiaca da religiacaris msoflmxedveloba anu arsebobs filosofiuri,miTologiuri da religiuri msoflmxedvelobani.miuxedavad am saerTo niSnisa, maT Soris principuligansxvavebaa. miTologiuri da religiuri msoflm-xedvelobebis msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb ukve gv-qonda laparaki. msgavseba is aris, rom orive msofl-mxedvelobaa, arc erTi codnas ar warmoadgens, rwmenis

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sferoa. filosofia ki orive maTganisagan imiT gansxv-avdeba, rom igi mecnieruli msoflmxedvelobaamecnieruli msoflmxedvelobaamecnieruli msoflmxedvelobaamecnieruli msoflmxedvelobaamecnieruli msoflmxedvelobaa,codnis da ara rwmenis dargia, dasabuTebadi sistemaa.

axla vnaxoT, Tu ras niSnavs ̀ filosofia~, rogorcmecnieruli msoflmxedveloba, rogoria filosofiisada mecnierebaTa urTierToba.

filosofiisa da mecnierebis urTierTobis Sesaxebfilosofiis istoriaSi ori urTierTsawinaaRmdegokoncefcia Camoyalibda, romelTagan orive mcdaria.pirveli koncefciis mixedviT, filosofia ara martoTviTon ar aris mecniereba, aramed mecnierebisarsebobas saerTod ar saWiroebs. mecnierebis cnebisqveS am SemTxvevaSi specialur, konkretul mecnierebebsgulisxmoben, magaliTad, fizikas, qimias, biologias da,saerTod, yvela mecnierebas garda filosofiisa. Aamkoncefciis avtorebi da Tanamoazreni filosofiasada mecnierebas erTmaneTisagan wyveten, Tvlian, romfilosofias SeuZlia mecnierebisagan izolirebuladsinamdvilis Semecneba; igi specialur mecnierebebzemaRla dgas anu, rogorc ambobdnen, filosofia arismecnierebaTa dedofali, xolo mecnierebani misi mxev-lebia. ise, rogorc dedofali damoukidebelia mxev-lebisagan, magram mxevlebi damokidebulia dedofalze,aseve specialuri mecnierebani saWiroeben filoso-fias, magram es ukanaskneli maT ar saWiroebs. filo-sofia sinamdvilis kanonzomierebas martooden goneb-rivi, logikuri operaciebis saSualebiT imecnebs.amitom ewodeba am koncefcias spekulaciuri anugonebaWvretiTi. erTi sityviT, spekulaciuri filos-ofia uzomod ganadidebda filosofiis rols Semec-nebis procesSi, xolo, Sesabamisad, amcirebda specia-luri mecnierebebis mniSvnelobas.

es koncefcia dasabams jer kidev antikur filos-ofiaSi iRebs. TviTon sityva `filosofia~ anu `sib-rZnis siyvaruli~ amaze metyvelebs. filosofosebi,rogorc sibrZnis moyvarulni, am koncefciis damcve-

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lTa azriT, sxva adamianebze maRla dganan, vinaidanisini sxvaze ufro axlos arian RmerTTan, romelicerTaderTi brZenia. spekulaciuri filosofia gansa-kuTrebiT Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelda, e. i. rocareligiuri ideologia mecnierebaze maRla idga,rwmena codnaze iyo gabatonebuli. magram am koncef-cias momxreebi arc axal droSi mohklebia. mas sxva-dasxva metnaklebobiT icavdnen germaneli filoso-fosebi: fixte (1762-1814), Selingi (1775-1854) da hegeli.erTi filosofosi (ostvaldi) ironiulad SeniSnavdaSelingis bunebis filosofiis Sesaxeb, rom Selingssurs Tavis grZnobebsa da azrebSi CaZirviT Seimecnosaqlemis arseba ise, rom cocxali aqlemi ar naxoso.

spekulaciuri filosofiis mTavar Secdomas specia-luri mecnierebisagan gankerZoeba warmoadgens. SeuZ-lebelia obieqturi sinamdvilis kanonzomierebisSemecneba specialuri mecnierebebis Sedegebis gaTva-liswinebis gareSe, romlebic am kanonzomierebasspecialurad swavlobs. filosofiis kavSiri garesamyarosTan specialuri mecnierebebiT aris gaSual-ebuli. magaliTad, astronomiis codnis gareSe filo-sofias ar SeuZlia imsjelos ciuri sxeulis moZra-obis Sesaxeb an qimiis codnis gareSe sxeulebis qim-iuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb da ase Semdeg. es niSnavs,rom filosofiisa da specialuri mecnierebebis erTma-neTisagan mowyveta SeuZlebelia.

meore ukiduresobas filosofiisa da specialurimecnierebebis urTierTobis sferoSi qmnis e. w. scien-tizmi (warmomdgaria laTinuri sityvisagan scientia –mecniereba). rogorc saxelwodebidanac Cans, scien-tizmi azviadebs mecnierebis rols sinamdvilis Semec-nebis procesSi, xolo Sesabamisad amcirebs, xSirSemTxvevaSi kidec uaryofs filosofiis SemecnebiTRirebulebas. scientizmis poziciebze dgas erT-erTifarTod gavrcelebuli filosofiuri mimarTuleba,romelic cnobilia pozitivizmisa da neopozitivi-

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zmis saxelwodebiT. sityva `pozitivizmi~ warmom-dgaria laTinuri sityvisgan `positivus~, rac niSnavs`dadebiTs~. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia dadebiTianu specialuri, konkretuli mecnierebani (fizika,qimia, biologia da a.S), romelTac am filosofiurimimarTulebis mimdevrebi uzenaes codnad Tvlian,xolo filosofiis damoukideblobas uaryofen. maTiazriT, filosofias ara aqvs arc sakuTari problemebida arc maTi gadaWris gzebi; filosofiam undaixelmZRvanelos specialuri mecnierebebis meTodebiT;filosofia sxva araferia garda specialur-mecnie-ruli kvlevis Sedegebis logikuri analizisa. amitomfilosofia, pozitivistebis azriT, ar aris damoukid-ebeli codnis dargi. igi `specialur mecnierebebSiadavanebuli~, _ ase werda XX saukunis pozitivisturi(neopozitivisturi) mimarTulebis fuZemdebeli moricSliki (1882-1936). es aris filosofiis winaaRmdegmimarTuli scientisturi pozicia, romelic pozit-ivizmis nebismier saxeobasa da nebismieri warmomad-genlis azrovnebas axasiaTebs.

pozitivizmi da, saerTod, scientizmi marTalia,rodesac amtkicebda, rom filosofiam unda gamoiyenosspecialur mecnierebaTa miRwevebi, unda moaxdinosmaTi logikuri analizi, magram igi ar aris marTali,roca filosofiis roli mecnierebis Sedegebis logi-kur analizamde dahyavs. mecnierebis logikuri ana-lizi filosofiis mizans ki ar warmoadgens, aramedsinamdvilis uzenaesi kanonzomierebis anu substan-ciuri arsebis Semecnebis saSualebas. filosofiagaaanalizebs mecnierebis monacemebs da mis safuZ-velze daaskvnis (aRmoaCens) iseT raimes, rac specialurmecnierebebs ar aRmouCeniaT – sinamdvilis substanci-uri arsebis uzogades kanonzomierebas. es niSnavs,rom filosofias aqvs specialuri mecnierebebisagangansxvavebuli sagani, rac mis damoukideblobasniSnavs.

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adreuli antikurobis epoqaSi filosofia daspecialur-mecnieruli codna ar iyo erTmaneTisagandiferencirebuli. sibrZnes uwodebdnen nebismiercodnas – rogorc filosofiurs, aseve arafiloso-fiurs. pirveli berZeni filosofosebi werdnen wig-nebs saxelwodebiT `bunebis Sesaxeb~, romlebSicwarmodgenili iyo nebismieri codna bunebis Sesaxebda yvela maTgani filosofiad iyo miCneuli. mecnie-rebis gamoyofa filosofiisagan gviandeli ambavia,rac dakavSirebuli iyo rogorc filosofiuri, asevespecialur-mecnieruli codnis dagrovebasTan, ganvi-TarebasTan. filosofias, romelic moicavda mTelcodnas sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, gamoeyo am sinamdviliscalkeuli sferoebis Semswavleli mecnierebani;bunebaSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis Seswavlafizikam daiwyo, qimiuri procesebisa – qimiam, sico-cxlis movlenebisa – biologiam da a. S. ase dainawilesspecialurma mecnierebebma buneba, mTeli sinamdvile,romelsac manamde mxolod filosofia swavlobda.amis Sedegad iseTi STabeWdileba Seiqmna, rom TiTqosfilosofia usagnod darCa. erTma germanelma filoso-fosma filosofia Seqspiris tragediis mTavar gmirsmefe lirs Seadara, romelmac mTeli samefo daZalaufleba qaliSvilebs misca, xolo mas martoodenmefis wodeba SerCa. Tu filosofias aRar aqvs Seswav-lis sagani, maSin misi arseboba SeuZlebeli dagaumarTlebeli iqneba.

magram, sabednierod, es ase ar aris. marTalia, TiTqmisyvela specialuri mecniereba filosofiidan warmoiSva,filosofias gamoeyo, magram amiT filosofia odnava-dac ar dazaralebula. specialurma mecnierebebmawaiRes is, rac maT ekuTvnodaT. fizikuri sinamdvilisSeswavla ar iyo filosofiis saqme; aseve iTqmis qimiur,biologiur, astronomiul da sxva bunebriv movle-nebze. am diferenciaciis anu specialur mecnierebaTagamoyofis Semdeg filosofias darCa is, rac swored

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mas ekuTvnoda da rasac mecnierebebi ver Seiswavlidnen_ es aris mTeli sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba,substanciuri arseba, rasac igi specialur mecnierebaTamiRwevebis filosofiuri ganzogadebis Sedegad adgens.ase rom, filosofia usagnod ar darCenila da arcmisi arseboba da kanonzomiereba dasmula eWvqveS.

germaneli filosofosebi v. vindelbandi (1848-1915)da h. rikerti (1863-1936) Tvlidnen, rom filosofiissagania Rirebuleba. es niSnavs, rom filosofias, maTiazriT, saqme aqvs ara obieqtur sinamdvilesTan, aramedam sinamdvilis SefasebasTan, subieqtur fenomenebTan.Rirebuleba marTlac aris filosofiis SeswavliserT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi obieqti (amis Sesaxeb amwignis calke TavSi gveqneba msjeloba), magram misisagani amiT ar amoiwureba. filosofiis erT-erTcentralur dargs ontologia – arsze moZRvreba –warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom filosofiis Seswavlissfero gacilebiT farToa, vidre zemoaRniSnulfilosofosebs warmoedginaT.

davoben imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara filosofiamecniereba. zogierTi filosofosi Tvlis, romfilosofia ar aris mecniereba. ZiriTad argumentadis moaqvT, rom mecniereba agur-agur Sendeba. Yyovelimecnieri ganagrZobs im gzas, rac misma winamorbedmagaakeTa; filosofiaSi ki TiTqos araviTari memkvid-reoba ar aris. yvela filosofosi Tavidan iwyebssaqmes. mokled vityviT, rom es argumenti faqtobrivviTarebas ewinaaRmdegeba. erTi mxriv, specialurmecnierebebSic xdeba revolucia. kopernikma (1473-1543)daangria ptolemes (II s.) geocentruli sistema;ainStainma uaryo niutonis warmodgenebi sivrcisa dadrois Sesaxeb; n. lobaCevskim (1792-1856) uaryo evkli-duri geometriis paralelobis aqsioma da a. S.maSasadame, mecnierebi ukritikod rodi iReben winamor-bedebis naazrevs. meore mxriv, faqtia filosofiuriazrovnebis ganviTarebac; dRevandeli filosofiuri

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azrovneba im doneze rodi dgas, ra donezec 20-25saukunis win idga. maSasadame, zemoaRniSnuliargumenti filosofiis mecnierulobas ver uaryofs.Tu filosofia ar aris mecniereba, maSin ra arisigi: miTologiuri an religiuri msoflmxedveloba?cxadia, arc erTi. filosofia aris mecniereba.

magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos filosofiaiseTive mecnierebaa, rogoricaa fizika, qimia an sxvaromelime specialuri mecniereba. princi puladgansxvavebulia misi saganic da am sagnis filosofiurikvlevis Sedegebi. filosofia Tavisi siRrmiTa dazogadobiT yvela mecnierebaze maRla dgas. `yvelamecniereba saWiroa, vidre is, magram masze ukeTesi arcerTi ar aris~ (aristotele).

Ffilosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis, cnebis qveSmxolod is igulisxmeba, rom igi aris codnis dargi,mecnierulad dasabuTebuli logikuri sistema. vincuaryofs imas, rom filosofia aris mecniereba, codnisdargi, faqtobrivad saerTod uaryofs filosofias,rac sruliad gaumarTlebelia.

dasasrul, Zalian mokled filosofiisa da ideolo-giis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.

ideologia (berZn. `idea~ da `logos~ _ moZRvreba)aris ideebisa da Sexedulebebis sistema, romelicasaxavs adamianTa urTierTobas bunebrivsa dasocialur garemosTan, agreTve urTierTSoris. igiyovelTvis romelime sazogadoebis, klasis, saxelm-wifos interesebs emsaxureba, ganamtkicebs mis pozi-cias, warmoadgens mis Teoriul safuZvels.

es niSnavs, rom ideologias WeSmaritebis sakiTxisaerTod ar ainteresebs an mxolod imdenad ainteresebs,ramdenadac im miznisaTvis gamoadgeba, rasac igiemsaxureba. aq aSkarad Cans ukve filosofiis, rogorcmecnierebis da ideologiis gansxvaveba. mecnierebismizani vinmes samsaxuri rodia; mis mizans martoodenWeSmaritebis Semecneba warmoadgens. Tu mecnierebas

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romelime sazogadoeba, saxelwifo an gabatonebuliklasi iyenebs (rac xSirad xdeba), es mecnierebisbrali ar aris. meore msoflio omSi fizikosebisaRmoCenebi atomur fizikaSi saxelwifoTa meTaurebmadaisakuTres da adamianTa gasaJletad gamoiyenes(xirosima, nagasaki), magram fizika am SemTxvevaSiuZluria. igi sruliad udanaSauloa.

SeiZleba Tu ara sazogadoebis arseboba ideo-logiis gareSe? _ ara, ar SeiZleba. ideologia xomideebis sistemaa, romlis gareSe arc erTi civili-zebuli sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes! gaaCnia,vis emsaxureba es ideologia. Tu mas saxelwifo Tavisibatonobis iaraRad iyenebs, rogorc es xdeboda faSis-tur da komunistur saxelwifoebSi, maSin igi dasag-mobia da aseTi ideologia marTlac uaryofas imsa-xurebs. sul sxvaa is ideologia, romelic sazoga-doebis interesebs emsaxureba. mis gareSe arc erTisazogadoeba ar SeiZleba arsebobdes.

arsebobs deideologizaciis anu ideologiis mar-wuxebisagan ganTavisuflebis idea. igi uaryofs iseTideologias, romelic saxelmwifos samsaxurSi dgas.amgvari deideologizaciis idea uTuod progresulida misaRebia, magram igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi arunda gavigoT, rogorc, saerTod, ideologiis uaryofa.

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Tavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meoreTavi meore

ZirZirZirZirZiriTadi filosiTadi filosiTadi filosiTadi filosiTadi filosofiurofiurofiurofiurofiuriiiiimimarTulebanmimarTulebanmimarTulebanmimarTulebanmimarTulebaniiiii

wina TavSi naTqvami iyo, rom filosofia arismoZRvreba samyaros substanciuri kanonzomierebisSesaxeb. filosofiis sagnis am gansazRvrebas uSua-lod mosdevs kiTxva: ra aris an rogoria es substan-ciuri kanonzomiereba, materialuri Tu idealuri?

am sakiTxis kvlevis procesSi Camoyalibda oriurTierTsawinaaRmdego filosofiuri mimarTuleba:materializmi da idealizmi; pirveli Tvlis, romsubstanciuri arsi anu mTeli samyaros safuZvelTasafuZveli materialuria, nivTieria, igi aris materia(laT. `materia~ _ nivTiereba), romelic yoveli arseb-ulis safuZvlad Zevs anu romelmac yvelaferiwarmoSva, xolo TviTon maradiulia, ar warmoSobilada arc moispoba. erTi sityviT, materialisturimsoflmxedveloba materiis substanciurobas amtki-cebs, misgan amodis, mas emyareba.

meore filosofiuri mimarTuleba – idealizmi –ki Tvlis, rom mTeli sinamdvilis safuZvlad mdebaresubstanciuri arseba idealuria. materialuri yovel-Tvis drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs, e. i. warmoiSoba daispoba, substanciuri arsi (arseba) ki maradiulia,ar aris materialuri, drosa da sivrceSi arsebuli.

materializmi da idealizmi, rogorc dapirispi-rebuli msoflmxedvelobebi, jer kidev antikurepoqaSi Camoyalibda. isini amJamadac arseboben daunda vivaraudoT, rom momavalSic iarsebeben. zemoaR-niSnuli problema _ terialuria Tu idealurisamyaros safuZvlad mdebare absoluturi arsi anusubstanciuri arseba _ maradiul sakiTxTa ricxvs

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miekuTvneba, romlis Sesabamisad materialisturi daidealisturi mimarTulebani sxvadasxva nairsaxe-obebiT yovelTvis iarsebebs.

materialisturi msoflmxedveloba erTbaSad arCamoyalibebula. mas win uswrebda iseTi araTanamim-devruli filosofiuri koncefciebi, romelTac vercmaterializms davarqmevT da verc idealizms. magal-iTad, pirveli berZeni filosofosi Talesi samyarossubstanciad, romlisganac yvelaferi warmoiSva, wyalsTvlida; misi mowafe anaqsimandre – apeirons, raRacusasrulos, xolo mesame filosofosi anaqsimene (585-525 ww. qristes win) – haers. isini TiTqos materi-alisti filosofosebi arian, Mmagram igive Talesianimisti iyo, e. i. Tvlida, rom samyaro savsea sulebiT,yvelaferi gasulierebulia, yvelaferi moZraobs.moZraoba ki mxolod cocxals, suliers SeuZlia. esukve materializmi aRar aris. ase fiqrobda ara martoTalesi, aramed araerTi sxva pirvel filosofosTagani,romelTac `winasokratelebs~ uwodeben. es saxel-wodeba warmomdgaria didi berZeni filosofosissokrates (470/499-399. ww. qristes win) saxelidan,romelTan dakavSirebulia Semobruneba filosofiaSi,axali – idealisturi – mimarTulebis Camoyalibeba.

miuxedavad amisa, pirveli Tanamimdevruli materia-listuri da idealisturi Teoriebi mainc antikurfilosofiaSi Camoyalibda. pirveli berZeni filoso-fosebi monistebi iyvnen; e. i. Tvlidnen, rom samyarossubstancia (anu berZn. `arxe~, rac qarTulad niSnavs`vmarTav~, ̀ ganvageb~) anu is, ramac yvelaferi warmoSva,aris erTi (wyali an apeironi, an haeri, an cecxli).cota mogvianebiT es monisturi filosofia eWvqveSdadga. samyaroSi usasrulod mravalferovani sagnebida movlenebi arseboben, romlebic xSirad erTmaneT-isagan principulad gansxvavdebian. amitom erTi veraxsnis mravals, rac ar unda bevri Tviseba hqondes.magaliTad, wyali, romelsac Talesi samyaros

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substanciad Tvlida, cecxls ver warmoSobs; igiver warmoSobs verc qvas, xes, cxovels, rkinas, oqrosada a. S. amitom momdevno filosofosebma daaskvnes,rom samyaros sagnebisa da movlenebis mravalfe-rovnebis asaxsnelad erTi principi (monizmi) ar kmara.saWiroa ramdenime principis, ramdenime substanciis(`arxes~) arseboba. amgvari axsnis pirveli cda ekuTvnisberZen filosofoss empedokles (490-430 ww. qristeswin), romelmac samyaros amxsnel principebad oTxistiqioni daasaxela: miwa, wyali, cecxli da haeri.yvelaferi, rac samyaroSi arsebobs, misi azriT, amoTxi stiqionis narevs warmoadgens; sadac wyalimetia, iq sisvelea, nestia, xolo sadac siTbo Warbobs,iq cecxlia da a. S. cecxli, wyali, miwa da haerimaradiulia. isini arc warmoSobila, arc moispoba.maTi raodenoeba da Tvisebebic ucvlelia. maT erT-erT ZiriTad niSans maradiuloba warmoadgens.

sagnebis warmoSoba, empedokles mixedviT, niSnavs amstiqionebis SeerTebas, xolo mospoba – maT daSlas.TviT stiqionebi ki arc warmoiSoba da arc ispoba,maradiulia.

ra aerTebs an ra Slis stiqionebs? Aaq empedoklemadamianuri terminebi moiSvelia: siyvaruli da siZul-vili. siyvaruli aerTebs, siZulvili ki Slis. TviTonsiyvaruli da siZulvili gagebulia, rogorc Zalebi,romelTa funqcias saganTa warmoSoba da mospobawarmoadgens. aseTi iyo empedokles koncefcia samyarossagnebisa da movlenebis qmnadobis Sesaxeb.

magram filosofosebi empedokles am koncefciamacar daakmayofila da igive eWvi warmoiSva, rasacmonisturi filosofia iwvevda. samyaros usasrulomravalferovnebas verc oTxi substancia axsnis.cecxls, wyals, miwasa da haers mainc konkretuli,sasruli Tvisebebi aqvT, xolo samyaros sagnebi damovlenebi usasruloa rogorc raodenobrivad, aseveTvisebrivad. aqedan akeTebdnen daskvnas: usasrulo

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samyaros amxsneli, misi safuZveli anu substanciebiagreTve usasrulo unda iyos. es ki niSnavda filoso-fiaSi pluralizmis (laT. `Pluralis~ _ mravali) Semo-tanas.

pirveli srulyofili pluralisturi da materia-listuri filosofia SeimuSava didma berZenma filo-sofosma demokritem (460-370 ww. qristes win), Tumcamis winaprad zogierTi mkvlevari levkipes Tvlis.Llevkipes vinaoba ar aris dadasturebuli, demokriteki antikuri filosofiis erT-erT centralur figu-ras warmoadgens, romelic atomisturi filosofiisfuZemdebeli da pirveli Tanamimdevari materialistiiyo.

demokrite amtkicebda, rom yovelgvari arsebuliSedgeba umciresi, ganuyofeli (berZn. `atomos~ _`ganuyofeli~) nawilakebisagan, romelTac man atomebiuwoda. atomTa ricxvi usasruloa, maTi gaerTianebaqmnis nebismier sxeuls. Aaseve atomebad daSla arissxeulis mospoba. TviTon atomebi ki maradiulia;isini arc warmoiSoba da arc ispoba, vinaidan war-moSoba-mospoba Semadgenel nawilebad SeerTebas andaSlas niSnavs. atomebs ki ara aqvT araviTari nawili,ganuyofelia, amitom maTi daSla an Sedgena SeuZle-belia. atomebi rom iSlebodnen, maSin, bolos dabolos, materia gaqreboda. ganuyofloba (dauSle-loba) maTi maradiulobis garantia.

yvelaferi, TviTon adamianis sulic ki, atomeb-isagan aris Sedgenili. sulis atomebi faqizia gansxva-vebiT uxeSi atomebisagan, romelTagan materialurisxeulebi Sedgeba.

atomebis maradiulobis ideas emyareboda materiismaradiulobis idea, romelic safuZvlad edo da uZevsnebismier materialistur msoflmxedvelobas.

atomebi substanciebia; isini araferze ar aris damo-kidebuli, maT Soris, arc erTmaneTze. erTi atomi meoresar saWiroebs. swored amaSia maTi substanciuroba.

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garda atomebisa arsebobs carieli sivrcec, ro-melic atomebis adgilsamyofelsa da maTi moZraobisaucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. atomebi carielsivrceSi gadaadgildeba. Ddemokritem moZraoba gaigo,rogorc martooden sivrceSi gadaadgileba, e. i.meqanisturad. gadaadgileba meqanikuri moZraobaa dameti araferi. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi ki meqanikurimoZraoba moZraobis erT-erT da ara erTaderT formadiTvleba. Ddemokrite ki sxvagvar moZraobas ar icnobda,garda meqanikurisa.

demokrite Tvlida, rom atomebs ara aqvT feri,gemo, suni da a. S. am Tvisebebs `meoradi~ ewodeba.magram atomebs aqvT e. w. ̀ pirveladi~ Tvisebebi, saxel-dobr, forma, figura, sidide, wona da sxva. magramTu sxeulebi atomebisagan Sedgeba, xolo atomebsara aqvT e. w. `meoradi Tvisebebi~, maSin ratom ariszogi ram tkbili, zogi mware, zogi TeTri, zogiSavi da a. S.? demokrite Tvlida, rom isini subieqtisTvisebebia, romlebic miRebulia grZnobis organoebzegaregani sagnebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. ase Camoyal-ibda moZRvreba fizikuri sagnebis `pirveladi~ da`meoradi~ Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, romelic filosofiasaxal dromde gahyva.

atomebi ganuwyvetliv moZraobs, Tumca adamianimaT simciris gamo ver amCnevs. atomebi zegrZnobadia;maTi Semecneba mxolod gonebrivi dakvirvebis gziTSeiZleba. koncefcias, romelic Tvlis, rom SemecnebismTavari wyaro aris goneba, racionalizmi (`ratio~ –goneba) ewodeba. demokrite racionalisti iyo; vi-naidan atomebi uxilavia, zegrZnobadia, maTi Semecnebamartooden gonebis saSualebiT SeiZleba.

iseve, rogorc sityvebi asoebisagan Sedgeba, asevesagnebi Sedgeba atomebisagan. sxeulebis erTmaneTisagangansxvavebas is iwvevs, rom atomebi maTSi sxvadasxva-gvarad aris ganlagebuli.

atomebis moZraobiT sxeulebi warmoiSoba. atomebi

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zevidan qveviT moZraobs. moZraoba iseve maradiulia,rogorc TviTon atomebi. uZravi atomebi ar arsebobs.

zemoTqmulidan cxadia, rom demokrite pirvela-rsebulad mxolod atomebs Tvlis; yvela danarCensatomuri agebuleba aqvs. atomebi materialuria; asevematerialuria misgan Sedgenili sagnebi. idealuriar arsebobs; rasac idealurs vuwodebT, atomebisaganaris Sedgenili. Aamgvari ukiduresad Tanamimdevrulimaterialisturi moZRvrebidan RmerTis uaryofa gamo-mdinareobs. Tanamimdevruli meqanisturi materializmiyovelTvis aTeizmamde midis. Aamitom bunebrivia, romdemokrites mowafe berZeni filosofosi epikure (341-270 ww. qristes win) aTeisti iyo. man demokritesmaterialisturi moZRvrebidan aTeisturi daskvnebigaakeTa. demokrites mimdevari iyo agreTve romaelifilosofosi lukreciusi (I s. qristes win).

demokrite, iseve, rogorc yvela materialisti,meqanisti (berZn. `mechane~ _ manqana) iyo. meqanicizmiaris filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic meqanikurmoZraobas (sxeulebis gadaadgilebas sivrceSi) moZra-obis erTaderT formad Tvlis da yvela sxva saxismoZraoba (Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba, siTburi, eleqtr-uli, atomuri da a. S.) meqanikur moZraobamde dahyavs.meqanikuri moZraoba da meqanicizmis saxelwodebacaqedan aris warmomdgari. Ees SeiZleba imiTac iyosganpirobebuli, rom demokrites dros yvelaze metadmeqanikur moZraobas icnobdnen. amodioda ra meqani-sturi msoflmxedvelobidan, demokrite uaryofdaSemTxveviTobisa da Tavisuflebis arsebobas samyaroSida mTeli sinamdvile esmoda, rogorc rkinis artax-ebiT Sekruli buneba. es koncefcia filosofiaSididxans (axal droSic) batonobda, romelsac Semdgom`laplasis (1749-1827) anu meqanisturi determinizmi~uwodes. SemTxveviTobis cneba filosofiaSi epikuremSemoitana, romelmac atomebis urTierTdajaxeba sworigzidan SemTxveviTi gadaxveviT axsna.

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demokrites atomistur moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelovanicvlilebebi Seitana berZenma filosofosma anaqsag-orem (500-428 ww. qristes win). Ddemokrites atomebida maTgan Sedgenili sagnebi uTvisebo iyo. maT arhqondaT feri, gemo, suni da a. S. anaqsagore ki Tvlis,rom sagnebs namdvilad aqvT meoradi Tvisebebi, rasacCven grZnobis organoebiT aRviqvamT. samyaro, misiazriT, Sedgeba usasrulod mcire nawilakebisagan _homoiomerebisgan, romelTac Tvisebebi aqvT. isiniarian Tvisebrivi atomebi, saidanac yvelaferiwarmoiSoba. Tvisebrivi atomebi usasrulod iyofa,Tumca Tvisebebs inarCunebs. sagnebi yvela SesaZlebelTvisebas Seicavs, magram erTmaneTisagan TvisebaTa siWa-rbiT gansxvavdeba. Tovli TeTric aris da Savic,magram masSi siTeTre metia da amitom TeTrs vuwodebT.samyaro warmoiSva `nivTierebaTa Teslebisagan~ anuhomoiomerebisagan. isini arian Tvisebrivi atomebi,saidanac yvelaferi warmoiSoba. kosmosis warmoSob-amde arsebobda homoiomerebis anu Tvisebrivi atomebisuZravi narevi. es narevi materialuri, mkvdari, iner-tuli iyo. mas TavisTavad arc amoZraveba SeeZlo daarc SeCereba. narevi aamoZrava gonebam. man pirvelibiZgi misca narevs, Semdeg ki erTxel miniWebulimoZraoba (energia) erTmaneTs gadaecema da inaxeba.moZraobis Sedegad Seiqmna mTeli samyaro. erTi si-tyviT, anaqsagore materialistia imdenad, ramdenadacman samyaros Seqmnis axsna materialuri nawilakebisSeerTebiT scada, magram igi ar aris demokritesmsgavsi Tanamimdevari materialisti, vinaidan manmaterialuri narevis amoZraveba gonebas daakisra(Tumca gonebac gaigo, rogorc nivTiereba).

atomisturma Teoriam didi gavlena moaxdinaSemdgomi epoqebis azrovnebaze TviT axali droisCaTvliT. zogjer mas iziarebdnen ara marto materia-listebi, aramed idealistebic (magaliTad, r. dek-arti). marTalia, Zvel atomistur Teorias dogmatu-

333. s. avaliani, k. qecbaia

rad aravin ar iTvisebda, magram mis ZiriTad princ-ipebs uTuod aRiarebdnen. atomisti iyo didi ital-ieli fizikosi galileo galilei (1564-1642). igi, Zveliatomistebis msgavsad, e. w. `meorad Tvisebebs~ (feri,gemo, suni da a. S.) subieqturad Tvlida; e.i. miaCnda,rom isini atomebs ki ar axasiaTebT, aramed CveniSegrZnebebis Sedegia. dekartis moZRvrebaSi atomis-turi Teoria korpuskuluri (laT. `corpusculum~ _ na-wilaki, mcire sxeuli) Teoriis saxiT warmodga; dekar-tic, demokritesa da galileis msgavsad, korpuskulebsgrZnobad Tvisebebs ar miawerda. laibnicma atomist-uri moZRvreba idealisturad gardaqmna da Camoaya-liba axali Teoria `monadologiis~ saxelwodebiT.man atomebi gaigo, rogorc sulieri Zalebi anu mona-debi (laT. `monos~ _ erTeuli), romelTagan Sedgebayvelaferi, rac samyaroSi arsebobs. isini arian sub-stanciebi, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli erTeulebi,romelTa ricxvi usasruloa. didi ingliseli fizi-kosi isaak niutoni Tvlida, rom `yvela sxeuli...Sedgenilia myari nawilakebisagan~. es nawilakebiapirveladi korpuskulebi anu igive atomebi, romlebicmyari da ganuyofelia. yvela materialuri sxeuliam nawilakebisagan Sedgeba. atomistika XIX saukunisdamdegamde filosofiur Teoriad iTvleboda, xoloXIX saukunidan man bunebismecnierebaSi gadainacvlada amJamad atomuri fizika erT-erT udides Taname-drove aRmoCenad iTvleba.

materialisturi da aTeisturi msoflmxedvelobagansakuTrebiT aRorZinda XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi. XVIIIsaukunis frangi materialistebi materializmsa daaTeizms qadagebdnen. maTgan gansakuTrebiT gamoir-Ceodnen h. holbaxi (1723-1789) da d. didro (1713-1784).holbaxma vrceli wigni gamoaqveyna saTauriT ̀ bunebissistema~, romelsac misma Tanamedroveebma `material-izmis biblia~ uwodes, vinaidan masSi materialisturiTeoria dogmaturad aris SemoTavazebuli. aseve did-

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rom mravali naSromi miuZRvna qristianuli religiiskritikas. magram am filosofosTa mTavari Secdomaswored aq unda veZioT. MmaT erTmaneTSi auries codnada rwmena, erTmaneTisagan ver ganasxvaves mecnierebada religia, ris gamoc religias codnis poziciebidanebrZodnen. rwmena kritikas ar eqvemdebareba imitom,rom igi rwmenaa da ara codna. codnas dasabuTebadixasiaTi aqvs. iq yvelaferi dasabuTebuli unda iyos.religiuri rwmena (arsebobs arareligiuri rwmenac)subieqturi fenomenia; raRac maSinac ki SeiZlebagwamdes, roca igi codnas ewinaaRmdegeba. es kargadicoda jer kidev meore saukunis qristianma filo-sofosma tertulianem (160-220), romelsac miawerenTeziss; `credo quia absurdum~ (`mwams, Tumca absurdia~, e. i.gonebas ewinaaRmdegeba). Tu religiur dogmatebscodnis, gonebis poziciebidan ganvixilavT, maSin isiniSeiZleba gonebasTan Seusabamod – absurdulad _gamoCndes, magram es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavsbibliuri dogmebis absurdulobas (swored amis Tqmasurda qristian tertulianes). nebismieri saswauli– Tundac is, romelTac `mecnierul saswaulebs~uwodeben – SeiZleba absurdad mogveCvenos. magaliTad,aviRoT e. w. `jinzis saswauli~, romelic amtkicebsimis SesaZleblobas, rom gaxurebul Rumelzedadgmuli wyali SeiZleba aduRebis nacvlad gaiyinos.an e.w. ̀ daqtilografiuli saswauli~, romlis mixedviTsabeWdi manqanis klaviSebze didi siswrafiT moTamaSemaimunebma asoebis SemTxveviTi Tavmoyris SedegadSeiZleba dasrulebuli literaturuli nawarmoebidabeWdon.

es `saswaulebi~ Cveulebriv gonebas absurdad,ararealurad moeCveneba, Tumca maTi SesaZleblobamaTematikurad damtkicebulia, magram vinaidan es Se-saZlebloba ukiduresad mcirea da, maSasadame, praq-tikulad SeuZlebelic (amitom ewodeba maT `saswa-uli~), Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri goneba maT ver

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egueba.zustad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs religiuri

saswaulebis SemTxvevaSic. nebismieri aTeizmis gnoseo-logiur, magram iluziur safuZvels adamianisSemecnebiTi unarebis usasrulo SesaZleblobebiscrurwmena warmoadgens. adamianTa umravlesobas swams,rom maT yvelafris Semecneba SeuZliaT, xolo rasacver imecneben, rac maT gonebas ewinaaRmdegeba, maTararealurad, fantaziis nayofad Tvlian. Aadamianisgonebas ar ZaluZs religiuri saswaulebis axsna,amitom aTeistebi mis realobas uaryofen. Cveulebriviadamianis, e. i. aramecnieris goneba verc mecnierulsaswaulebs xsnis, magram maTi uaryofa SeuZlebelia.adamianis gonebrivi SesaZleblobani SezRudulia.adamiani ar aris RmerTi _ usasrulo SesaZleblobismqone RvTaeba. igi sasruli arsebaa, sasrulia misifizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobanic. amitom masyvelafris Semecneba ar SeuZlia, magram es sruliadar amtkicebs imas, rom arsebobs mxolod is, risiSemecnebac SeiZleba. ai, es ar esmiT aTeistebs da aresmodaT, kerZod, XVIII saukunis frang materialistebs,rodesac isini qristianul religias akritikebdnen.

kidev ufro susti iyvnen XIX saukunis germanelie. w. `vulgaruli materialistebi~: moleSoti (1822-1893), biuxneri (1824-1899) da fogti (1817-1895). isiniuxeSi (laT. ̀ vulgaris~ – uxeSi) da zerele materialistibunebismetyvelebi iyvnen. moleSots azrovnebagrZnobad aRqmamde dahyavda, xolo adamiani esmoda,rogorc mxolod biologiuri arseba, cxoveli dameti araferi.Aadamianis azrovnebaSi moleSoti mxolodmeqanikur da fiziologiur procesebs xedavda. fogtsmiewereba gamoTqma: ̀ tvini iseve gamoyofs azrs, rogorcRviZli _ naRvels~. es niSnavs, rom igi ver xedavdaarsebiT gansxvavebas fiziologiursa da fsiqikurprocesebs Soris, fsiqikuri fiziologiuramde dah-yavda.Ees da sxva msgavsi uxeSi Secdomebi vulga-

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ruli materializmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia.XX saukunis erT-erTi gavleniani materialisti iyo

ludvig foierbaxi (1804-1872) . man gamoaqveynamaterialisturi da aTeisturi xasiaTis Txzuleba`qristianobis arseba~, romelic savsea uxeSi kritikiTada uxamsi ciliswamebebiT qristianuli religiiswinaaRmdeg. misma materialisturma da aTeisturma ideebmadidi gavlena moaxdines karl marqsis (1818-1883) dafridrix engelsis (1820-1895) aseve materialisturi daaTeisturi msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze.

XIX saukunis damlevidan da XX saukunis TiTqmisbolomde yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul da gabaton-ebul ideologias marqsistuli filosofia warmoadg-enda, romelic, sxva materialisturi da aTeisturiTeoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, yofili sabWoTa kavSirisoficialuri ideologia iyo, romelic daundobladdevnida yvelas, vinc mas ar iziarebda. marqsistulifilosofia cnobilia dialeqtikuri da istoriulimaterializmis saxelwodebiT. Eigi ekleqtikurad,xelovnurad aerTianebs foierbaxis materializms,romelsac aTeisturi xasiaTi hqonda, da udidesigermaneli idealisti filosofosis hegelis (1770-1831)dialeqtikas. aq zogadad vityviT (amis Sesaxeb vrcladmomdevno TavSi iqneba laparaki), rom dialeqtika arismoZRvreba, romlis mixedviT, samyaroSi yvelaferimoZraobs, icvleba, viTardeba, xolo moZraobisa daganviTarebis wyaros Sinagani winaaRmdegobawarmoadgens. marqsi da engelsi axalgazrdobaSihegelianelebi, e. i. idealistebi iyvnen. Semdeg maTuaryves hegelis idealizmi, xolo SeinarCunes misidialeqtika, romelic foierbaxis materializmsdaukavSires da ase Seqmnes dialeqtikuri materializmi,rogorc marqsistuli filosofia.

marqsistuli filosofia materiis cnebidan amod-ioda, Tvlida, rom materia aris erTaderTi subs-tancia, romelmac warmoSva yvelaferi, cocxali

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samyarosa da TviT adamianis CaTvliT. yvelaferiarsebiTad materialuria; idealuri, magaliTad, azro-vneba, meoradia; igi adamianis Tavis tvinis, rogorcmaterialuri organos, produqtia. `idealuri, _ ambo-bda marqsi, _ sxva araferia, garda materialurisaadamianis TavSi gadatanili da gardaqmnili~. aq ukvenaTlad Cans marqsistuli filosofiis dogmatur-materialisturi xasiaTi, romelic faqtobrivadidealurs uaryofda, xolo materialurs erTaderTrealobad Tvlida.

materia, materialuri sagnebi da movlenebi, marqsis-tuli filosofiis mixedviT, ganuwyvetlad moZraobs,icvleba, viTardeba, vinaidan Sinagan winaaRmdegobasSeicavs; Sinagani winaaRmdegoba ki moZraoba-ganviT-arebis wyaroa. amaSi gamoixata foierbaxis material-izmisa da hegelis dialeqtikis Sewyvileba, rasacmarqsi, engelsi da marqsistebi Tvlidnen revoluciadfilosofiaSi, principulad axali filosofiurimsoflmxedvelobis Seqmnad.

marqsistuli materalizmis fuZemdeblebi da mimdev-rebi laparakobdnen ̀ Zvelsa~ da ̀ axal~ materializmze.Zvel (marqsamdel) materializms uwodebdnen `meqanis-tursa~ da `metafizikurs~, vinaidan mas yovelgvarimoZraoba meqanikur moZraobamde dahyavda da uaryof-da sayovelTao moZraobasa da ganviTarebas. marqsis-tulma materializmma TiTqos moxsna es winaaRmdegobada Tavi daaRwia meqanicizms; magram es mxolod damxolod iluzia iyo, vinaidan nebismieri materia-lizmi arsebiTad meqanisturia; sxvagvari materializmiar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes.

marqsma da engelsma materializmi sazogadoebisganviTarebazec gaavrceles; isini Tvlidnen, romsazogadoebis cxovrebas, mis moZraoba-ganviTarebasmaterialuri faqtorebi gansazRvravs. aseTia,uwinares yovlisa, warmoeba, rogorc materialuriprocesi, romelic qmnis aseve materialur dovlaTs.

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istoriis Semoqmedia xalxi. arsebobs istoriuliaucilebloba, aseTad Tvlidnen komunistur sazoga-doebas, romelic, maTi azriT, momavalSi uTuod Camo-yalibdeba. did istoriul pirovnebas mxolod amaucileblobis farglebSi SeuZlia didi istoriulirolis Sesruleba. sazogadoebis baziss, mis safu-Zvels warmoadgens materialuri warmoeba, romelzecaRmocendeba mecniereba, xelovneba, kultura da a. S.,romlebic materialuri bazisis zednaSens warmoa-dgens. Ees iyo istoriis materialisturi axsnis mcde-loba, rasac istoriul materializms uwodebdnen.

aseTi iyo materializmis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebisistoriis ZiriTadi etapebi.

materialisturi msoflmxedvelobis fuZemdeblurcnebas materiis substanciurobis idea warmoadgens.nebismieri materializmi (marqsistulic da marqsam-delic) materias Tvlis substanciad, e. i. iseTad,romelic yvelafris safuZvlad mdebareobs da yvela-fers warmoSobs. magram arsebobs iseTi argumentebi,romlebic SeuZleblad xdis materiis, rogorcsubstanciis, aRiarebas.

pirveli argumenti materiis substanciurobiswinaaRmdeg klasikur fizikaSi iyo gamoTqmuli (Tumcaes idea jer kidev pirvel filosofosebTan figuri-rebda). saxeldobr, mxedvelobaSia niutonis meqanikispirveli kanoni, romelic materiis inertulobas amtki-cebs. materia inertulia; mas ara aqvs Sinagani Zala,ar SeuZlia gareSe Zalebis Caurevlad arc amoZravebada arc SeCereba. amitom mas filosofosebi (kanti,hegeli) ̀ mkvdars~ uwodebdnen. ̀ mkvdari~, pasiuri, iner-tuli materia ki ar SeiZleba iyos substancia, vinaidanes ukanaskneli mTeli sinamdvilis Semoqmedia,aqtiuria, aqvs Sinagani Zala, qmnadobis unari.AamitomZalisa da materiis ganuyrelobis idea, rasacmaterializmi qadagebda, yalbia. Zala ar aris materiisatributi, misi ganuyreli niSani. es jer kidev

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anaqsagorem icoda, roca homoiomerebis inertulinarevis asamoZraveblad gonebas, rogorc aqtiur Zalas,mimarTa.

meore arguments materiis substanciurobis ideiswinaaRmdeg atomisturi materializmis marcxi warmo-adgens. materializmi Tvlis, rom materia, rogorcsubstancia, maradiulia. materiis maradiulobismtkiceba ki emyareboda atomistur Teorias, atomebisganuyoflobas. Tvlidnen, rom materia umciresnawilakebad – atomebad iSleba, xolo atomebi aRariSleba, araviTar nawils ar Seicavs da, maSasadame,arc moispoba. magram aRmoCnda, rom atomebic daS-ladia, nawilebad iyofa anu ar aris ̀ atomos~ ganuyo-feli. bunebrivia, rom am faqts mohyva `materiisgaqrobis~ anu aramaradiulobis idea, romelic kidevufro ganamtkica materiis `anihilaciis~ _ gaqrobisSesaZleblobam. ori urTierTdapirispirebuli muxtismqone nawilaki, magaliTad, eleqtroni da pozitroni,romlebic materialur nawilakebs warmoadgens,Sexvedrisas feTqdeba da orive qreba – energiadgardaiqmneba. energia ki aRar aris materia, romlisqveS sxva araferi igulisxmeboda, garda sivrcesa dadroSi ganfenili nivTierebisa. isic bunebrivia, rommateriis (nivTierebis) gardaqmna energiad (e. w.energetizmi, romelic Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSifarTod figurirebs) miCneul iqna erT-erT mTavarargumentad materializmis winaaRmdeg.

kidev erT fuZemdeblur arguments materialurisubstanciis winaaRmdeg warmoadgens gasuli (XX)saukunis kosmologiuri aRmoCena didi afeTqebisada samyaros gafarToebis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rommaterialuri samyaro odesRac ar arsebobda; ramdenimemiliardi wlis win afeTqda raRac `cecxlovani bu-rTi~, romelic sididiT asanTis kolofs ar aRemat-eboda, daiwyo elviseburi siswrafiT gafarToeba,ris Sedegad warmoiSva atomebi, eleqtronebi, mze,

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varskvlavebi da TviT galaqtikebic. es procesi axlacgrZeldeba. araraobidan samyaros Seqmna (`cecxlovaniburTi~ ar iyo materia, romelic elementaruli nawi-lakebis saxiT ufro gvian Seiqmna) sxva araferia, Tuara kreacionizmis (laT. `Creatio~ _ Seqmna) idea, ro-melSic bevri mecnieri bibliuri kreacionizmis(RmerTis mier araraobidan samyaros qmnadobis) konce-fciis dadasturebas xedavs. asea Tu ise, kosmolo-giuri kreacionizmi uaryofs materiis maradiulobisideas. xolo Tu materia ar aris maradiuli, maSinigi ar SeiZleba substanciad CaiTvalos, vinaidansubstanciis erT-erT fundamentur niSans maradi-uloba warmoadgens. substancia arc Seqmnila da arcmoispoba. materiis substanciurobis ideis uaryofaki materialisturi msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlisngrevis da, sabolood, materializmis uaryofistolfasia.

dasasrul, materializmTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT,rom materializmi yovelTvis meqanisturia; sxvagvarimaterializmi ar SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan igi ̀ mkvdari~materiidan cdilobs TviT urTulesi fsiqikuri daidealuri procesebis axsnas. marqsistul materia-lizms meqanisturi materializmis naklovanebisdaZlevis pretenzia hqonda, magram es pretenziausafuZvlo iyo. materializmi, rogoric ar undaiyos igi, mainc materializmia. SeuZlebelia samyaroSiarsebuli gasaocari kanonzomiereba, gamaognebeliharmoniuloba , romelic iseTi genialurimoazrovneebis, rogoric iyvnen platoni, kanti,niutoni, gaocebas iwvevda, bunebis brma Zalebis Sedegiiyos. genialurad dizainirebuli samyaros Seqmnamxolod geniosis Semoqmedebis produqti SeiZlebaiyos.

axla ganvixiloT meore ZiriTadi filosofiurimimarTuleba – idealizmi. sityva `idealizmi~ warmo-mdgaria berZnuli sityvisagan ̀ idea~ , rac niSnavs cnebas,

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warmodgenas. idealizmi aris filosofiuri mimar-Tuleba, romelic Tvlis, rom samyaros substancia,misi safuZveli, misi arseba, romelmac yovelgvariarsebuli warmoSva, aris idealuri, zegrZnobadi,cnebiseuli. arsebobs idealizmis ori ZiriTadi fo-rma: obieqturi da subieqturi. samyaros substanciiszemoaRniSnuli daxasiaTeba obieqtur idealizms mie-kuTvneba, vinaidan igi Tvlis, rom idealuri substan-cia arsebobs obieqturad, adamianis cnobierebis ga-reSe da misgan damoukideblad. igi, rogorc substa-ncia, maradiulia, TviTsafuZvlis mqonea, arafriTar aris ganpirobebuli, upiroboa anu absoluturia.substancia moqmedia, aqtiuria, Sinagani Zalis mqonea.

sul sxvagvaria subieqturi idealizmi. TviTonsaxelwodebac imaze migviTiTebs, rom misi amosavaliaara obieqturad arsebuli substanciuri arsi, aramedsubieqturi, adamianis (subieqtis) cnobierebis fenome-nebi. buneba, samyaro iseTia, rogorac Cvens cnobier-ebas eZleva; igi aris Cveni samyaro, vinaidan igiCvens cnobierebaze, rogorc subieqtur fenomenzeadamokidebuli. es azri qvemoT, subieqturi ideal-izmis Sesaxeb msjelobisas ufro naTeli da gasagebigaxdeba. jerjerobiT naTqvamiT davkmayofildeT.

obieqturi idealizmis klasikuri forma antikurfilosofiaSi Camoyalibda. berZeni filosofosiplatoni obieqturi idealizmis fuZemdeblad iTvleba.platonis filosofiis Camoyalibeba moamzada mismamaswavlebelma berZenma filosofosma sokratem (470/469-399), romelsac araferi ar dauweria; Tavis filo-sofiur ideebs igi aTenis quCebsa da moednebze qada-gebda. misi moZRvreba oficialuri xelisuflebisaTvismiuRebeli aRmoCnda, ris gamoc igi gaasamarTles dasikvdili miusajes. sokratem ar isurva sasjelisaganTavis daRweva da Sesva Sxami, romelmac igi sicocxlesgamoasalma.

filosofiis winaSe sokrates didi damsaxureba

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miuZRvis. mas Semecnebis Teoriis fuZemdeblad Tvlian,vinaidan man cneba Semoitana SemecnebaSi. sokratemdeTvlidnen, rom codna aris konkretulis codna, maga-liTad, meCeqmeobis, xelosnobis da a. S. codna. sokra-tes azriT, jer is unda gairkves, Tu ra aris codna;ras vuwodebT codnas, ra saerTo niSnebi aqvs meCe-qmeobis, xelosnobis, mebaReobisa da sxva konkretulcodnas, ra aris is zogadi, rac yvela am calkeulisaqmianobis codnas gaaCnia? erTi sityviT, unda dad-gindes codnis cneba codnis cneba codnis cneba codnis cneba codnis cneba, rogorc zogadi, da Semdegunda vilaparakoT konkretul codnaze. mecnieruliSemecneba cnebebiT warmoebs; amitom cnebis Semotanasokrates mier Semecnebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTebasniSnavda.Aamitom iTvleba sokrate Semecnebis TeoriisfuZemdeblad.

sokrates meore damsaxureba Semecnebis TeoriaSiWeSmaritebis obieqturobis CvenebaSi mdgomareobda.sofistebi, romlebic im dros sibrZnis maswavlebladiTvlebodnen, fiqrobdnen, rom WeSmariteba sayovel-Tao ki ar aris, aramed raime azri WeSmaritia mxolodama Tu im adamianisaTvis, magram igi sxva adamianisaTvisSeiZleba ar iyos WeSmariti. ar arsebobs WeSmaritebasaerTod, aramed arsebobs Cemi an Seni WeSmariteba.sokratem uaryo es azri da daasabuTa obieqturi,sayovelTao WeSmaritebis arseboba. Semecneba, sokratesazriT, aris WeSmaritebis dabadeba. filosofosismovaleobaa daexmaros adamianebs WeSmaritebis dabad-ebaSi. am process sokrate maievtikis (bebiaqalobis)meTods uwodebda.

Semecneba, sokrates azriT, cnebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.cneba aris zogadi, romelic warmodgenisagan, rogorckonkretulisagan, gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, warmovidgenCems nacnob adamians, romelic maRalia an dabali,qeraa an Savgvremani da a. S. magram ver warmovidgenadamians saerTod, vinaidan is arc maRalia da arcdabali, arc qera da arc Savgvremani. is aris yvela im

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arsebiTi niSnebis erToblioba, rac adamianebsaxasiaTebs. aseTia cneba, zogadi azri, romlis arsebobaSemecnebis SesaZleblobis aucilebeli pirobaa. amgaremoebas pirvelad sokratem miaqcia yuradReba, racmis did damsaxurebas warmoadgens Semecnebis TeoriisistoriaSi.

platoni sokrates mowafe da mimdevari iyo, rome-lmac misi filosofia ganavrco, gaaRrmava da Seqmnaoriginaluri obieqtur-idealisturi sistema. Tusokrates araferi ar dauweria, samagierod platonmamravali Txzuleba dawera dialogebis saxiT, romliserT-erT mTavar gmirs sokrate warmoadgens. Tavis filo-sofiur ideebs platoni sokrates piriT gadmoscems.platonis dialogebis didi nawili cnobilma mTargm-nelma da komentatorma baCana bregvaZem ZvelberZn-ulidan qarTulad Targmna da gamosca.

raSi mdgomareobs platonis obieqturi idealizmi?platoni amodis sokrates cnebis Teoriidan da mis

safuZvelze agebs Tavisi filosofiis mTavar RerZs,romelic cnobilia ideebis Teoriis saxelwodebiT.sokratesTan cneba azria, romelic, marTalia, zogadia,magram igi adamianis gonebis gareSe ar arsebobs. pla-tonma moaxdina am cnebis hipostazireba anu gasagneba,romelsac man idea uwoda. ideebi azrebi ki ar aris,aramed realuri obieqtebia, romlebic miRma samyaroSi– varskvlavebs iqiT – arsebobs iseve, rogorcdedamiwaze arsebobs qva, xe, mcenare da sxvakonkretuli sagnebi da movlenebi. magram ideebsa damaterialur sagnebs Soris principuli gansxvavebaa.materialuri sagnebi nivTobrivia, sivrcesa da droSiarsebobs, mudmivad icvleba, warmoSoba-mospobisprocesSia, maT konkretuli Tvisebebi aqvT: magari anrbili, tkbili an mware, TeTri an Savi da a. S. arcerTi es Tviseba ideebs ara aqvT. isini uZravi,ucvleli, maradiuli, zogadi realobania; arsebobsaucileblobis ZaliT da, maSasadame, yovelgvari

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SemTxveviToba ideebis samyarodan gamoricxulia.ideebi aris namdvili, WeSmariti arsi.

rac Seexeba bunebas, igi cvalebadi, moZravi, SemT-xveviT arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebisagan Sedgeba.maTi cvalebadoba, warmoSoba-mospoba imaze miuTi-Tebs, rom isini ara namdvili, aucilebeli, aramedSemTxveviTi aris. Zveli berZeni filosofosebi, maTSoris platonic, sinamdvilis kriteriumad aucileb-lobiT arsebobas Tvlidnen. is, rac aucileblobiTarsebobs, ar SeiZleba moZraobdes, icvlebodes,warmoiSobodes an ispobodes. moZraoba, warmoSoba-mospoba, rac materialur sagnebs axasiaTebs, imismaCvenebelia, rom isini ar aris namdvili, aucileb-lobiT arsebuli. maTi arseboba moCvenebiTia. isinirom namdvilad arsebobdnen, maSin uZravi da ucv-leli, maradiuli iqnebodnen. amrigad, platoni Tvlis,rom buneba moCvenebiTia, ararealuria.

maSasadame, arsebobs ori arsi, orgvari arsebuli:ideebi, romlebic aucileblobiT arsebobs, uZravi damaradiulia, namdvili sinamdvilea, da buneba, rogorcSemTxveviT arsebuli, moCvenebiTi, aranamdvili.

ra urTierTobaa am or arss Soris? platoni Tvlis,rom ideebi bunebis sagnebisa da movlenebis arsebaa,magram maTgan gancalkevebiT – miRma samyaroSi arse-bobs. TviTon sagnebi da movlenebi ki ideebis, rogorcmaTi arsebis, mibaZvaa, maTi aCrdilia, maTTanziarebulia. magaliTad, cxenobis idea miRma samyaroSiarsebobs, romelic zogadia, igi arc TeTria, arcSavi, arc Waki da arc ulayi. igi mxolod ideaa daara cocxali cxeni. es ukanaskneli hgavs cxenobisideas, baZavs mas, misi aCrdilia, magram ar aris nam-dvili cxeni. platonma buneba gamoqvabulis kedlebzemocimcime aCrdilebs Seadara, romlis dedani (ideebi)maT gareT imyofeba. adamianebi xedaven ideebis aCr-dilebs da ara TviT ideebs, rogorc namdvil real-obas. amaSi gamoixata platonis obieqturi idealizmi.

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platoni amtkicebda, rom adamiani dabadebamdeideebis samyaroSi imyofeboda. iq igi xedavda namdvilsagnebs (ideebs) da hqonda maT Sesaxeb WeSmariti codna.dabadebis Semdeg mas es codna daaviwyda. Semecneba kisxva araferia garda daviwyebuli codnis mogonebisa.mogonebis procesSi did rols TamaSobs materialurisagnebi, romlebic ideebis mibaZvas, maT aCrdilswarmoadgens. rodesac vxedavT cocxal cxens, romeliccxenobis ideis mibaZvaa, gvagondeba cxenobis idea,romelic dabadebamde gvinaxavs. mogonebis procesSidid rols TamaSobs sokrates `maievtikis~ meTodi,rogorc daxmareba codnis dabadebis dros. WeSmariticodnis dabadeba dialogis, azrTa dapirispirebisgziT xdeba. am meTods platoni, sokrates kvaldakval,dialeqtikas uwodebs.

platoni sulis ukvdavebas amtkicebda. adamianissuli ukvdavia, igi dabadebamde ideebis samyaroSicxovrobda, xolo sikvdilis Semdeg kvlav ideebissamyaros ubrundeba; amitom adamiani unda iswrafodessikvdilisaken (Tumca TviTmkvleloba dauSvebelia).sikvdili aris sxeulisagan, rogorc borkilebisagan,ganTavisufleba. amitom iyo, rom sokratem siamovnebiTSesva sasikvdilo Sxami.

aseTia platonis mogonebis Teoria, rogorc misiideebis Teoriis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili. pla-tonis filosofia Zalian mdidari da mravlismom-cvelia, magram Cveni axlandeli miznebisaTvis ukvenaTqvamic kmara, raTa garkveuli warmodgena Segveqmnasplatonis obieqturi idealizmis Sesaxeb.

Oobieqturi idealizmis warmomadgenelia antikurifilosofiis udidesi moazrovne aristotele (384-322 ww. qristes win), romelic antikuri filosofiismwvervalad iTvleba

aristotele platonis mowafe iyo da mravali welimis mier daarsebul akademiaSi swavlobda.Mmiuxedavadamisa, Tavisi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis

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SemuSaveba man Tavisive maswavleblis – platonisideebis Teoriis kritikiT daiwyo. aristoteles miaw-eren gamoTqmas: ̀ platoni megobaria, magram WeSmaritebaufro megobaria~. man mravali argumenti wamoayenaideebis Teoriis winaaRmdeg. igi platons brals sdeb-da arsebisa da movlenis erTmaneTisagan mowyvetaSi.Tu ideebi sagnebis arsebaa, maSin ratom aris, romsagnebi bunebaSia, xolo maTi arseba _ sadRac SoreulkosmosSi? arseba da movlena, aristoteles azriT,ar SeiZleba erTmaneTs movwyvitoT.

arsebobs, aristoteles azriT, orgvari mizezi:pirveladi da meoradi. meoradia bunebrivi mizezebi:materialuri, formaluri, moqmedi da miznobrivi.magaliTad, saxlis mSeneblobisas materialuri mizeziaagurebi, cementi, wyali da a. S., romelTa gareSe saxlsver avaSenebT. formaluri mizezia saxlis gegma. Tuar maqvs gegma an Tu ar vici, ras vaSeneb, maSin verafersver avaSeneb. moqmedi mizezia mSenebeli, romelicsaxls aSenebs, xolo miznobrivi mizezia Cveni mizanisaxlis aSenebisa. Tu saxlis aSeneba miznad ardamisaxavs, maSin arc mSeneblobas daviwyeb. aseTiabunebrivi mizezebi.

magram arsebobs pirveladi mizezi, romelic ara-ferze ar aris damokidebuli, aramed yvelaferi maszeadamokidebuli. aseTia substancia, uzenaesi arsebaanu, aristoteles terminiT, usia. filosofia arismecniereba am pirveladi mizezis Sesaxeb. meoradmizezebs ki sxva mecnierebani swavlobs. filosofia,rogorc sinamdvilis pirveladi mizezis Semswavlelimecniereba, aris ̀ pirveli filosofia~ anu ̀ mecnierebaRvTaebis Sesaxeb~, vinaidan is pirveladi mizezi,romelsac filosofia swavlobs, arsebiTad RvTaebaswarmoadgens. am filosofiur mecnierebas andronikerodoselma (I s. qristes win) `metafizika~ uwoda,rac niSnavs: `fizikis iqiT~. es saxelwodeba SemTxve-viT warmoiSva; roca andronike rodoseli aristo-

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eles Txzulebebs awesrigebda, i pova sqeltanianiwigni, romelic aristoteles meore wignis _ ̀ fizikis~Semdeg ido, magram saTauri ar hqonda. amitomandronike rodoselma mas uwoda `meta ta physike~ _`fizikis iqiT~. aristotele ki mas (ara saTaurSi,aramed teqstSi) uwodebda `mecnierebas RvTaebisSesaxeb~. am TxzulebaSi marTlac laparakia zebune-briv, arafizikur, RvTaebriv mizezebze, rac obieqturiidealizmis maCvenebelia.

aristotele amtkicebs, rom yvelafers aqvs mizanianu yvelaferi raRacisTvis xdeba. aseT koncefciasfilosofiaSi teleologia (berZ `teleos~ – mizani)ewodeba. umaRles mizans, aristoteles azriT, RmerTiwarmoadgens, romelic srulqmnili arsebaa. amitomyvelaferi RmerTisaken anu srulqmnilobisakenmiiswrafvis. metafizikuri moZraoba aris RmerTisakenltolva. es niSnavs, rom RmerTi amoZravebs (izidavs)yvelafers; TviTon RmerTi ki uZravi mamoZravebelia.moZraoba miznisaken _ srulqmnilobisaken swrafvaa;RmerTs ki, rogorc srulqmnils, ar SeiZleba hqondesmizani da, maSasadame, ar SeiZleba moZraobdes.metafizikuri moZraoba aris SesaZleblobis gardaqmnasinamdviled. magaliTad, marmarilos lodi arissokrates, cxenis, sfinqsis da a.S. qandakebis SesaZleb-loba. roca es SesaZlebloba ganxorcieldeba anuroca gaakeTeben sokrates an cxenis qandakebas, maSines iqneba SesaZleblobis gadasvla sinamdvileSi.umaRlesi sinamdvile aris RmerTi, romelic araviTarSesaZleblobas ar Seicavs. igi aris wminda forma,ukanaskneli mizani.

aseTia, mokled, aristoteles obieqtur-ideali-sturi filosofia.

obieqturi idealizmi platonisa da aristotelesSemdeg sxvadasxva filosofiur sistemaSi sxvadasxvasaxiT warmosdga. axal droSi misi erT-erTi Tval-saCino warmomadgenelia rene dekarti. dekarti dual-

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isti iyo; igi aRiarebda ori substanciis – ganfeni-lisa da moazrovnis anu materialurisa da idealuris– arsebobas; miuxedavad amisa, namdvil, usasrulosubstanciad mas RvTaeba miaCnia, romelmac wina orisubstancia Seqmna. es ukve aSkara obieqturi idealiz-mia.

dekarti mimarTavda RmerTis arsebobis damsabuT-ebel ontologiur arguments, romelic ufro adreanselm kenterberielma (1033-1109) Camoayaliba. anselmiamtkicebda, rom RmerTi yovlad srulqmnili arsebaa,amitom mas arc arseboba aklia. maSasadame, RmerTiarsebobs. dekartma es idea sxvagvarad daasabuTa; igiamtkicebda, rom adamians gonebaSi mravali azri,mravali idea aqvs. am ideebis umravlesoba adamiansgamocdilebis safuZvelze aqvs SeZenili, vinaidan isinisasrul sagnebsa da movlenebs Seexeba. Mmagram adamiansaqvs erTi idea – usasrulo arsebis anu RmerTisidea, romlis mizezi igi ar SeiZleba iyos; adamianisasruli arsebaa da igi ver Seqmnida usasruloarsebis anu RmerTis ideas. maS, saidan gauCnda adamiansRmerTis idea? cxadia, igi Tandayolilia, RmerTismier STanergilia, maSasadame, RmerTi arsebobs.

RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri argumentisuaryofa scada kantma (1724-1804); igi amtkicebda, romideis arsebobidan misi Sesabamisi sagnis arseboba argamomdinareobs. me SeiZleba mqondes asi taleris(taleri fulis erTeuli iyo imdroindel germaniaSi)idea, magram ar mqondes arc erTi groSi.Aaqedan kantidaaskvnida, rom adamianis cnobierebaSi RmerTis ideisarseboba sruliadac ar amtkicebs RmerTis arsebobas.amitom, misi azriT, RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuriargumenti arafers ar amtkicebs. cxadia, kanti ariyo aTeisti, magram igi RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebasTeoriuli gonebis sferoSi anu Teoriuli argumen-tebiT SeuZleblad Tvlida.

hegelma gaakritika kantis es mosazreba da dekartis

494. s. avaliani, k. qecbaia

pozicia gaiziara. igi daeTanxma kantis im azrs, romCvens gonebaSi asi taleris cnebis arseboba ver daasa-buTebs Cvens qisaSi mis arsebobas. magram kantis argu-mentis Secdoma man imis gaugebrobaSi dainaxa, romasi taleri iseve, rogorc sxva materialuri sagani,sasrulia drosa da sivrceSi, xolo RmerTis ideausasrulo arsebis ideaa, rac ar SeiZleba sasruliSesaZleblobebis mqone adamianis mier iyos Seqmnili.es niSnavs, rom hegeli iziarebs RmerTis arsebobisdasabuTebis ontologiur arguments.

obieqturi idealizmis warmomadgenelia didigermaneli filosofosi gotfrid vilhelm laibnici(1646-1716), romelmac idealizmis poziciidan plura-listuri filosofiuri Teoria Camoayaliba. pirvelidasrulebuli pluralistuli Teoria, rogorc vnaxeT,demokrites ekuTvnis, romelic Tanamimdevari materia-listi – atomisti iyo. laibnicis pluralizmi kiidealisturia. igi amtkicebs mravali substanciisarebobas, romelTac monadebs uwodebs. Mmonadebi igiveatomebia, magram ara materialuri da pasiuri, aramedsulieri da aqtiuri. Mmonada ganuyofelia, erTi mTli-ania, romlisganac yvelaferi Sedgeba. isini sulieriZalebia, TviTkmari erTeulebia, amitom erTmaneTTanaraviTari kavSiri ara aqvT, erTmaneTs ar saWiroeben.`monadebs ara aqvs fanjrebi~ (laibnici), rac imasniSnavs, rom maT araviTari kavSiri ara aqvT garemo-sTan. amaSi gamoixateba maTi substanciuroba. TviTonRmerTic gagebulia, rogorc udidesi da uZiriTadesimonada, romelSic mTeli samyaro Cans, vinaidan TviTonaris am samyaros Semoqmedi. RmerTi erTia, _ ambobslaibnici, _ da es erTi RmerTi kmara. RmerTma moawyosamyaro, Seqmna uzustesi wesrigi, Seitana masSiharmoniuloba. amitom Cveni samyaro ukeTesia sxvaSesaZlebel samyaroebs Soris.

XVIII saukunis damdegs kamaTi mimdinareobdalaibnicsa da niutons (klarks) Soris bunebismecni-

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erebis filosofiisa da Teologiis sakiTxebze.niutoni amtkicebda, rom RmerTma ara marto Seqmnasamyaro, aramed SemdegSic sistematurad ereva mis`saqmianobaSi~. iseve, rogorc mesaaTe perioduladmarTavs saaTs, raTa ar gaCerdes, aseve RmerTi dro-dadro awesrigebs samyaros. laibnici ki, piriqiT,amtkicebda, rom RmerTma winaswar ise genialuradmoawyo samyaro, rom igi damatebiT Carevas aRarsaWiroebs. am koncefcias `prestabiluri harmoniisTeoria~ ewodeba, romelic amtkicebs, rom RmerTmawinaswar daadgina harmonia, wesrigi samyaroSi, romel-Sic araferi ar aris materialuri, aramed yvelaferiRvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqtia.

dasasrul ganvixilavT kidev erT obieqtur-ideal-istur filosofiur moZRvrebas, romelic ekuTvnisaxali drois udides filosofoss georg vilhelmfridrix hegels (1770-1831).

hegeli udidesi dialeqtikosi idealistia. igiTvlis, rom mTeli samyaros – adamianTa sazogadoebisCaTvliT – safuZvlad imyofeba absoluturi suli,msoflio goneba, romelsac igi ufro xSirad `abso-lutur ideas~ uwodebs. absoluturi suli imitomaris absoluturi, rom araferze ar aris damokidebuli,arafriT ar aris gansazRvruli, piriqiT, yvelaferimaszea damokidebuli, misiT aris gansazRvruli,vinaidan igi mTeli samyaros substancias, uZiriTadesarsebas, mis safuZvels warmoadgens. absoluturisuli, rogorc substancia, cxadia, RmerTia, romlisSemoqmedebis produqts yoveli arsebuli warmoadgens.absoluturi upirobos, TavisTavads, damoukidebelsanu obieqturs niSnavs. swored amitom hegelisidealisturi sistema obieqturi idealizmia.

absoluturi suli erTaderT WeSmarit sinamdvileswarmoadgens, xolo mTeli buneba, adamiani da adamia-nTa sazogadoeba maszea damokidebuli.

Aabsoluturi suli ar aris pasiuri (materiisagan

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gansxvavebiT), aramed aqtiuri sawyisia, ganuwyvetelimoZraobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi imyofeba. Eesganuwyveteli ganviTareba hegels gagebuli aqvs ro-gorc TviTSemecneba. absoluturma sulma rac ar undaSeimecnos, yvela SemTxvevaSi TviTSemecneba iqneba,vinaidan mis gareSe araferia, misTvis ar arsebobs`sxva~. igi TandaTan imecnebs Tavis Tavs da es Semecnebaaris ganviTareba. ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalaski Sinagani winaaRmdegoba warmoadgens. absoluturisuli ganviTarebis procesSi garkveul stadiebsgaivlis, magram TviTSemecnebis procesi ar SeiZlebausasrulod gagrZeldes. bolos aRmoCndeba, rom is,rac mas sxva (buneba) egona, TviTon yofila. TviTSem-ecnebis procesis damTavreba ganviTarebis SewyvetasniSnavs; ganviTareba xom gagebuli iyo, rogorc TviT-Semecnebis procesi.

hegelis obieqturi idealizmi dialeqtikuria, vinai-dan dialeqtika aris moZRvreba ganviTarebis kanonzom-ierebis Sesaxeb. ganviTarebas ki Sinagani winaaRmdegoba,rogorc ganviTarebis wyaro, iwvevs. dialeqtikisSesaxeb momdevno TavSi ufro vrclad visaubrebT.

obieqturi idealizmis istoria, cxadia, hegeliTar damTavrebula; igi sxvadasxva formiT axlac ganag-rZobs arsebobas. obieqturi idealizmi Zalian axlosdgas TeologiasTan. igi iseve, rogorc Teologia,RmerTis cnebas emyareba, swored amitom mas SeiZlebafilosofiuri Teologia vuwodoT. ZiriTadi gansxva-veba filosofiur da religiur Teologiebs Sorisisaa, rom pirveli codnis sferoa, meore ki _ rwmenisa.es niSnavs, rom filosofiuri Teologia anu obieq-turi idealizmi ontologiuri da logikur-gnoseo-logiuri argumentebiT asabuTebs RmerTis arsebobas,religiuri Teologia ki arafers ar asabuTebs; igiuSualod amodis RmerTis arsebobis ideidan. dasabu-Teba codnis prerogativaa, misi funqciaa; rwmena kidasabuTebas ara marto ar mimarTavs, aramed mas saerT-

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od uaryofs. amitomaa, rom filosofiur TeologiaSiRmerTis cneba gvian Semodis, raki igi dasabuTebaseqvemdebareba, religiuri Teologia ki RmerTis cneb-idan uSualod amodis.

aqedan, vfiqrobT, sruliad naTelia filosofiurida religiuri Teologiis ara marto msgavseba, aramedmaTi urTierTkavSiris aucileblobac. religiur Teo-logias logikurad win uswrebs da amzadebs filoso-fiuri Teologia, vinaidan igi RmerTis arsebobasmecnierulad asabuTebs. religiuri Teologia kiiqidan iwyebs, sadac filosofiuri Teologia anuobieqturi idealizmi amTavrebs.

filosofiur Teologias religiuri Teologi-isaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidanaTeizmis dasamarcxeblad martooden rwmena ar kmara.rwmena subieqturi fenomenia; aseve subieqturia urw-munoebac (aTeizmi). magram RmerTis arsebobis mecnier-uli (filosofiuri) dasabuTebis Semdeg aTeisturimsoflmxedveloba uZluri gaxdeba. amaSi mdgomareobscodnisa da rwmenis urTierTkavSiris aucilebloba.am mimarTulebiT ki obieqturi idealizmi religiuriTeologiis saimedo mokavSirea.

axla gadavideT idealizmis meore formis – subie-qturi idealizmis daxasiaTebaze.

subieqturi idealizmi ewodeba iseT filosofiurTeorias, romelic amtkicebs, rom subieqturi aRqmaaris raimes arsebobis an ararsebobis kriteriumi.ra SemTxvevaSi an ris safuZvelze vambobT, rom ̀ TovliTeTria~, `vardi wiTelia~ `yorani Savia~ da a. S.? _mxolod da mxolod aRqmis, SegrZnebis safuZvelze.vxedavT, rom Tovli TeTria, vardi wiTelia da a.S.magram sakmarisia Tu ara Cveni aRqma imis dasamtki-ceblad, rom Tovli marTlac TeTria im SemTxvevaSicki, roca mas ar vakvirdebiT? ara, ar aris sakmarisi.davuSvaT, rom yvela adamians Tandayolili aqvswiTeli saTvaleebi; maSin CvenTvis araviTari sxva

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feri ar iarsebebs, garda wiTlisa. Tovli iqnebawiTeli, yorans wiTeli feri eqneboda, erTi sityviT,mTeli samyaro wiTlad iqneba Seferadebuli. SevZlebTTu ara maSin sagnebis namdvili feris garCevas? cxadia,ver SevZlebT. amitom iZulebuli viqnebiT vamtkicoT,rom buneba wiTelia, sxva feri ar arsebobs. rasniSnavs ̀ sagnebis namdvili feri~? CvenTvis ar arsebobsaraviTari `namdvili feri~ garda imisa, rasac aRvi-qvamT. es niSnavs, rom buneba, romelsac aRviqvamT,rogorc wiTels, Cveni Seqmnilia, Cveni cnobierebisproduqtia anu subieqturia. Tu rogoria