VOLUME 8, NUMBER 3 FALL 1961

F

k ~

Agricultural Experiment StationAUBURN UNIVERSITY

fil(iHLI(iH I NOF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

HIGHLIGHTS ofAgricultural Research

A Quarterly Report of ResearchServing All of Alabama

VOLUME 8, No. 3 FALL, 1961

SUMMER STRESS ON LAYING POULTRY - Important Factorin Alabama Egg Production ........................

DEVELOPING NEW VETCHES - Work Underway to De-velop Reseeding, Non-Shattering Varieties ........

3

4

FIRE VS. FOREST REPRODUCTION - Presents Effects of

Periodic Burnings on Open Pine Stands 5

FEED PRICES CHANGING - To Keep Pace With Alabama'sLivestock Industry Development 6

FIELD TURNING SPACE NEEDED--Adequate Space forTurning Increases Tractor Efficiency 7

THE PIEDMONT SUBSTATION - A Story of Research forA Depleted Soil Area 8-9

HOLLIES FOR ALABAMA LANDSCAPE- There Is A Type ofHolly for Many Landscape Needs 10

FORAGE QUALITY OF ANNUALS VARIES- Value of ForageChanges During Grazing Season 11

TIMELY PLANTING UPS OAT YIELDS - Production Effectedby Date of Planting 12

PLUM VARIETIES FOR ALABAMA - Farmers Can NowSelect Plum Varieties Based on Research 13

CONTAINERS - PROBLEM IN MARKETING VEGETABLES -

Good Containers Aid in Marketing 14

SOIL FUMIGANTS FOR ROOTKNOT- Vegetable Yields AreUpped from the Use of Soil Fumigants ............. 15

LEGUME INOCULATION- Early Research Revealed Secretof Legume Growth 16

Of 44 MCo4 C This Meats Laboratory is filling a big need in theresearch and teaching program of the Animal Science Department.The 66 X 1 12-foot building has facilities for slaughtering and dress-ing experimental animals to more fully evaluate experimental pro-duction practices, and for chilling, curing, and processing carcasses.It also has a cutting demonstration classroom and a meats researchlaboratory. Included with the laboratory is an 80 X 100-foot judg-ing arena, having a show ring and seats for 1,000. The Laboratorywas constructed with funds provided by passage of Amendment 5in 1957.

E. V. SMITH -.

COYT WILSON .....

CHAS. F. SIMMONS-

KENNETH B. RoYE. L. McGRAw ...R. E. STEVENSON -

- DirectorAssociate Director-Assistant Director- - -- _ Editor_Associate Editor--Associate Editor

Editorial Advisory Committee: COYTWILSON; H. J. AMLING, Associate Horti-culturist; K. M. AUTREY, Dairy Depart-ment Head; E. A. CURL, Associate PlantPathologist; AND KENNETH B. ROY.

PUBLICATIONSListed here are timely and new publicationsreporting research by the Agricultural Ex-periment Station.

Bul. 332. Management of Irrigated Cottonpresents results of experiments on effectsof cultural practices on yield and fiberqualities of irrigated cotton.

Bul. 333. Financing Rural Homes summa-rizes sources of housing credit and prob-lems in financing rural homes.

Bul. 334. Rural Housing Situation andNeeds covers present conditions and needsof rural housing in the Southeast.

Cir. 139. Decision Making in Meat Buyingreveals major factors that affect housewives'purchase of meat.

Cir. 140. Bahiagrass for Forage in Alabamagives information on production and utiliza-tion of Bahiagrass in the State.

Leaf. 65. Warrior-A Bruchid-ResistantVetch presents research informanation on thenew, Auburn-developed variety.

Free copies may be obtained from yourCounty Agent or by writing the AuburnUniversity Agricultural Experiment Station,Auburn, Alabama.

Published by

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT

STATION of

AUBURN UNIVERSITY

Auburn, Alabama

LI ~ I ~reAr~ , I(AAI

J. R. HOWES, Dept. of Poultry ScienceWALTER GRUB and C. A. ROLLO,Dept of Ag~ricultural Etigifeering

Call wXith statndt Sevecit st tiine 1cl i)cl itiot isbectteri that) mrost othiei aliials. TIietcamelt's hbeat to~lerance has1 lbec'tt kioxx iftti a long tunle, buit olnix i ccelntlv hastI is ciharacteistAic of the chicken 1becnlearnied.

Sitin iner strie(ss is a tet ii ctined to dIiscibei thle sti ess to wxh ichlilan atll' invexpttsed duinPg suimmet. It r epreseit,total (dis1ruptiotn inl lil aitnals norioalwe lilceing caused'( i~x heait. huidiitxlight radliatitnt and othter factoirs.

Pt tit Il tl are I)CCom-ing' ineasittglxaxi at of itt Ie en xi ott met t inl their ci-ftorts to ccot il inicalix, pitodiuce eggs at t (neat. This is cevidettced Ixv the itncreas-ing number 1ic of iiit tttihle(i enirionmethoitses ht'iig constiructedi.

One reasoin the Soittheastern UltiftcdStates is not at leatit ig eggu-pt iditctittnarea is bccattse of diffhcuitx etncoutiteredinl e tntt in icalv ixfroditciir nf0C t(h~diialitx

eggs duiriing the ltong, liot and humidsit er inn 't' v ti patrts of the i atioti cx-per ience hecat stress inl short periodsxxhein temitperatture (roes xxell oxe c 1000)F'. WheItn this happens, it is itot wicom-mutt1 fotr hundreds of ibirdis to (lie as aresl t of the sudden fiiiflux of ii ttei t x

65

e60

90*F

55

So2l 4 5

The graphs show effect of high temperatureon laying White Leghorn pullets in Auburnexperiments. There were 80 birds to eachtreatment, all on 14 hours light daily and6000 relative humidity and ventilated at 1cu. ft. per minute per bird.

cxpierieinced inl the Southeast. btut thi'sairea i s liietd xwithi suniiflei sttressth at uisiaaliy h ists foI r sexveral m1oit tIs.

The first lpritlit is ttt i(Iet tifx, theniin stress factors. TIhis is lieesxarxto ectulitttticatllx comibat the situiation ilt(]prtoduce env'ironmnle ts iargex' free of thlefactors that redtuce egg pirtduictiiin.

Frtont wotrk at AXnhurit anid elsewhere,i .t appears that hiimiditx reduces eggprducrtiont and grtx l u~x at tile highl-est tempileratur es. lThis, humidity protl-abl s is otie otf thle lesser evils.

Ptreviotuis reseatrch has sihowxni tatchaniges itt day ienigthi stimuliate egg pro-dutetioit antd gruixxth. Sinice chaniges inldax' length duiritig Ma "v tot Au gust arereiatixe 'lx small, patrt of tie aitx erse still)iner effects mnight he blamied onl lack ofchanige inl dav ienigtht. Ilt xxexer, the ex-tetidcd 1 icrimtd of high termperaturte (atleatst 4 niionths ) xx iulci appeair to he themain cause of suimmer stiress iii tfhe Soith-elist.

Phx sitl ogists itt D~uke Uiixersitx haxvecxrevele h imx catmels atre alct to slit x x

ill ilitel ise deseirt lIctat. O il ottf the ilhaitimlechailttills pe~rmittinig suitvxal is thleIlarge ratnge iii bod 'iv t ciii utratu ite lie-txxctt iiidax atid mitight ( 18-9;3F.) . Thie camtel is alte to "load" heatdurinig thle (lax anid "uniloa.d" it difntgthe cooiler ntight.

Atubuiirn research in dicates that thlethicketi potssesses the satiie ltlilitx a is thiccal.d bu t to at nite lIiIesser diegree.Thits. chickenis call suiit ic andi prtidtceiti11IIh hetter if hot datxs ate reliexved b\xcooul itiglits thlt tlidter conitiinuouis hightemperatures.

Whlt exposed to heat, thicre aic( txx Iactiions that hell) chicketix intitttaiit thetir

ibitdics -iiicrutsedt'l icit lotsses antircdiilced hecat proi t ctit U in th l d li vlx. Tostep-n i heat lisses, respira ~t iuon is itt-creased I panttitg ), lood stiilY ini tileskini is incireased. xxitigs are( flexed, andthle birds dlrink ire xxalter. Ruedutcedh1eat pitodluct ion r esutlts frit it retiu cedactixvity', afppetite, grit lt egg proittittiiit. egg size, aid t~ertilitx.

Effect of high temper atiures tnt eggxwei ght andii egg fprtodu ictPit is iiliust ratedbx thle graiph. Thetse datai sltixx thatWXh ite Leghoin 1 plicts produ1ce tx a Ii,(plate goiod eggs at 80) F. It xx:is alsot

ftttitid that these hit os pi tdlice its xxelat 80) F. ats it .50-60t) F. '[hiis is cotjtrat x tt earlier, limited oiitrk elsexxherethat sihoxwed 5t0 (0tt F. its the btest teinpetl re for layinitg p~lltl i It.

USD)A xwork hast inidicated that birdisxwill itot suiti vxe att 100 Ft . atd 6I0%t' rela-tixve hittuidits . lliixxei r, ill Aithititi stit-diis fenliaies nott oitti ixedl under thiesecondtcitiions hut proiduicetd eggs. Slttxx iiit) the photogiap )l iret liay'is pating ill

Based ott the Aitinit ri eseartch resulits,

col leter] titig heat "tress. inl pultryx ititheed lex isitig. Especiatllx, ftrint the stitndt-pioint ot ft(e Soiutheatst. results ilioicteotha~t lain lg Wh'lite LeglLorti putllets xxilladtl t~el) P \prdutce xx liii thett telitp)rai-torIe is als high ats 80'- F. Sitce It naltnott (eetinlg himtself ill lcix xwxirik lit.gills to) perspirte at abilitt F., thepiultrx tnait catn seixve its his oxx] it ter-rittiltem. Whl the itpinattit ht'gii s tiofeel iitit'tiifoit,itc lit' call ainciif hishtells art likesc n fifected. This xxoiuldiIbe his signalt to tatke pra ~ctical steps.illix iatt high tettiptt ,titt s.

VH MER STRESaL1"NG POULTR

NEW VETCHESE. D. DONNELLY, Plant Breeder

E. M. CLARK, Associae Botan i

ABlit XING li( l1l1-Sihilttii-ilig eCttli 5 a

Iii(tX, that \xl proIn good~ viCeIsof

fol 11, andit ee tCi s bahiX liCtldtl.

illiCt these retjtiI Cillilits. I hiss CXCI thesechllacteristics tio exist \XXitli ii thie fi Ililv

or' gelios. I1fII tlesireCd trait tloit Sit OIC-cu r ill a speieis, oftC1 I it cll Ible fil] Iill anI othe I o f the sa~ile aem1ils. If tiletwo (I pCCics tall beC crosd i5 thtien tilt tde-

sirale ChaactritIstics of tile two 0iiiiglit

Ie viC l1111ineI in to o1ne X iitS . Tius 11a1

IICCII tile sttil Xo(f Xvetchl lllCedl) 1 researchl

till.

Le-gumer scetl Xvan 141 jtlX iii size. Se\-eral Xvetchi species fladX Cag 1s1eedXC, (

1iX-

1114 t ditIll ccI Li ii advX il tages as pasturIe

ipLilits, sIitl its gireater sCetiIilla g i 41)1.\lo st X(,tell) speie grCow1nIX I ill Alabama111p di e low1tCIIX seedtiX eltds btcauseC of dis-

case and i5Cset s. Si illC produc i (ro1411dseedt X Ild bu Ilit mahke sCed ovXer ai 1o(11y

resttti. 'Fie( sptties dhiffer glatix ill per-cCiita1t iif halrd seed mIid ili XX ilter ihardi-

Species Crossed

Sfiwic 195t ninerolts attem~pts has CIttli III c (to tIcross X\etch ispecies. EII-

phIias is XXas plieetf 0 oSil 114sin h ,IId seedspcies XXith lntlnlslltterig species.

01l ICspcies 11 X 1 brid wiXXas (lita1iteI ill

1958 coinlillI Cttli (V. siitita) 75 Ila.r-IoXXleaf \(,tell (V. (iwigIstif 01)0). st-t if-ltistrlatiiili Elis biiid o ffeirs Osiliiitie-sfill tielo 1 )ii 1 4 aC~tI11 lee ii i '(,nnshatter-

ilir 14. X CCXii resistan t X .ritX, Thfie felliailtparentit (1), AI. 1894, is a XX bite HloXX-

II edl liliC o)f tcommn Xvettb that is rela-CIXk Ilol-siI tterllg and)1 produc1Ies good

tics (If forage alldt seed ill Albamla.HoweveCX r it hia's it lowX prcl~tl ta gt of hard1(Slit

1 . TheC itiile par-el t (2), I iarroXI ti

fias pil-plt. flos s 15ailt is lowX ill 51141)1

111111 slatteil 111 andit Ii ti lre IIIilifi l .Ii

cal \cttli sImitte the fuir sci.

Results

The i~es ofCCIC I pirllie 1 )igliiCet ill theCIII1i4secdtlilqrs dlistingu4iishedt tile its

brid iii! p ilt elitl', r lSefp I

'111c two pareni t~ts difter ili 110 llio'sille

nI 1111r (tile strulcti II S tha ,t carIX tb C14eiies ) AXs a resu~lt, tile hirst-4cI eration

CI sss XXe 93% steilet. Ill tle next

14111 ittiiiii 1 1% of tile lailts weret li1iiihI ctik'.

AIa. I1894 ( femal pd arenlt ) hiad pi at.

121275 (iialt parenit) dX (Ti 0141( ilhoit

that \a dl rol 11 19 to 60"7 hard( stttd

iiitl aIX i i1ed 839. 'h iiis, first- 1clicI atilli

tXX CCI the two parenit ts wXithi (spect to

har 11( 1ct Iti ts. SteCd of Secid11-clicra1 -

Setoi itel-(iiratio )i plani~ts \alied toill

sidierail~l ill plalt t\TC; vSyr ca4Ol iiiiiiss

of llatlilrits Shiape, size, and Colori of'

1)101 a11( sizt and1( color of' Seed l .11(flower C. ThereXXC~ Swlilt Xom \i14Ioils scc-

olitl-aeClit1.tioll jplailts that pr oduiced ahigh per-ei itage (if hard steed.

Thes (S rese-Icl) lCslts proXvidet cXi

d iil iii g th a p r( 1 liC tivc S Ilo 1 1)1 t s ll" , I lV .

.-

5,'5,-

Parents, and first- and second-generationplants, of a vetch species cross. One par-ent (1), Vicia sativao produces good seedand fcrage yields but little hard seed. Themale parent 12), V. angustifolic, is smallbut produces hard seed. Hybrids (3) werevigorous and averaged 39%o hard seed,Much variation was found among the sec-ond-generation plants (4 and 5), but somewere vigorous and produced a high per-centage of hard seed.

N5

4,,~"p

1-1--,. - __ I !

The areas here show pict immediately afterJanuary burn in 1952 and the same areafive years after second January burn.

F IR Ea,.

FOREST REPRODUCTIONSHERMAN D. WHIPPLE, Associate Forese

I l B LSC 1IL lit if\[-\(;1 titli b ill t itilrmt(it Itoo 11111( lorei IX atiiia4t'tieiit. I iIIX -

IX t't it XX Ill(dlt o ((X t l ii('tdX tol ktioXX

1h (11 a i t atiii pllc t'.ti. irsCal])t

lit IX lit' I'r l c llt'c ailt llpii ilttblII.

Suc lols itistis iti tlit ipp'dtpc ofa~ait I ('4111 1111(11 litter t\ld ill glietllttsla

tstuc1ur t X (It' hill , 11111 tit' l~f %illt

ifiloc icc fit(, clll\ or lil slbs1951li

Elc t i oct 1c rditoi

A 00 buf1l t-l llteU~e osa

7.5%ol ,111 XX 111(1 X I' intjt 2t0 to ' %citlol

1)11lli III. l'ii X ('Atl vItls liiti d al-l two\\itsedl i llp' ti' Itl.' fit(, tesnta

eooirotle ti (1acftr tilt' 1se5ft, e.d

\vitilt iii1,\ ll stiii c f t. i [II 3.6 iii.

rilt' itilt' fitli 2) ilie l im d t 19(. I at afot

I thed beet'itic 1951-52an 3 fi 1(1i5al

v'arX alt't till \isiii fter t 94-5fie

A i l i t ofitlti ste fli t hii tol 3.6till.

Z"D 1956 = 1960

I sw,1952 - 955 burn Aug-1 1951 -1954 ki,

Gumn Got Hickory 31 Dogwood- Persimmo n Sossoiross Suaoc4. Maple Miscellaneous Hardwoods

%Xiiit Itlie- 2-o ito :3.6-iti. classes itl

eteateti (31.5 to 45h Xt('ttlX)( iitt CTUeflX i195(5 of Ii iXtI after the X('t(itIl

Ier acr and these ( wilt mosi1

tglyilt 1)11

tilt 6 iex pilXtlX tha h9 sc S 1 llil Xt't'li

sprowXtti froXX Xtlkile Jiori' [tll pos (A

brouhtl atis stcitill totts 10itttt0 and

pcr acret ill101 ~ Iaur tlid l .5 s a bl1.1

tlo stits 14. etil l-I ettill t XXit' lid l k 1

Ica it' llo i)i I t' 24i tt .dlld Ill. llIs a

prsiit rIIX (1111 oc iitig It p i 't('i~t' (lit'

ti ill II' Ila 1~tedX pio( c(IX itiltil'lj\its

coIllsllXX 11114 li Xi li tl f'or''t de ia ill i' it

Reproduction stocking changes following prescribed burning in different growth areas areshown above.

TEN YEARS AGO about a third of Ala-bama's farm income was from sale oflivestock and livestock products. Todaylivestock brings in 55% of the State'scash farm receipts.

Growth in livestock production hasgreatly increased needs for feed. Sincefeed is the major cost item in producinglivestock, price of feed has an importantbearing on farm profits.

Price Changes

Prices paid for mixed feed and forfeed concentrates (except cottonseedmeal) went down in Alabama during1956-60. The change was both gradualand continuous for almost every kind offeed.

Cost of corn meal for feed in 1960was down 16% from the 1956 price, butsoybean meal dropped only 3%. Re-ported farm prices for broiler growingmash, laying mash, and mixed dairy feedwere down 8, 6, and 4%. Farmers paid12% more for cottonseed meal in 1960than they did in 1956.

Feed-prices fluctuated much less withinthe year than did prices of farm pro-ducts. Prices tended to be highest inJuly and August and lowest in Novem-ber and December. The feed having thegreatest seasonal change in price wascorn meal. It increased an average of10% between the low in December andthe high in August. Laying mash had themost constant average monthly price,showing only a 3% increase betweenNovember and June.

Price data demonstrate that there wasnot a close relationship between priceof feed and price of the principal pro-duct produced. The usual proportionalchange in average price of eggs is greaterthan the change in prices for other ag-ricultural products.

Area Comparison

Continued expansion of livestock andpoultry production in Alabama will beinfluenced by the price of feed in rela-tion to other areas. To show the rela-tive levels, 5-year averages of prices for

three mixed feeds and three importantfeed ingredients were compared for eightstates. These states represent five areasof the United States (see graph).

Arkansas had a price advantage for allfeeds except corn meal, for which pricewas lowest in Iowa. Prices in Alabamawere below those in Georgia and NorthCarolina, and were lower than in Mis-

FEED PRICES

changing as livestock

industry expands

MORRIS WHITE, Agricultural Economist

BROILER GROWING MASH LAYING MASH MIXED DAIRY FEED

5.00

45Oune~ b H pIIe flfe i

4.00 1A .2

i.5L_. i...:.li:0

COTTON SEED MEAL SOYBEAN MEAL CORN MEAL

tion toiii olhe ares.Tosho te

4.50:

4.00

3.50 0~o oZOi; ° oZ0O4 0" :.o o2

AVERAGE PRICES PAID FOR SELECTED FEEDS IN VARIOUS STATES, 1956-1960

Shown are average prices per cwt. paid for selected feeds in various states in 1956-60.

sissippi for broiler growing mash andlaying mash. However, prices for broilergrowing mash and laying mash werelower in Iowa, Ohio, and Delaware thanin either of the Southeastern States. Soy-bean meal was most expensive in Dela-ware, whereas cottonseed meal was mostcostly in Ohio. Price differences amongstates were greatest for cottonseed mealand least for mixed dairy feed.

Feed Use Increasing

During the 5-year period of 1956-60,total Alabama feed sales increased atan average rate of 12.3% per year. Tonsof poultry feed reported sold were 89%greater in 1960 than in 1956.

Some states that had lower feed pricesdid not experience an expansion in useof feed similar to that which took placein Alabama. Among the reasons werelower feed conversion ratios obtained,existence of profitable alternative op-portunities, less favorable climate, andhigher costs for other production items.

A relatively low price for feed is onlyone factor that contributes to expansionof livestock and poultry enterprises, butit is an important one. Efficient facilitiesfor handling and processing feed are es-sential in maintaining competitive feedprices and to continued expansion oflivestock and poultry industries in theState.

FIELD TURNING SPACE

needed or

TRACTOR EFFICIENCYELMO S. RENOLL, Associate Agricultural Engineer

CAN YOU cultivate as many acres perday as you think you should? Does yourneighbor get more capacity from his rowcrop machines than you do?

Field capacity of farm machinery var-ies greatly from field to field and is in-fluenced by many factors. Some havebeen analyzed and their effects deter-mined. Other factors, such as turningspace, physical condition of turning area,and turning time, are being studied atAuburn University Agricultural Experi-ment Station.

Turning Time

Time spent turning the tractor in rowcrop operations may amount to 25% ofthe field time. Any reduction in timeneeded to make these turns would in-crease machine efficiency and field pro-ductive capacity.

The time needed to complete a singleturn in row crop work depends mainlyon width of available turning space andground surface condition in turning area.A narrow space that requires backingthe tractor will increase turning time.Turning on rough area will also result inlonger than normal time.

Turning Space and Pattern

Width of turning area will nearly al-ways dictate the type of turning patternused. Space large enough to turn a trac-tor in an easy semi-circle pattern willusually result in the least turning time.A narrow turning space will require alonger than minimum time.

Some common patterns used to turntractors doing row crop work are shownin Figures 1, 2, and 3. The turning spacein Figure 1 is wide enough for an easy,normal turn. In Figure 2, the turn spaceis too narrow for turning the tractor

without backing. This pattern requires50% more time than a normal turn. Theturning pattern in Figure 3 is used infields having no turning space at end of

row. This type turn may double thenormal turning time.

Surface Condition

Physical condition of the surface inturn area can greatly affect the timeneeded to complete the turn. Roughground, rocks, ditches, or other obstruc-tions in the turning area will increasethe turning time. The table shows how

obstructions in the turning area affecttime needed to complete the turn.

Under the conditions of these tests,obstructions in turning area increasedthe turning time by as much as 29%.Ditches in the area increased turningtime by about 25%, while turning on arough area resulted in an 11% increasein turning time.

Summary

1. Turning space at the edge of rowcrop fields should be wide enough toturn the tractor and equipment in aneasy semi-circle turn. A narrow turningspace may increase the turning time byas much as 50%. In the case of fields hav-ing no space beyond end of rows, theturning time may be double.

COMPARISON OF TURNING TIME FOR SEVERAL CONDITIONS

Field Field Favorable Unfavorablenumber operation Ground Ti GroundInceas tr in

condition Time condition Time turning time

Sec. Sec. Per centA ------------------- Cultivating Smooth 14.8 Ditch 18.0 22B .................. Cultivating Smooth 18.6 Gullies 20.8 12C Sidedressing Smooth 20.4 Ditch 26.3 29D Sidedressing Smooth 26.0 Rough 29.0 11

2. Physical condition of the groundin turning area will affect turning time.Smooth turning areas require a minimumof turning time, whereas obstructionswill materially increase it.

3. Turning space at edge of field makesit easier to operate large machines, suchas a cotton picker or corn picker, andalso helps to keep ends of rows free ofweeds.

Increased field efficiency obtained byusing a turning space that is both ade-quate in size and free of obstructionswill make it possible to (1) handle moreacres with a given size tractor or (2)to use smaller and less expensive ma-chinery for a given acreage.

,, I Center of tractor Rows

FIG. 1. Average or normal turn pattern atrow end where turning space is adequate.

: :Forward

3 1 D E8 m Reverse

Rows M Center of tractor

FIG. 2. Here space at end of rows is toonarrow to make a complete turn, and re-quires backing the tractor. Turning time inthis case is 50% more than that used for

making the normal turn.

SEdge of field

SForward Rows

M M M Reversem Center of tractor

FIG. 3. With no space available beyondend of rows, tractor is turned by backingin a semi-circle onto the next pair of rows.Turning time is 2 times as great as thatneeded for normal turning.

The PIEDMONT

c

One atc'o of the Station before developmentis shown above.

Iliii Pi' i(Xio\ i Aiil o Alabmd

ilg( tlit half ccltlirv iftt'r Aiicrcss Jack-

tla' plcslilt. fitrilers c'lt'arc'd the( l~iti.\s iltd l r it'l top )Soil Cari c'tl ,a \ byslit'tt clolsill. hld a st'igc' (If 1101 X ct'X ll

lHic'sc' it]d otiher r eastons cauisc't llanv

51fitirll ) llsl tot iiti the' onelaseru

SUBSTATION

A story of researchfor a depleted areaL L. McGRAW, Assocoie Editor

E. L. MAYTON, Superinterident

tfie t'5t.1fbishilit'iit of at sublstation I ii tilePiediiiiiit Area for the ipirpose of tie-teimiin XX bat agricultural eniterprise

01) en terp1 rises \vuX 0!b( est slippl~llic 0I*reice inceome trin c0tottoni.

Substation Located

ilie sifstiatioI %its 5,.5siif)(Iflitti lo-('atcd'tlat Can llii Hill L illifoosil ( :0iii -

tv. This Station is operatedf to serethle Piedmont Soil Area comp)risedl ofCleburne Ic Clay. Biandolph. Coosa., iidChainbeis Couni ties, the greater po rtionmof lilaflI osa, the iiort hen i ii f of Leeitt si0 oiler areas inl Elinore, Ch ifton,

Shelbv, andi 'lal~ilegt couinties. TheStation has 1.40)9 acres, XX ith about 60(0icrcs ot opein land and c the rematinder iiistanlds of mixed timlber.

Sin ce thle e stal Iishmniit of, the Stal-tion. persouniel of' tie Agricuilturial Ex-peimiinit S tat1(1 io have been iii tei ested

The combination auditorium and office made available by legislative appropriation wasdedicated in December 1958.

8

ill ap~prilisiiig fte sitiiation, all illoen ilitii ig research tinder similar e 0i1-

tiitioi i s, ant Illing avilalible results tohelp farilicrs ilopi (IXe their fiiriniiig pro-gr'iis l ( iiiereaise iiie()ines.

F'romi 1840 to 19 930) elttoil \\its themlain eashi c'-of) ill tile ara.)i tle cad Istiirtit's cottoil ileaeilge coni trol s cill sc Iat deelinie inl ioXX (rop itercagt'. Thle tot-tion iacreage (If it typical u liit X oe70,000)( ieres is iiow doxs n to less than(1,000 acres. This snggested It'e idea oresearch oili a fliii ni-ali agenlient ii ithas is.

Per 01 a itcot s egetatioli of, s erie ta.kudzu'i, permaiient pasture, Miit ss inteiil i ti ills XX as used foIr grazling t:i , vcoxss. , Flese foragre crops ss trt' stiple-~cIiieiiteti \sith alill fa i 'oss i s hayi ill tile\eiln-i*111 fioriliage I eetlilig prograil

Cotton-Dairy Management Unit

The' tstafhlishinlt of1 ii iIilk planit illthe area inl 1942 grave t'ipetus toI the tes-taihli'iient oIf at Cottoii-iDiirx \laulligeIntilt Ul it ats thle first tllillk Iorgilii-

izeti projct o(il thc' Stat iin in I1947. Thiiistinit inludeitd't 19,5 iert's (If laod s itliiltiifit'l 1M)) acres Ioll'ii anti 655 acirtsI ciiiilliiig inl tiiihir oir tloo steep (Ii

rouigh fill farinilg.

\'ear periotd 1947-.57. 'is at fallliN ts p1

11,.2 fill tilflt \voilke'is. \liniihficturilig

grade 5th i ircs it csl iil 110r t'. rili

psouirices of ash t losss ni ot tif'

All i i axrgc' of 22 toss \vr mXtit ~ilkedt dfill-ilig the' fast xc'.u (19.57) ssitli .i total (If

27 hitifers or hit'ifc'r calis 'o(il iloec'itois\

I)c ill(,i c fcc xt 'xlix ia sac~i ~lcx'ci age( 1 : 975 anid 'cpcixes S2.63.

leavixing~ at net cashl ii coinc of $1 ,3,3T.I otcill xiltx f101 t cItI' 1* vci period1 1947-57

as ci aCdcr S5,788 ciillialis xx ith aliicalcash expen ses~ of $2,994, lea ili g an] axer-itge oit (litslincome01 of $2,794. Thei first3- ,sear ax cracge shoxx ed 61%C of the iii-('011' ('dil' fro dtiirx inr, :3T% frcom cot-

souirc('('. liii' ll I \cr xci ge slloxx t'that 71 fC colie fc1romn ciairx icc i 24% from11('ottoli.an W ( Irol 1101)1 l sou1r('('.

Lxpciixcs xx ('1 high ill elitctioii tio ill-('oiii('(cliccili tihe ecui'l vcarlx cro(''lpsxxer e'i'staishiedi fe'nce's bu~ilt, itod( fexx ci-ox, mil)1kedc. In comi)e andi( expeinises stai i

izedi afiter aboiiit 5 s ears of opeiaionc.Miilk prices delecd approcximately one-foirt afi cter 1948 and1( increac'csed prlclic-tii xx ci offset xcill~i ncxi t 1)5 ticis dec-('hule ill picie. Dlvixliii acccuiitedi foiimorei'( of tie cc' h scid aes ats coxx nudmbiersMI( pi'odi ction in crieaised anid coet tconacreage \\,its limiited1.

AXs the Un it pr ogressedi the foragepicogian\iitxs. siftcd froiicii ropx stlch ixssenCACi and kccchzcc tco stilliller id xx Iiiter iiaiils. Schi grcasses is Scicin cidStairi iliet xx 'c' uised~ ill siilic'i, 111)11sidii araiis cocci ci'iniscic (cix er-i'xegi assnIiixtiirc(s iii xx inter cand~ cccii splog.fThe(sc' pircived to be 1 t'1 tter cropif)' for iclclk

Thil e breeioig prc grcco ill ti)is herdiiacs in 'i(clne proti sires cor sirex prcoxedcxx itii thle herdf. TIhis hasi gix cii a trec

illenicls ini cl cx ill p rodi icticl drinii gthe past 4 \ ears. The acveciagce pc ciuc-ticl per cox 1has in creacsed f rcont 6,40)211). in i19.57 to 10,953 inl 196t0. The Iciah-ext imicicii incrcasc' per ('ccx 2, 381 lb _(1cnc il 1959.

c'e i'(si uts of! the opc'rcat icon hav e ibeein(5cc1

t cccm xxei' thle cquest ion - (Ccii tile

p rocl~ (ticonc(I of i icilifict iri cc iii ilk slip-pliel('nt tilcc ilc ('clnt 1 il (i) 'cttcli tio prc-

The dairy-cotton management unit has highlighted the research at the Station. Here anii-mols are grazing Starr millet and feeding an silage representing the twa feeding systemsused in the dairy research.

videt' ccicirin1 icciicii\ lixving' Tle acicxxxerxx otilc bei yets iii iitnY( ii ixtc(''x piro-sided daiiry ing is hacncdlec il it a ccirroundlc ilis' s'iti l asicificicit iccili'e ccf

tco uctil ize l'cci il ici labr. Procfitcab le' (I ci iilig micust be cil cc Conctininiig bisis ccl gclcldfeediig, gcood breed in g, 1( c gcocod mciiigellicnit.

Ill t'criv 1958 lice Mana c~ge'n t Lji itxxcx c(ciotiicied. N\c'x fcc'ilities )x rc

addiced tco prcvxide i imilkicig plrci andc~cclciii'it, caid foucr silcos. 'TIe heid xxitscoinver'ted tco a pi c gri o to cmpiie dlrx-lcit leedliiig. xx'itbj pastu cre cas feed sccurcesill iicilk proi'cittticcn.

Uicer tilt icexx pro'cgramii drl'oit cl5x'5art' fed cciii silacie aii ci alflf iii cc Icc tsrc ci chages. Pasxtcore (ClxxS grazuec Stacurr ili ilet, smcchl gracins, ('rillisco cloxer-i's egrassixitcur't' and( permalcnent pacsture' at dif-ft'reint pe'riodls cf' tilt xYear. The cilipaci-scoil is 'x cci i-i'oci i cixxitchc coth grup f)s fedtile silt'e 14% ciileet'it citti'itii ac((cord-hng tol indciv iduld1) citicitticcl. 111i5 ex-fleilIiict is aipp rcxla ctelx' illf xx ccxtilrc-lgil tilt projcl~'~ted' 5- v cciil fpcricod. T'hcfirst 2- x ecr rc'suits inidica'tt' little duffer-t'i('t it) imilk proll((icicn ccii the txx'c for-agt' sy ste'ims xxiti cly itc slighlt c'lst dlif-f ei'ence iii fao c fci c t he paisturiie grcocp.f

Beef research at the Station includes the cow-calf system. One of the cows with her calfand a group of animals on a grazing paddock are shown here.

Tit' be't' utctit iresecirtch xx cok ait theiStccticcic Consist in g ill tilt tclxx -(cut xx's-tmiofil prcoduc'ticcn stcaited it) 19-49-50).Filt'cclx x airc sccld act 8 tio 10 iictilsolf acge t'.c'igimc sliglls ccxe c .500)1ih.

bet't' aimaiils \\asc stcartt'd icc I19J5.5. PiiitsIbeting 1 (coliip 'cIe ccr' (Coastl ii 3rm ccc Iccgraiss xx ithl ic'aiines. I )idlhixilcss xx'itic Icgullic's. liciiaiicss xx ill ic'giilc'x ilic

itIciic'/.i c'i cccl. Icc 19.56 anccc 19.57 thepilisticri's xx c' gTit cc 'c xxtic x cciogxte'trs, and sicce 9.5S xx itfi t'ccxx andiccuccisiicg tciakes.

C:oastal Bl-cccclcgi xitgr c \ it gcaliic'hacs gixc~ tiht ticp it\icid of cecf pci. ien'xx ith bocthi stt't'i , bircod (clxx\ ancid t'cix xe.At pr'e'sent ccfciticlccc xxiiik xx iticx c'cic'cCciivxes is ccciitt'mphlatecf ti cae-iii x tic ill)oli tco 1heaviier' xx cigi ts Ibe(folre illccrkct iic

Icc 19.54, 60 breediig c'xxes cf' tsx'cbreed tcomcpcoxitionis, Ria ic hcui i lt andctStcif folk- iicnioiilt't cro~sses, xx tie pitll-

c'ihased fiii r'ese'cr'ch. Iii 19.57, 123 addfci-tionaill licclcfcciliet cxx cs cniuuf like cccmiibetr ccof .i aglet' cxxx's xxet' cacdcedi. These'exx cs hacve t' e l t cs(,'d prflirici tic tic't('ill cc xx ich br't'c xxicclii gixc fill-cdicppetd lambls fcoi the sprinig icccr-kt't.ELxx ofic tile~ IRiillilcict lreed hccvx coc-isisteictlv (gixeic iliccic fcchi diiclf 1)e lcicchbs.

11(cide x cirictacc ti'sts ofi lilcli ., I cspe-dle.it xcica ('' siiciil gc'ciics. ccciii. gilciiixccrghciitll, ciicc xcci'gcl, r itt' f ci i c iil(' iiip~~''lacment fc cilccfilti peiccicmiii gilccxiclixtci c: c'ffect ccf se''c trc'ccticit onistiiid ii and iiolic'tiilil of clx: tiilic cc!plilcictilig cnd ir-cticdx o clcitiliticig ccctscli x vllcit : cccccl ic 'cicfitci'ixc oiic ('cc]iiccc l cighiluicils .ct dliffeent xilc'iic's accc

i tes ccf fertiliticci for xilicie.

ccl incomice tcc tile Stcatioci. [ti 19.51 cand1 961) ti 1111 r 'cii cds xx v're't ccuised ccc ccicicirkici 1h"x prccfc'xionccl tccicstc' i cit cfe'e isis. \ppccxiicctcls c4 lililiil liii.ft. of, xccxx lccgsxic scld ;it each ct'c-till1 .

Hollies can be used as alow growing hedge ingarden areas.

HOLLIESfor Alabama LANDSCAPEHENRY ORR, HOMER FISHER, and TOK FURUTADepartment of Horticulture

VIOL1 IES . ADAPTED 1 to the Sou1th,Maiiicet in a ji r laondscape neetds oif the aveci-a ge Albamiia h 1115e.

V ariat ioniis in size in clutdiong stan dartdii icltliiin large trees, init dwxarf cin-pact planlts ai it vau iatioi is ill foliage alit1

fruit Liiioaden tI e range iif tises.Thle collectioln oif hollies iisetd ill the

lanidscape plaii at Auuhtrui Uix ci sits issin all inl relaitionl tio thle 1111011( oIf knoil i

sp~ecies antd cuiltivatetd varietics. It isvaluable. bowsever. b~ecause it inlcludtesnlativ e 11(1 intriiduiced species and culti-v ated xai ics.

Native Species

The n umboer of ex etli iil alit1 decidol-oIls species niativ e tio Noirth 'Nilcicis1llctxx cc 20) iid :30. NMoiv tif these ieinoportalit planlts iii laitlIscapilig. 0Of thisiuuinber, the fIollowxillg hive pro vetd vil-liab11le~ oi the campuis: All alical i HiollyI Ilex ojaca ), I ahtiol aid Alabam sa Da.u-liooii 11(1v (1. cassii( an11( 1. c.. oogiisfi

folio)', tdwarf and regular X auipm I1c (110itorio ). Iniklserrvx (I. 11abai , . 011(

Conmon J.i livreix I ciiloto)Other species xxill Ise added perili lalixfiii testinig.

Law Spreading Types

lIs the Atihuiu collectiiin aire spread-lng. relativecly loxx txpe(s- Hellers,Stokes. andt Be:pauitlans tiiriiis of aanest Hollsy. and Dwxxarf Yatipoui. 'Fhieseplauiits have prouvxed valul itas liixx boird-ers, griion cover',. all]id s eintiry, facinlg.

Iigs. Ilor at liiwx, dci is effect iii xxellI

10

dirainetdpeciaillyShade.

planiters, thlesc plal its are es-effective iii full] stiii or par tiail

Intermediate Types

hitel osedliate. dfense spirtatliig, mitiiu iit-Iscadd tl 1ants inlud111e these j apa-Isese Ho1111 foris- ((Ill Xleaf, roani-leaf. a11(1 I letz. A usabsle, p laiir Chi-iitse Ilollv in this class is 1. eoi uta ro-tii do. All o f th ese pl ao ts call b~e easilyail effectix elx used ill the cuiitemporarvlaindtscaple as spetiimeni mass, or groupifplaiitinigs . Little Clippinlg is reqfirIetd to

(deve(lop ai denlse, xx li fornieti planit. WViththe smnall leaf. tdark greens foi ins, a"bxwxooid effect' cali fbe iiiailitaiiietl wxithsless in isect and dtIi sease probhlems th anxxiths fbioxwoiot. 1. ((Iitta rotunda1( is acoariserc planut xxithi the~ spread fbeinig twxicethe hieighit. Plo its t0 tio 12 sears old airc

2 to 3 ft higrh atid I to 6 It, xxide. lie-cause of 'spilliness aitf ifeliseliess, it can

Lie uised ais it lowxx faia1er

Upright Farms

t pright formis of valuiie i the \iiuiriicollection) arc: flex co ro ohi, Ch inesexHolly a11(1 thei cult isateti variety, Bfo i rdChjiiese Hollx'; four of the lostcr's lix -hi ids. Nos. I through 4; 1. aqipernei ioB~rillian t; lex ca(05si1, Daib o: I. casis5 ie (1 ugnistifolio, Alab~aiu a I >11 (a; mitdI. vomiitoria, Yautpoii.

With the excep)tioni of I. a(/iiiJcrniijBirilliant, all of the upright plants listedare siftable for back-grounid screens. Bil-lianit teinds to grow loosCIX' and( pictures-qiue. It is phirti ulhsu ix valuable for at line-tracerv effect against a tall plaini paiielof at buildinig or against a background0(grarden wall. Foster's Ilylritl hllies. Nos.1, 2. mid t3 are n arro"s iiprigi t forms thsat

fruit heavily each year at At~Uls i. 'Ihlefruit colors early ani is heldiuntil newxfruit is set. Foster's Hvlbrid No. 4 ha~sn ot grown i as striong at Au bunrii as iin Bes-semer where all the Foster's Hlybritds

ri-gilia tetl. Tliese 1)1)11ies growv 10ore

ci inpactl ,v at Auti iri t han1 at Molbile,but nottias Com pIact lv as they w\\iil](] iniareas fuirthe r north.

Unusual Hollies

Uniusuial Liolles iif valiie ill the Auiburncollection include: Lusterleaf Hlollv (I.latifolia). one of the lairgest leif osriosxx itli Icas es 4 to 7 us, in length; Long-stalk Holly (I. ;)edliniie os ) , wxith pe-thi i icles and il Ieticl e drui itstalk ) upl to2 in. iln length pendutlu s forms ofYauipoi (1. coiiiitorio I; aiid several yel-lowy fruited svarieties of Aiocricaii 1 ollx

I. oc'a).

Peiotically select ionis fiioit 1ilalixsource~s Suich as the UTSDA plant il ir(hi lt ioii statioil and arlsi eti ills, arealtlet for eValatioli. Also seIlectedC seed-liii gs froin sexveral liuirseries arie 1beillgciiompared wxithi ciiltix atill 50rict iis.

-t.-c~c -- t u oly mnay ot. uscd 0% as OCt p,fS, or -1t, 01 01 1tC... pilroon9

S it.

(:owXs milk hcavilv whelo graz~ing litshoaits, I X ve, Xhbe, I X Igrass. crIimson clo ttver.alid( Starr nlillct pasture('.

A plemI~l1 XXitli annuiial 'i ops is X .1 ia-till ill foirage quiality' (li g thie grizing

5..scasi. Whleni thetse horages piss tjejirpeaik and1( beginl decrea~sinig iii tpiailitv,cowXXs resf )(In( IX \ith it produlctioni drotpnless supp)lemenicltary feed(ing is (1o1ne.

Nutritive Quality Studied

Variationis iiillitritive qualityit oflSo sI

eral aliiuiial forages have ibeeii studied1

A gricuilturiial Exper i ment Station. Ociem

age tli'% inattei have bc l)C deteillildli(I, iII somie stuieis, for'age dri' iiiattei('illiied byX 'ows5 was1 iitasiiet.

Somle ofi the paistulres ss tic (iiowni atthe Pi('(iilon~t Sublstationi. ( iiipI Hill. andolthers atl tile I).mirv IRescarim ni it, .Au-blurli. Siiice all we re not gi own at the

Same locaitioni or II' iiig thle saiiie 5 Cal.most compar~iisonsi ar~e IiIlitehi tio (lialigeswXithii Species din it palrt of tile girow-ing season)I. Forages gross i at the P'ied'

1111 t w ere graized ro t atio nal ly and(thoise atl Atil)Irn wXere arazed continua-il"iy. All Studyl p~astuires we re fertilized

with :365 11). or nillre iif 8-8-8 oi itse(ljlivalI'iai and~ at least 12 1) l. of am-

Composition and Digestibility

(:lude prioteini conltenlt of all foirigesWas icelat ively' high I t1 each sam pl ingperioid, laigilig front 26.7 to 17. 1%.li (XX CX C, theri \it 5545 proii oh ic de-.

These cows are grazingan Italian ryegrass-crim-son clover test pasture atthe Piedmont Substation.

G. E. HAWKINS, Depof Dairy Science

E. L.. MAYTON, Pied-,Substation

J. A. LITTLE andG. H. ROLLINS,

Dept. of Dairy Scien-o

Forage Quality of AnnualsVaries During Grazing Season

crease ill cru'idie i irtcii IXellbew n thlefirst amid] last samhiwiis.

Crude fiber etoit cit tof a bruzzi i X

Xits 17. 5 % or less fri 0 NIXvember tojiolaiv. Al rtULzi I ye, oats, adl wh X eatI oi age samptles e il etedl M Iairch 1 2 15had si mil ar. crde fib1 er conlt Ciits (20.1tii 2t.9/), its comiparedl X\itli 14.2%4 furItil ian rvegrass-cri jason clovIXer du(1riniigtile saini period. (.rode fiber colitelits ofoats. XX heat. and rs 'egi ass ci illisoli ('loXcrio('reasedl markedlX from tile Mlai'ch toApIril 12-19 sampling dhats. HIoweercrude~l fiber ot ala ii,,i I- Xe remainedel eI-

Staii I i l t inea sed ll eIiic de fibei IY2.7i% fron julie 29 to jtil\' 27.

Average tligestiiilitx' oIf (uN mnatter oIfaltl XXiiiti'i aliilial fill ages XXas high.1 ialo

I)mIGES 1111 I IX OFI ANNUi L FORGE I'iiii ATi5(i5/ I. I)iFEAU]t-\I SEA SiONSI.- [HL 1F 1 1)1 i MATTERi BIISi

I)igestibilits ot echl forage' gi itt

D atcsOat's

12/8-2)1 /72 /20-26:3/ 12 : 14/1-1-f7.5/4-5.5/31)(6/30)9/2910/ 15

AA Ei 1151.1

Itailian rN c'-Whcat Abri-izzi ry e gaIss Cril Iso IS)Sair i liet

701.7 69.3'74.7

7f 1.0'58.8

68.0

AX crigcs tiof it tials (iiiii the 1-ortHd gix ('i.

(, Ciitiiniio'lsk gla/i ( pasture's it Aubu~trn, ill tither patijr's riutatmnill\ 14rau't at PIcd'tibunt Subtstatioun.

11) li\etis 6.1(8.4 iand 74.9, Ifromo I)i,

(Celillbc 8 tii \Lareli ",)I. I IowiXXc CXI.(igisti-

l)ilitX of oats, XX hat, amid ailinmzi IX C

(cl('Ced~ rapidly fr ont \lcli tii thle

Xh eat had ftu mlost raid.f~~ drop1 ill d(igsti-Ililits . t)iicstiblitv oif Italli IX (')4i .15

thriough l\ .5 and tlicmi (letr(',se(I rap-i(hIX, to a liow lit 58.8% iu \las :30' PiaiigtoIf, (itestillilitX (If ea1ch1 foigi'c is gTiscli

ill thet table.

LII age dri Xmiatter ilitakecs Iv cowXX

grilr ou ats coIIItiolIIlX decreasedl friom

:3 lb. per 10tt lb. oif l)odX \\cigit oin

March 12 tio 2.7 11). ol Apil 17 . liitakcsb\ '(X ow gra/jlw wg'sheat ('(lit 1111111 sk dce

('icised ftrlom 2.9) tio 2.2 lb). pe'r 16ft Il).bok X tigh~t (1111 i)4 thle 51101' periodt.

thuls. its ss hat aid oaunts oecai et the ci (I

tiii't iltak' tof (((oXXX \\ias r'educedl b\

Starr iniiict X\\s.a aol Ilia 11lit' pals-

tuliv I' (li'ji tile' Cl-IX pai t of Ht'e gri!

'30. I o~c i.it bad (11(1easetl tol 57.7 %/

o(f 34.5cc mi Oc)tober 1..

ilIitt5 oaits. XXhea t. ilbrll,'i rXe c. taliaio

IXV (ri 155cr CilIllil ClovXer. andl Stall Inilt

pasti in's aire igh I palitv toiw ags ii it ilthle jiltts lbegini tol lilitili CrIid]il H Fow

ce r. qulalitX dcre'(ases r apid]lhA is,. the

plaits 11111 thle peli id XXIliiii stitI headsar(, toill 1(. ITl 111111liiil h id levI'sels it

iiit'its Shouild be increaI'sed l as pastureupuialit\ diflops.

7

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRILSMTWT F S SMT WT F S SMTWT F S SMTWT F S

S2 3 4 5 6 7 ' 2 3 48 91011121314 5 ' '0l 2 3 4 5 6 7 81516171819 20 21 q 91011 12 13 14 1522 232425 26 27 28 1617 1819202122293031 24 25 26 27 28 29

Timely Planting

Ups Oat Yields

SEPTEMBERSMTWT F S

12 I 4

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9,0 , 10110 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 iv ... . 15 16 17 1817 18 192021 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1920 21 22 23 24 2524 25 26 27 28 29 30 293031, 2627282930

AUGUST-WT F S1 2 3 4 52345

1 91011 1216 17 18 19

223242526.9 3031

DECEMBERSMTWT F S

1234567893 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 1617 18 192021 22232425 26 27 28 29 3031

F. S. McCAIN and C. C. KING, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils

P LANTING OATS at the right time canput more dollars in your pocket. Re-search results show that yields of oatscan be increased by planting earlierthan is the usual practice.

Experiments on dates of planting oatswere conducted during 1952-57 by theAuburn University Agricultural Experi-ment Station. The tests at seven loca-tions were designed to measure effectof date of planting on yields of oatsgrown for grain only and for forage andgrain combined.

Two Management Systems Tested

Oats were seeded at the rate of 3 bu.per acre. Two series of plots were usedat each location with one series managedfor grain production only. These plotsreceived adequate rates of phosphateand potash fertilizers at planting. Fiftylb. of nitrogen was applied as a top-dressing about March 1.

Another series of plots was managed

for production of forage (grazing) andgrain. These plots received the samephosphate and potash fertilization atplanting as those managed for grainonly. In addition, a topdressing of 50lb. of nitrogen per acre was appliedwhen oats were up to a stand. Forageremoval was discontinued about March1 and an additional 50 lb. of nitrogenper acre was applied. All. plots in bothseries were allowed to mature a crop ofgrain and grain yields were measured.

When consumed as green pasturage,1 lb. of dry matter from oat forage isconsidered equal in feed value to 1 lb.of oat grain. This factor was used toconvert forage yields to grain equiva-lents in measuring yields.

As shown in Figure 1, forage yieldsfor comparable dates were highest insouthern Alabama. There was little dif-ference in forage yields for comparabledates between central and northernareas of the State. Highest grain yields

MAYSMTWY

1231 2 37 8 9 101

14 15 16 17 I21 222324228293031

SNorthern Central Southern Northern Central Southern

FIG. 1. Yields of oat forage from differentplanting dates during the 1952-57 testyears are shown by the graph above.

12

FIG. 2. Shown above is a comparison ofgrain yields from clipped oats from differentplanting dates during 1952-57.

Aug. Sept Sept Oct Aug. Sept Sept Oct.N S S pO ct.00 6.20 130020 20 10320 10 103020 10

Northern Central Southern

FIG. 4. Shown here are yields of oats man-aged for grain only from different plantingdates in 1952-57 experiments.

on clipped plots for all planting dateswere produced in northern Alabama,followed in order by central and south-ern regions, Figure 2.

A comparison of Figures 2 and 4shows that yields of grain were decreasedby clipping, but the forage obtainedmore than compensated for the loss.When forage and grain yields were com-bined, there was little difference in max-imum per acre production of feed inall regions, Figure 8. However, therewas a difference in the best date to plantfor maximum yields.

Best Planting Dates

Recommended planting dates for for-age and grain production in the threeregions are: northern Alabama, Sep-tember 1 to September 20; central Ala-bama, September 1 to September 30;and southern Alabama, September 20 toOctober 20. Planting dates did not ma-

terially affect yield of oats grown forgrain only in any of the regions, Figure4. The maximum difference, 8 bu. peracre, occurred between the September10 and October 20 planting dates incentral Alabama. This indicates thatmost any of the planting dates in any ofthe State's regions is satisfactory forgrain production only.

Yield,pounds per acre

3,20 0

1400

S Forage and grain Grain only

FIG. 3. Combined yields of forage andgrain from oats planted at different datesduring 1952-57 are shown in the graph.

PLUM VARIETIESfor ALABAMA

J. D. NO0RTON and J. L. TURNERD , partment of Hloriculture

Eight of the most promising plum varietiesfor Alabama are: (1) Methley, (2) Bruce,(3) Ozark Premier, (4) Giant Cherry, (5)Red June, (6) America, (7) Brilliant, and(8) Munson.

piotLETItio i p it t.'t's aie ste firstt'se ll p ie iit't'dt'd qurlit\ lui 1

Xc xadiptei itli ii e iloti (*\it S,i (roo

pro dtion \iitic it Sepi \iisuI 1t

ti. o til i iik alIII it1 Stitstwi v pao.il

()iark Prei tiii , Staikiiig 1)ehit'i

itid ritilir's iie (i(5 l ilt'u tii

\lt'thlt's ait' w~ stIrit high ietld

eerlt' huas t'sc Itit Te ti is V i,

wx it upright gr rte. Didiit't'

Methiare of ltit'iiici hand .m5iiiis

jige iis s i ll arii lyi i e i lit11i d uC high CXoVilt coor ' Sie

dili u pr i h thi lpi teet'it ,i

ildst h I i ip is Iii i tllt ilitt' ne Iiii

Otark ivin ha)' iiu s lis firni0 1l011i

i/t. flli\txt' i tN iii is-e fit-iiii' Itpil to hll uit 'iitI p. T he\'ctii

I'itt, 1 1 'itx itBA I sis EHiT tit, i oO , I 1ilsEsT, ANDo Yll [A) l1EttiIi)S ituit 12

lil .o\It11111 . D24 it)o

Itiilliaiit I ./3 6/25( Utt(liii is 3, 29 6/27Bu.1tt :3, 22 6 29licd J it I I 6 29

uts atl :3 27T 7/2\Iiamiiillt ( Car. :3 27T 7,/5Bct ti :~s 3 :1tt T7 1 -1NI I I siii 1I - .5 7/15

Stiu kiuta IDl. .25 7 26I I l.s5ki 29 - ) 26

Skiin Stollet ' l llsl

rttltlshil .a

rt ttisli por.

itilk~ ti i

I t'tl h ur

Ic topil'

Oitll~ ol~t (I to\\rtt

(ttriugit I ittI

s) ibissc

\(,I.tos ciil

is. aiidI llit i

'Sl ilt'.

igi iiittswets ti,

iiuit i's

51 i ',t le

't lidas

corniniteial pi ss ibI ti ties.

ijThei Mamt 'lii, i i a tit is iitt'tt

tlin re (ii gin Low Sii iz e, iiliid- lii leit

qull It i y. Tis i il iict hc a p l it' IIi rii 'tbruitN ito i itt t pot .aictts Ir tlt'stiia ili itll ii.Frit illuuilt 3 xx tuko luite

edrl Bty po us frh5 ,urth siittuhi

xs'ilt ofphili th vairtiete.I dvlpi lilliat ls :dfut abiout i3tuis ibiifottitthart. iThies high qaityItIit li gt'. ittll

wit iprggr~h

it ~ ~~RoItsl lhis i lit' fruit wsithi ei'(-et'lltt

t of'ex grothx tli lit x tk. IFrtuit rqit'its ill itid-dll- to it lte Jout'.

itt sioi- Gianit (it'h i I l xig i i iii ios. tupiigh titths tiet' thait prodt,-,t' high it'lts. 'lT'e Ii it

gutl is high iii siigar. Httseeri thei Iiruit is

Coarse' i) tet'\urt' lat.kiuig ill Ila\ oi aiid

ieldtI spa t'ildilt trieit that pi lhict's high to itetds.Fruit is high uquidiity ,iiit Iiglils ittoililtit';

10 itu i sitt.l al m i Ii~'i (,I tu I ,s s,,(p ett'

10

8l n fru it i wilnilii suaitisthattt rls itlls

10 fruit tIlil~litx is hto us low iio ist' is t'uuii-Althoill"11 hloolll (Lit( wcl C I It t I I' I It 4 111 cL )1' thil t It 'i I I' I I it I I I i It I I I'll t\ \\ itS to-

latcr t I oil I I I Im I I I a I m I I I lost \ ill itticS.

FrIlit i/r.: I 111allc t, 10 hil'-,cst.

Stolw fl,,11t ": I lim" 10 fit.c.

Yitld! I Iw 1\ it-ld, 10 lwt\i1lIlIlII \ w1d,

C O N T A I N : R Sproblem

C ONTAINERS USED in marketing are animportant problem of Alabama's vege-table industry. Produce is received bywholesalers in a great variety of pack-ages. Even for the same commodity,containers vary widely in size, dimen-sions, and construction. Produce grownnearby is often delivered in bulk and inopen trucks without refrigeration. Onelarge handler reported receiving snapbeans in shoe boxes.

Magnitude of the container problemwas learned in an Auburn AgriculturalExperiment Station study of procure-ment practices and problems of whole-sale handlers of fresh vegetables in theState. A major objective was to investi-gate ways to increase marketing effi-ciency.

Representatives from 4 major chains,3 brokers, 23 carlot receivers, and 32jobbers were interviewed. Most freshproduce offered for sale in Alabama re-tail stores was channeled through oneor more of these firms. In order of im-portance, firms purchased from broker-receivers, growers, shipper- growers,farmers' markets, jobbers, and repackers.Fresh vegetables from 39 states andforeign countries were brought into Ala-bama by the firms studied.

Containers Preferred

A summary of wholesale dealers' con-tainer preferences for major commoditiesis presented in the table. Several pre-ferred containers were named for green-ripe tomatoes, collards, cucumbers, limabeans, rutabagas, turnips, and strawber-ries. The 12 commodities listed in thetable were selected on the basis of vol-

14

in marketing

vegetables

DONALD R. STREET and E. E. KERN,Dept. of Agricultural Economics

ume handled from a total of 39 beingsold by wholesale firms.

In 35 of the 62 firms studied, snapbeans were of major importance. Thirty-two of these 35 firms preferred the prod-uct to, be delivered in bushel hampers.Of the 39 firms reporting cabbage ofmajor importance, 35 expressed prefer-ence for the 50-lb. mesh bag and theremainder preferred crates. All 39 re-ports concerning head lettuce favored afiberboard vacuum-cooled package.

Fifteen of the 19 firms reporting newpotatoes as a major commodity preferred50-lb. bags, 3 preferred 100-lb. sacks,and the other, which had bagging equip-ment, chose to receive in bulk.

The 20-lb. fiberboard box was thechoice of 25 of the 33 firms handlingpink tomatoes as a major commodity.Two firms desired the 40-lb. fiberboardbox, three the 60-lb. wirebound crate,and one each preferred the 60-lb. fiber-board box and bulk delivery.

Firms reportingCommodity commodity to be of

major importance

C abbage --------------------------Lettuce-.......Snap beans ----------------------Red and pink tomatoes-Celery- - - - -New potatoes -----------

S q u a sh -,. ------------------------Field peasSweet potatoes--...... ..--Corn-- - - - -O kra.- - - - - -

Sweet pepper-------

Number3939353319191199666

General Agreement Found

There was much agreement on con-tainer preference for specific commodi-ties. More than half of all reasons givenfor container preference involved qualitymaintenance and standardization of thetrade. A few containers for each com-modity capable of meeting these require-ments permits quick and easy trading,according to the buyers.

Price discounting was reported wherea variety of sizes and types of containerswas used. Ease of handling, customersatisfaction, and ease of display wereother reasons given for specific containerpreference.

Facilities available to marketing firmsfor handling commodities were relatedto container preference. One of the chainorganizations had bagging and boxingequipment to service their retail outlets.Seventeen of the 23 carlot receivers hadboxing and bagging equipment as com-pared with only 4 of the 32 jobbers. Allof the earlot receivers and jobbers hadadequate boxing and bagging equipmentfor present use, but only 12 of the car-lot receivers and 3 of the jobbers hadadequate facilities for the future.

The likely continued increase in chainstore handling of vegetables may requirebetter packaging of produce nearer thepoint of production. The trend towarddirect marketing means that producersand shippers will have to give closer at-tention to acceptable containers thanthey have in the past. Inferior and non-standardized containers are costly interms of quality loss, cost of repacking,and price discounting. Packages will needto be easy to handle, stack, and load tobe shipped with confidence.

Marketing efficiencies achieved canbenefit farmers, distributors, and con-sumers: through higher profits, lowerprices, and better qualtiy of producemarketed.

Majorcontainer

preference

50-lb. mesh bagFiberboard cartonBushel hamper20-lb. fiberboard boxWooden crates50-lb. bag

Bushel hamperBushel hamper

CratesWooden cratesBu. and half-bu. hamperBushel hamper and basket

Preference overother desired

containersPer cent

901009176897982786767

50-5050-50

VEGETABLE CONTAINERS PREFERRED BY 62 WHOLESALE VEGETABLE DEALERS INALABAMA, FOR MAJOR COMMODITIES HANDLED, 1959

Soil Fumigantsfor

ROOTKNOTW. A. JOHNSON, Ast HoriltsE. J. CAIRNS, NematologistL: M WARE, Head, Dept. of Horticultute

o[I Oi ,l CAMt x\ I fo lot otkiot ctroltitot' f priving x ,tlttalle ill the pt odittiott

oft xcritflt' crop~fs.

Alxt a l \-etitble crops are ,t ffecteti iil

x itiit. degreets fb\ iootkitot andt other

1(if)5 tods Fit 4O' or th l'r sutietilei

511(tssi\e ws 'ills So til ftt1iigriltits or othetr

Research Conducted

fIl 1957 ltl t'\fL'cilnclt to cotlpate thet

tfects of soil filink tgalits oil N titis atndcoiltrol of rootkttot ItIt ct'rtititt 5 egTetaiblecrops \\,ias icctillo att the Aoboriit Uix er-sit\ A\griciturital Lxpe'tittictt Stattion.(Sx to ill tihe tafblt aire soil I ttiltig.Iits

uliiltiiig titia', fot test croips gt ttxx t. [heiI iritis \\etre hiroadcast aiitalix.

A fil Crop xx as ttioxxil tcitl x tlti tochecck residual effects of the soil I iiiriigratit applied hefore plantttig it spiringcropif. fT'e I iitttgatits xxcr ti pplitti toi

sitltte plot; eatil x cl.

Various treatments with soil fumigarnts ore shown obov !. The four rows repruent Vapomtreated, Telone, Nemaon, and check.

Effect of Fumigants on Rootknot

A~t the iiegioiiiitg of tile cxper-iictlt

thert \\,xxts at loix ppiiiltttiiii of t ootktttiitatodes. This is gix cl iii thti~ ihitsiiitit' ri tliflogs oi-l roiots of fliliitx tof ftecfirist ctrtp .gi'i x i ii the check piot . Areatfiig of it0 iitdicattes li x ixihie ktnotsoil riits i io 0)) lietlls stciie kiiottii ig

of iroots.

fT'e itndtex readtlill for tlke tli i'tk p lotthe first xYear xxits fTi. Fiot tite fill]c -iop,fit st-x ear t eadiog \\-ias 4.3 atnd for tueseitIlitl -\(cal it xxas 98. 'Ter efore, root-knotf oinatode populiationi morie tihani

doublfdt hx t'iid of the sciittd x ear xx Itilhligiix suisceptif-lie ci -ops xx c groxxi .

indcex t calditigs xx c reiatixe cix\ ioxxfu

bti spr1inig iilfal curogips an\It af ter

soii fiitatioii. ['litre \%-ias a siigiit ill-crease iti rootkoiit i tcot'thd for fali tirop

oxr tihtie spring~. cirop xx lo \t'iigoti,Dtt ione, Vapaiii. .uti Dixxfuit W-85

xxic ti t plti itt f1'57 iid foir Neirtaoi,ttf \'apitii ill i1959. Ili nio cast' \\its the

iFFECOT M-i Sil FM IG tANTiS ON YIELD AND 5\i OttKN0t

Y~tik -iii tons pe'r acre alit riittkot intdex riatf iings-

tilt1 t~(~95T, 19.58 19.591)it Sitriog F"all Fall Sprintg itif

fifcotit 201.1)

fiiiion 5.0S

DD1 20.0

I ),ttes 1)1 itt't

4.S4 17TMt. 19 f109A.4 If(5.82 16

10.8011I9.84 it)9.62 15

Marti. I I\ilix 2

Itit. 22Apr. 141

4.'7'.; 684.09' 1:34.26 124.:30 215. 94 124. tW f1341.62; 1If

Miar. it)A 1)r. 9

19610

Spitail1 it ,ttt

hTls hildctx

77 :..41i1) 4.921:3 4.94'17 3).i7-

17 5.171() 4.9611 :3.98

Nov. 41Apr. 12

'I vis ,tiiiiiiitt Iel \tritss itst'ti ii, N57 andtt 19.W8 1 .f pet icr' \\,its iil i) 19.59) tut19601.

('rotix i of fplaltts aind prodctiontht of

sp~rintg stiltsii tlit fir st Croip, xx i t ill-cr'tsetf b\ ifl soii f'litiatlits iixt't. Soittof, tht' Affcts toul hil~ itrx itsitt'd frotitthte Conitrol of Soil pests other thitti roiot-kinot ni 'iatioit' Yieitds fitorn plots Ittti

ii ig soi fiii i i it -its tat gl ftotio 50) to25'/, higlie thatn ft oit check piots, se

ttf l t'. Tht' xi oailest ini (' ease \x-its frIiomNetittagoii. 'T'fe wexrc ino sigiiificatit ill-

ieatsill x vitids of tit filli tiop fittxxet'ii

tcheck fphots anid tittse I cccix itig sttil fuot-

iatits,

fIt 1958 the spr ing cio (if \xxits potattoes.

'lt' tCheck plots ipriiduceti a it igh ori

litcti-1 ix , iigi x idts is x\'ias prtoduct'd

tttttt tciirdet fot thits tirop. Spin tg cirofps,ill 1 959 itfd 1960), xx tie dxxu- beant'tis.

Ilt f959 betanis xx c tfittat'd ftrom allsil ftinio its t'xt'tpt \ apitit hetause iof

liiitstti xx tatitet cotitlitiotts,Btccoise (If the datima~tge iii 1959 ftrom

spi iti ti atititi ts, ftii~iii( ts for the i196))

Y ie Itls of hicatis ill 1 96)) x'ee itnctrt'asetd

4.5 to 50% from use of '['lout' Dlo Itic\ tpttin, andt DD) antt II tii f17Y, ft o

use of Netiagi~oti andt f)oiix'itt W-'8.5.Thet inctrease it x itits of thte fall crop)

it' Sqifittsft tatngetd ft tit 120) to 1 80% ill

958 attd f t"ot .3101 to 6-3)1% ill 1959.'iteiti of stqiiasi it tit ftill] of 1958 xxitssIot' ie at lI)xx atd itaxl1 il! de, p~i'ltiailx vhb'

ctts' ol tfoxxitx iitit'xx ,Stl-l is inore

'litc hug! lost x itit i ech x eatl foir thetspinutg Criop groilixi after fttitigatiiitt xxeci

hiotiuc('t friti lo fits 't'teix tug \ apiti:thtt st'tottt aind tftird i tiht'st x iclds xx ti

Nenictontti andit fDox otime \\'-,5 pr'io'de

ft'ss x itActs tftatt tt' otheti I Ittitiliits, tht

Ilist' as sil fitottg~fiits.

INOCULATION and its importance to suc-cessful production of certain leguminouscrops is common knowledge among Ala-bama farmers today.

But few know that some of the firstresearch in this country with inoculumor "germ fertilizer" was done at the Au-burn Agricultural Experiment Stationmore than three score years ago. Its re-sults provided the answer to the mysterywhy certain leguminous plants producepoor yields on soils on which no legumehad been recently grown. Legumes usedin this early work included vetch, crim-son clover, lupine, lespedeza, alfalfa,Canada field peas, and cowpeas.

"The subject of maintaining fertilityof the land very closely concerns everytiller of the soil, whether cotton planter,tobacco grower, grain farmer, livestockbreeder, or horticulturist."

The foregoing paragraph is the in-troduction to Auburn Station BulletinNo. 87, published in the summer of1897, reporting early research on soilinoculation for leguminous plants. Thewords are those of the late Prof. J. F.Duggar, who joined the Auburn staff ayear earlier and whose later work madeit possible to condition the soil for grow-ing certain legumes to supply muchneeded nitrogen. He is credited withhaving been one of the first researchersin this country to have experimented with"artificial cultures" for growing cloversand other legumes.

In the light of discoveries in Europe,Professor Duggar determined that someAlabama soils had to be inoculated bythe necessary germ-life to grow legumes.First with a homemade preparation andthen with a patented concentrate fromGermany, he launched a long-range cam-paign to get Alabama farmers to inocu-late their fields so soil improving leg-umes could be grown.

In Station Bulletin 87, Professor Dug-gar in the main presented results fromgreenhouse pot experiments in which hecompared growth of inoculated and un-inoculated legumes. His yield increaseswere dramatic.

Professor Duggar emphasized thevalue of inoculation in Bulletin No. 96,published August 1898. Reporting onexperiments with crimson clover andhairy vetch, he wrote, "clover, vetch,and similar leguminous plants are ableto draw much of their nitrogen from theair when enlargements called tuberculesor nodules are found on their roots. They

are unable to do this, or to store up fer-tility, when tubercules are absent.

This is the second article of a serieson Auburn University and its Agri-cultural Experiment Station System-its founding and its contributionsdown through the years to the prog-ress of Alabama's agriculture. Theseries is being published in conjunc-tion with Auburn's Centennial Cele-bration.-Editor

"In order for tubercules to develop,specific germs of bacteria must come incontact with the young rootlets. In theregions where the clovers, vetch, alfalfa,etc. are extensively grown, these germsbecome generally distributed in the soilof the entire region. In a number of lo-calities in Alabama, where these legumesare not grown to any great extent, thesegerms are absent from some soils orpresent in insufficient numbers."

FREE Bulletin or Report of ProgressAGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

AUBURN UNIVERSITYE. V. Smith, Director

Auburn, Alabama

Permit No. 1132-8/61-IOM

LEGUME INOCULATION-Product of Early Research

KENNETH B. ROY, EditorLILLIAN FOSCUE, Graduate Assistant

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE TO AVOIDPAYMENT OF POSTAGE, $300

The researcher reported good resultsfrom two methods of inoculation: (1)scattering on a field some of the germ-laden soil from a field where the leg-umes have borne tubercules, and (2)use of a prepared material called Nitra-gin, "a concentrated germ fertilizer con-taining myriads of germs which are ableto cause the growth of tubercules on theroots of certain leguminous or soil im-proving plants."

Large yield increases in field experi-ments resulted from the use of an inoc-ulum, as reported in Bulletin 96. Hairyvetch inoculated with vetch Nitraginproduced hay at the rate of 3,270 lb.per acre, as compared with 564 lb. with-out inoculation. Using soil from an oldvetch field as inoculum increased yieldby 2,308 lb. of hay over an uninoculatedcompanion plot. Crimson clover yield in-crease from inoculation was reported tobe 3,296 lb.

Long lasting effect of inoculation wasalso learned. It was reported that "'a fieldonce inoculated, whether naturally orartificially, remains inoculated for years."Other information included the fact that,in general, each genus of leguminousplant has its own specific or adaptedgerm.

Successful growth of legumes in Ala-bama was a major breakthrough that hasbeen invaluable to farmers of the State.Use of these crops as soil improving andforage plants came about as a direct re-sult of the early, basic research.

Research on legume production hasnot stopped. Work has continued throughthe years on variety testing and devel-opment, time of planting, seedbed prep-aration, fertility requirements, and onother cultural practices. This ongoing re-search continues to provide informationthat enables farmers to do a better jobof legume production and utilization.

-~U L V ~CIIULII~ UI LU IW ~VIILIIUULIVIIU