Fileshare Engleza Fara Profesor

7/30/2019 Fileshare Engleza Fara Profesor

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LECIA 1

TO BE(a fi):afirmativ interogativ negativ

I amYou areHe isShe isIt isWe areYou areThey are

ImYoureHesShesItsWereYoureTheyre

Am I?Are you?Is he?Is she?Is it?Are we?Are you?Are they?

I am notYou are notHe is notShe is notIt is notWe are notYou are notThey are not

Im not -Youre not you arentHes not he isntShes not she isntIts not it isntWere not we arentYoure not you arentTheyre not they arent

Expresii uzuale: Who are you?I am Lavinia.What are you?

I am a teacher.

ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT

SINGULAR: a(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o cons. ex: a doctor =un doctoran(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o vocal ex: an engineer

PLURAL: se formeaz adugnd litera sex: doctors = doctori

n rom. se folos. sunt doctor i sunt un doctor iar n engl. doar sunt un doctor(sunt doctor se traduce n engl. cu sunt un doctor)(Sunt doctor = I am a doctor)- aceast diferen ntre engl. i rom se ntlnete numai la singular.

ARTICOLUL HOTRT

SG.: the teacher = profesorul(the se pronun cu naintea cons. i cu i naintea vocalelor)PL: se adaugs the teachers = profesorii________________________________________________________________

Exprimarea vrstei se face n englez cu vb. a fi nu cu vb. a avea ca n romn.She is 5 years old = Ea are 5 ani.

De asemenea culorile(Ce culoare au ochii ti? What colourare your eyes?)________________________________________________________________________

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LECIA 2

sg. THIS = acesta, aceasta pl. THESE = acetia, acesteaTHAT = acela, aceea THOSE = aceia, acelea

Expresii uzuale:This is French These areThat is a Russian ONE. Those are Romanian ONES.It is Romanian They areex: What books are those? Those are English books.;They are English ones.

NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE(nu-i aa?, aa-i?, nu?)arentI? am I?arent you? are you? (vezi can, may, must;isnt he, she, it? is he, she, it? there is, there are)arent we, you, they? are we, you, they?

Ex.: You are a teacher, arent you?Suntei profesor, nu-i aa?-----------------------------------You arenta teacher, are you? n englez nu se folosete dubla negaieNu eti profesor, nu-i aa? ca n romn.

LECIA 3TO HAVE( a avea)I have (got)You have (got)He has (got)

She has (got)It has (got)We have (got)You have (got)They have (got)

Ive gotYouve gotHes got

Shes gotIts gotWeve gotYouve gotTheyve got

GENITIVUL(POSESIA)

Pt. numele de fiine se folosete de obicei genitivul cu apostrofs la singular: Tony is Mr. Cliffords son.(Tony este fiul dl. Clifford)

la plural: Tony is the Cliffords son (Tony este fiul Clifforzilor)

Genitivul cu ofse poate folosi cu orice categorie de substantive, inclusiv cu numele defiine, ns n mod obinuit cu subs. care nu reprezint nume de fiine.

ex: The colourofmy pullover(culoarea puloverului meu)

Mai rar: The name of this boy is Tony. (Numele ac. biat este Tony.)n mod obinuit: This boys name is Tony.

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LECIA 4

CAN = a putea n sensul de:- capacitate, a ti Can your wife cook?- permisiunea pt. pers. 2 i 3 rar 1 Can I see your father? No, you cannot(cant).

Can she take your tape-recorder?MAY = a putea n sensul de:-permisiunea pt. persoana 1 May I open the window?-posibil, probabil Why must we stay at home? ( De ce tb. s stm acas?)

Because Mr. Clifford may come. (aciiune viitoare)(Pt. c s-ar putea s vin dl. Clifford)

It may be difficult, but you must learn it.(O fi ea grea, dar tb. s o nvei.)He may be your friend, but...

MUST =trebuie I must read this book.probabil(n sensul de trebuie) He must be at school now.(Probabil c e la c. acum.)

(aciune nceput n trec. icontin.nprez.i posibil n viitor)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------STILL = nc ( n continuare) Shes still very prety.(E nc f. drgu)YET = nc (deja) Can your baby walk yet? (Copilaul tu poate deja s mearg?)

He cant walk yet. (Nu poate s mearg nc.)(aciune care nu a nceput dar poate ncepe oricnd)

(= totui Ex.: And yet she was ready in time(i totui a fost gata la timp))------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ntrebrile disjunctive cu can, may, must se formeaz respectnd regula c n englez nu

se folos. dubla negaie ca n romn. You cannt sing this song, can you?Nu ti s cni cntecul ac. nu-i aa?

LECIA 5

NTREBRILE CU DO I DOES(Prezentul Simplu)Do you smoke? Fumezi? I, you, we, they doYes I do. No, I dont.

Does he learn Russian? nva rusete? He, she, it doesYes, he learn Russian.Yes, he does. No he doesnt.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------LAat se folosete cu verbele de stare pe loc (Tony is at school.)to se folosete cu verbele de micare (Tony goes to school)

Particularitate: I am at home. I go home.(la verbele de micare nu se maifolosete to n expresii cu home).

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De regul dup in, with, under, before, after, at, to se folosete the i subs.:- I like to read in the garden.- I like to play with the boys.

Excepii: home, school, college... Afterthe lesson the pupilgo home.Afterschool they want togo to the cinema.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------me = pe mine my = meu, mea, mei, meleyou = pe tine your = tuhim = pe el his = luiher = pe ea her = eiit = pe elus = pe noi our = nostruyou = pe voi your = tu, ta, ti, tale, dtale, dvsthem = pe ei, ele their= lor------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:to be right = a avea dreptate ex.: Am I right? ( Am dreptate?)to be wrong = a nu avea dreptate You are wrong(N-ai dreptate)

LECIA 6

IMPORTANT prezentul simplu i continuu:

n general, n mod obinuit

Interogativ: Do I,you,we,they Am I speaking French?Does he,she,it

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lavinia is singingTony is readingTheyre playing

in

Lavinia is goingTony is comingTheyre taking Spot

into(deplasare,micare,direcie)

the gardenthe housethe sitting-room

(always, every day...)n momentul de fa

(now...)I am

You are

I

You

speak French

play the violindrink milkHeShe

isHeShe

speaks Frenchplays the violindrinks milk

WeYouThey

are

speaking French.playing the violin.drinking milk.

WeYouThey

speak Frenchplay the violindrink milk

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Expresii uzuale:There is a bottle of whisky on the table, insnt there?(Este o sticl de w. pe mas, nu-i aa?)There are many cakes in the refrigerator, arent there?(Sunt multe ...

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:neither...nor sau either...or(cnd vb. e afirmativ) (cnd vb. e negativ) - regula dublei negaii

Nu e nici din fier nici din aur. Itis neither iron nor gold.Itisnteither iron or gold.

Nu tb. nici s citeti prea mult i You mustneither read too much nor rest too much.nici s te odihneti prea mult. You musnt either read too much or rest too much.

LECIA 7

TO BE - pastI was I was not(wasnt) Was I? Was I not?(wasnt I?)You were You were not(werent) Were you? Were you not?(werent you?)He wasShe wasIt wasWe wereYou were

They were--------------------------Ex: Were you at home last night? Ai fost acas asear?

They were glad to see us. S-au bucurat(au fost bucuroi) cnd ne-au vzut.

TO HAVE - pastI, You, He, She, It, We, You, They hadEx: She had a pet when she was a little girl.(Ea a avut un animal favorit cnd era mic.)----------------Have, had se mai folosesc n englez pt. :- a se distra: had a good time- a mnca, a bea : He had a lovely meal.; She had a glass of beer.; had dinner.- doar HAD se mai folosete pt.: a trebuit, trebuia(vezi lecia 10) =trecutul lui must

CAN- pastI, You, He, She, It, We, You, They could

Ex.: He couldnt go to school yesterday.

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Se mai folosete n englezi cu vb. care arat o aptitudine.- Could you ride well at that time? (Clreai bine pe vremea aceea?)- Could he ski when he was young? (tia s schieze cnd era tnr?)

Yes, he could ski very well.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:

MUCH = mult, mult He never eats much.MANY = muli, multe He hasnt got many records.A LOT (OF) = mult, mult,muli,multeDe obicei, se folosete a lot (of) n propoziiile afirmative n loc de much sau many:- He likes to eat a lot.- She has a lot of friends.-------------Se mai folosesc n expresii : ct, cte- Ct cost? = How much is it?- Cte fiice avea? = How many daughters had he?

LECIA 8GRADELE DE COMPARAIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR

1. adjectivele de o silab formeaz comparativul adugnd ER isuperlativul adugnd EST:high(nalt) - higher(mai nalt) - (the) highest(cel mai nalt) :despre lucruritall(nalt) - taller(mai nalt) - (the)tallest(cel mai nalt) :despre persoanelong(lung) - longer - (the)longest2.adjectivele de o silabterminate ntr-o singur consoan precedat deo singur

vocal

dubleaz

consoana final

nainte de er

i de est:

big - bigger - (the)biggestthin(subire)- thinner - (the)thinnest3.adjectivele de o silab terminate n -e adaug numai -r ; -st:nice(drgu, gustos) - nicer - (the)nicestfine - finer - (the) finest4.adjectivele terminate ny precedate de o consoanschimb y cu i i seadaug er i est:dry(uscat) - drier - (the) driest-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------CONJUNII I EXPRESII UZUALE

Tony is as young as me(John;I am) la fel de...ca inot so tall as nu aa de...ca inot as short as nu la fel de...ca iolderthan Mary(he is;them) mai...dectthe youngerof the two mai...din ei doi(cteodati cel mai din doi)the tallest ofthe three cel mai...din

(of us all;of you all;of all)-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Adjectivele din mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul cu more isuperlativul cu the most. (R nu se pronun cnd more este rostit izolat sau esteurmat de un cuv. care ncepe cu o consoan; dar se pronun cnd cuv. urmtor ncepe cuo vocal ex: more interesting)confortable more confortable (the) most confortable

careless more careless (the) most careless neatent(neglijent)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unele adjective form. comparativul i superlativul n mod neregulat:much(mult,mult) more(mai mult) - (the)most(cel mai mult)many(muli,multe)good - better - (the) bestbad(ru,prost) worse(mai ru) - (the) worst(cel mai ru)ill(bolnav)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Folosirea prepoziiilorfrom(de,din,de pe) se folosete doar n propoziiile care nu exprim ideea de existenin, on, under, behind n celelalte propoziii

The dress in the wardrobe is blue. Rochia din dulap este albastr.She wants to take the dressfrom the wardrobe. Vrea s ia rochia dindulap.

The mouse on the cheese looks very clever. oarecele de pe cacaval pare f. detept.My mother wants to take the mousefrom the cheese. Mama vrea s ia oarecele de pe

The elephant underthe bad is a toy elephant. Elefantul de sub pat este un elefant de j.My baby takes the elephantfrom underthe bed. ia elefantul de sub pat.

The cat behindthe curtain is in fact a kitten. Pisica de dup perdea este de fapt o pisicuThe cat is coming outfrom behindthe curtain. Pisica iese de dup perdea.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:Its too dear. E prea scump().Its quite cheap. E destul de ieftin.

grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair, oranges); grown-ups=aduli

LECIA 9

Expresii uzuale(din Viitorul Simplu):Will you please open the window? Vrei, te rog, s deschizi fereastra?Will you please come with me? Vrei, te rog, s vii cu mine?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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IMPORTANT:

PAST TENSE simpleAciune terminat n trecutLa verbele regulate se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei ed la forma de

infinitiv(forma gsit n dicionar; ex.:to like) ; la interogativ se folosete did; negativ:did not(didn).Am cntat bine la pian? A muncit dl. Clifford mult(din greu) ieri?Did I play the piano well? Did Mr. Clifford workhard yesterday?Yes, you playedit very well. Yes, he workedvery hard.Yes, you did. No, he did not workvery hard.No,you didnt play it very well.La verbele neregulatese formeaz astfel: S+forma2 a vb.(lista cu vb. neregulate se nvape de rost Engl. fr prof./p.358)

n cazul condiionalelor(if clause) trecutul simplu se poate traduce cu condiionalul-

optativ romnesc a cnta iar T.P.S. cu a fi cntat(n principal se folosetewould(should)=a...sau would (should) have=a fi...(vezi lecia 18)).

ntrebrile disjunctive la past tense(cu did)I played tennis well, didnt I? Am jucat tenis bine, nu-i aa?I didnt play tennis well, did I? N-am jucat tenis bine, aa-i?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ATENIE(din Andrei Banta)Pt. c PrezentulPerf.S. i Trecutul S. se traduc la fel tb. precizat:Dac momentul(last months; three days ago) sau aciunea este localizat sau dac textuleste de domeniul unei relatri, reportaj se folosete Trecutul S. Deci, Past Tense arat unmoment determinat(terminat n trecut) al aciunii de cele mai multe ori precizat prinadverbe de timp precis iar Present Perfect are ca funcie principal indicareaanterioritii(moment nceput n trecut i continuat i n prezent sau termin. f. recent).---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expresii uzuale:always often = adesea ever = vreodat sometimesnever seldom = (a)rareori

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IMPORTANT:

PARTICIPIUL TRECUTParticipiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaz ntocmai ca i trecutul lor.Part. trecut al vb. neregulate se nva din lista de vb. neregulate de la pg. 358.

Ex.: There are many learnedmen in our country.Suntmuli oameni nvain . ns.

Many appreciatedwriters tookpart in the conference.Muli scriitori apreciaiau luatparte la conferin.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ADVERBULAdverbul se formeaz de obicei prin adugarea terminaiei ly adjectivului din care provindar existi adverbe care au aceeai form cu adjectivul crora le corespunde. n cazuladugrii terminaiei ly intervine o schimbare de sens. Ex.: hard= din greu, intens

hardly= cu greu, de abiaAdjectiv AdverbShe is nice She writes nicely

careless carelesslybeautiful beautifully

Adverbe cu aceiai form ca adjectivul:fast, hard, etc.The plaine is fast(Avionul este rapid)It goes fast(El merge repede)

LECIA 10

IMPERATIVUL (FORMA NEGATIV)

Do not ask that!Dont say it!----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HAD se mai folosete n expresii pt.: TREBUIA, A TREBUIT (must= trebuie)Trebuia neaprat s ajung acolo la timp. I really had to be there in timeA trebuits fac baie n 10 min. She had to bath in ten minutes.A trebuit s te duci s-i vezi aa de trziu?Did you have to go and see them so late?Nu trebuia s-i spui. You didnt have to tell her.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXPRESII: LETLets go! S mergem!Let her take her dog away! S-i ia cinele de aici!Let her bath quickly! S fac baie repede!Let him speak! Las-l s vorbeasc!Let me, him, her, it, us, them come;stay; read--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: HERE; THERE(iat,am ajuns,poftim)Here he is. Iat-l(aici).Here is my friend Charlie. Iat-l pe prietenul meu Charlie(aici)Here he come. Uite-l c vine(aici).There he is. Iat-l(acolo).There are my neighbours. Iat-i pe vecinii notri.(acolo)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII: THERE MUST; THERE MAYThere must be a misunderstanding. Trebuie s fie o nenelegere.There may be trouble for you there. S-ar putea s ai necazuri acolo.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII:May I introduce my son to you?How do you do? Ce mai faci?,Bun ziua

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I am glad to meet you. mi pare bine s v cunosc.It was nice meeting you. Mi-a fcut plcere s v cunosc.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA I ORDINEA N PROPOZIIE PT. PRONUMELE:mie, ie, lui, ei, nou, lor to me, you, him, her, us, them

Give me that book, please. D-mi, te rog, cartea aceea.Giveit to me, not to my brother. D-mi-o mie, nu fratelui meu.Did he lend you the newspaper? i-a mprumutat ziarul?Did he lendthe newspaperto you? iei-a mprumutat ziarul?No, he didnt. He lentitto my sister. Nu. I l-a mprumutat suroriimele.

LECIA 11

IMPORTANT:

PAST TENSE continuousS + to be(trecut) + vb+ingEx.: You were reading a magazine. Citeaio revist.Mrs. Clifford was sewing when Tony came. D-na. C. coseacnd Tony a venit.I was sleepingwhen the rain started. Dormeam cnd ploaia a nceput.They were dancingwhile Lavinia was learning. Dansau n timp ce L. nva.Was the sun shining when she looked out of the window?

NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE:The sun was shining in the sky, wasnt it?The sun was not(wasnt) shining in the sky, was it?-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Expresii uzuale: so.....that att de.....nctI was so tired last night thatI slept like a log(butean).It is so late thatI cant call in at the butchers.(E att de trziu nct nu pot trece pe lamcelrie)We are so busy that we cant go to the cinema with you.-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii: had(pt. trecut), must(pt. prez.) + past participleI hadmy hairdone yesterday. M-am coafat ieri.I had to meetan old friend. Trebuia s m ntlnesc cu o veche prieten.You hadyour shoes mended, hadnt you? i-ai reparat pantofii, nu?She had to have a new dress made. Trebuie s-i fac(s-i dea la fcut) o rochie nou.You musthave your nails manicured. Trebie s v facei manichiura.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Numele unor magazine se formeaz prin adugarea s numelui profesiei:barbers(hairdressers) = frizeriegrocers = bcnie(zahr, fin, cafea)butchers = mcelrieconfectioners = cofetriechemists = farmacietailors = croitor

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LECIA 12(SHALL and WILL)

VIITORUL SIMPLU(NEDEFINIT) THE FUTURE INDEFINITE

Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi ncepe acumYou will see him tomorow. Ai s-l vezi mine.He will write her a letter. i va scrie o scrisoare.

There will be plenty of fruit, wont there? Vor fi fructe din belug, nu-i aa?IWe

shallllshall notshant

HeSheIt

YouThey

willllwill not

wont

go by trainmake a good impressionbe late

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ATENIE: SHALL i WILL se pot inversa ntre persoanele I, II sau III pt. a exprimapt. pers I ideea de voin, promisiune, hotrre iar pt. pers. II i III ideea de necesitate,ordin,obligaie.Ex.: I will do my best. i promit s fac tot posibilul.

You shall drink that glass of milk, even if you dont like it. i poruncesc s bei p...He shall tell her the truth. El trebuie s-i spun adevrul.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Will poate avea sensul de a vrea, a voi, a binevoiEx.: Will you bring me that book? Vrei s-mi aduci cartea aceea?

He wont go to school Nu vrea s se duc la coal.I wont explain him the rule again. Nu vreau s-i explic regula din nou.I wont see him again. Nu vreau s-l mai vd. (atenie: will nu shall)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TO BE GOING TOa. se poate folosi n locul viitorului cu shall i will:

He is going to leave for London. Va pleca la Londra.It is going to rain. Are s plou.

b. exprim intenia:

I am going to take one suit-case with me.(Am de gnd s iau un sg. geamantan cu mine)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CAN nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to be able to(a putea, a fi n stare)Ex.: I shall be able to visit you next week(Voi putea s v fac o vizit sptmna viitoare)MUST nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to have to(a trebui)Ex.: He will have to go there on Monday(Va trebui s se duc luni acolo).------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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SHALLN NTREBRIse traduce adesea prin conjunctivul romnescEx.: Shall I ring you up tomorrow? S-i telefonez mine?

Shall I bring you the book? S-i aduc cartea?

LECIA 13

PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLUtraducere: am citit n propoziii

lucreaz;o are n fraze pt. exprimarea anterioritiivezi crile de liceu cls. X selecii S+have/has+vb.(III)Ex.: Ai(ai) citit cartea aceasta? Have you read this book?

N-au plecat nc, nu-i aa? They havent gone yet, have they?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atenie: Prez. Perf. Simplu pt. to bei to haveForma III a vb. to be este been; a nu se confunda din acest motiv PPS cu alte timpuri.Ex.: De cnd sunt prieteni? How long have they been friends?

Sunt prieteni de ani de zile. They have been friends for years.(since 1960)How long(since when) has she hadthat car? De cnd are maina aceea?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Se folosete cu FORi SINCE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Atenie: folosirea n fraze e n fc. de timpul din romnete:

Trecutul simplu(ac. termin. n trecut)She has had it since she graduated. O are de cnd a absolvit facultatea.She has had it since she has worked in this office. O are de cnd lucreaz n acest birou.

Prez.Perf.Simplu(ac. ncep. n trec. i cont. n prez.)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. diferena dintre PPS i TS vezi ex. 247/p.208 din Engl. fr prof.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUUS+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing

Aciunea: nceput n trecut, continuat n prez. i posibil n viitor;Atenie: se deosebete de PPS datorit verbelor cu aspect progresivcontinuu(a citi, a nva, a preda,a conduce(maina), etc.)Ex.: What has he been doing since this morning? Ce face de azi diminea?

He has been revising for his exam. nva pt. examen.How long have you been teaching in this school? De cnd predai...

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Important: pt. a vedea diferena ntre PPS, PPC i TS (ex.249/p210):1. De cnd nvei englezete? PPC aciune trecut,prez.,~viitori verb progresiv cont.2. Ce-ai fcut ieri diminea? TS(did) ac. trecut ncheiati timpul precizat exact3. Ce-ai fcut toat sptmna aceasta? PPS interval de timp nc nencheiatetc.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:bigi large se refer la volum, capacitate sau cantitate iargreat la importan

This volume is very thick.It has many pages. thick = grosempty = gol(goal)full = plin()The engine of a car is heavy. It is not light. greu; uorThis question is difficult. It is not easy. greu: uor------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Prepoziii i expresii:There is a piece of cheese on a plate on the kitchen table. (Este o bucat de brnz, pe o farfurie, pe masa din buctrie.)There are several chairs round the kitchen table.(n jurul mesei din buctrie sunt mai multe scaune)

Below(sub) the kitchen floor there is a cellar(pivnia) and above(deasupra) the kitchen ceiling, there is the garret(podul).The cupboard is against one of the kitchen walls and opposite the cupboard there is the clock.(Dulapul se afllipit de unul dintre pereii buctriei i fa n fa cu dulapul se afl ceasornicul.)below the clock = sub ceas under gas cooker = sub aragaza butterfly comes through the window = un fluture intr pe(prin) fereastrit flies up to = zboar n susthrows the butterfly out ofthe window = arunc fluturele pe fereastr

LECIA 14

alt, alt Another book is

ali, alte Other books arecealalt book iscelelalte

The otherbooks are

on the table

in front of you

altul, alta Another isalii, altele Other arecellalt, cealalt other isceilali, celelalte

Theothers are

herein the roomon the floor

This old car is mine(a mea)

your

It belongs to me(mie)

youThese French magazines are hishers

They belongto

himher

This fat little dog isThis bad tape-recorder is

oursyourstheirs

It belongs to usyouthem

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Expresii uzuale:He cant hear. Hes deaf. smell=miros; odour=miros (plcut sau neplcut)He cant see. Hes blind. fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)Can you smell the smell of roast chicken? No, I cant. I have a cold(guturai).Exprimarea faptului de a fi mirat i impresionatWhata charming girl! Ce fat fermectoare!

How pretty your house is! Ce drgu e casa voast!------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: which=pe care,care(din mai muli(multe)); what = careWhich of them shall I lend you? Pe care vrei si-o (i le) mprumut?Which bookdid you like best? Care carte i-a plcut mai mult?My sons are twins. I dont always know which is which. Nu i deosebesc ntotdeauna.Whatis your name? Whatis the capital of France?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Imperativul cu YOU exprim un ordin categoric sau precizeaz persoana:

You stop that noise at once! ncetez imediat cu zgomotul!You boil the eggs while I toast the bred! Tu fiebe oule n timp ce eu prjesc pinea.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE: two of them= doi dintre ei both= amndoiI saw two of them in the street this morning. doi dintre eiThe two of them(both of them) are very fat. amndoi

LECIA 15

Compuii lui some, any, no + thing, where, body, one (+ else)EXPRESII UZUALE:

some: se folosete n propoziiile afirmative i se traduce prin nite, ceva, civa, cteva,puin(). Ex.: There is some tea left(A mai rmas nite(puin) ceai).any: n prop. interogative i negative =nite, cteva, civa, puin(), vreo respectiv=nu,nici un, nici o. Ex.: Is there any milk in that bottle? E puin lapte n sticl?any n prop. afirmative = oricare, orice Ex.:Take any record you like.no se folosete n propoziiile negative, cu verbul la form afirmativi se traduce prinnu, nici un, nici o, ca i not any.Ex.. He has no new people(s). N-are nici un elev nou.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:somebody(someone) = cineva(prop. afirm.)

anybody(anyone) = cineva(prop. inter.),nimeni(prop. neg., vb. neg.), oricine(prop. afirm.)nobody(no one)something = cevasomewhere = undevaanything = ceva(prop. interog.),nimic(prop. neg.,vb. la forma neg.),orice(prop. afirm.)anywhere = undeva,nicieri,oriundenothing = nimicnowhere = nicieri

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ATENIE:CEVA: something n prop. afirm. i anything n cele interogativeNIMIC: nothing cnd vb. e afirmativ i anything cnd vb. e negativUNDEVA: somewhere n prop. afirm. i anywhere n prop. interog.NICIERI: nowhere cnd vb. e afirmativ i anywhere cnd vb. e neg.ORIUNDE: anywhere n prop. afirm.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Somebody, someone, something, somewhere ct i formele lor pt. interogativ i negativ(anybody, nobody) pot fi nsoite de else = -altEx.: I saw somebody(someone) else there (Am vzut pe altcineva acolo).Pt. obinuirea dintre prop. afirm. i cele inter. i neg. ex. 306/247------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

nici unul (una)

any i none =dintre mai muli eitheri neither = din doiany=vreunul Ex.:Have you met any of my pupils?(I-ai cun. pe vreunii dintre elevii mei?)any=nici unul Ex.: I dont know any of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. neg.)none=nici unul Ex.: I know none of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. afirm.)

either=vreunul Ex.: Have you met either ( vreuna ) of my two daughters?either = nici unul Ex.. I havent meteither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.neither = nici unul Ex..Ive metneither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------S-A NTMPLAT, DIN NTMPLARE, NTMPLAREA A FCUT S,NTMPLTOR= It so happened thatI

IhappenedIt so happened that we heard (didnt hear) the telephone bell. (S-a ntmplat s auzim tel.)We happened to hear (not to hear) the telephone bell.The girl happened to be very pretty.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII:You are wicked = Eti ru ( n general )You are being wicked = Eti ru (n cazul de fa cu implicaia c de obicei nu este)Se folosete i cu : nasty(nesuferit), mean(urcios,meschin)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------POLISEMIA LUI JOIN:- a uni A bridje joins the two banks(Un pod unete cele dou maluri)

- a se ntlni- a se nscrie He is going to join our club.(Se va nscrie n clubul nostru)- a se altura(la o petrecere, joc, conversaie)- a se nrola (n armat) He joined the army.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A ATEPTA to wait for- implic ateptare activ

to expect- implic ateptare pasiv

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LECIA 16

Cnd pronumele interogativ sau subs. precedat de un adjectiv interogativ este subiect,predicatul din propoziia interogativ rmne la forma obiniut (cea din propoziiileafirmative):What impressedyou most?

Whose (al cui, a crui) horse came first?Cnd sunt complemente directe, interogativul se formeaz cu do, does sau did:

Whatdo you want? Whom = who(n scris i n vorbirea ngrijit)Whomdidyou meet? = which

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The man(driver, girl) whom(that) I saw is mad(cousin).

Whom (that) se folosete cu persoane. whom = pe care, pe cine, cruiaThe picture (statue, painting) which (that) I noticed was very expensive.

Which (that) se folosete cu lucruri, animale.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself; ourselves; yourselves; themselvesse folosete n diateza reflexiv n anumite expresii, i ca pronume de ntrire:M privesc n oglind = I am looking myself in the mirror.Vorbea singur = He was talking to himself.Am fcut-o eu nsumi = I did it myself.Pronumele de ntrire se poate plasa dup subiect(I myself read it)cnd accentuiazsensul sau la sfritul propoziiei(I read it myself)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:unul pe altul, unul pe cellalt = each other = one another------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

diateza pasiv S + to be + past participle------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE:(neither(nor), either)Nici mie nu-mi place piperul. I dont like peppereither. Neither do I like pepper.

(atenie se inverseaz)

Nici el nu poate comite astfel de erori. Neither (Nor) can he commit such errors.He cant commit such errors either.

Nici el nu este un om gelos. He isnt a jealous man either.Neither (Nor) is he a jealous man.

EXPRESIA: LA FEL IMy parents bedroom is upstairs and sois mine.I like this scent(parfum) and so does my sister.I shall go to the library tomorrow and so will my friend.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESIA: DA, AA ESTEA fost obraznic. Da, aa este. He was cheeky. So, he was.

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LECIA 17

ATENIECONCORDANA TIMPURILOR N FRAZE

ROMNETE ENGLEZ1. T - P T - T2. T- T T- T Perf. Simplu sau Cont.3. T-V T Simplu - Future in the Past4. V-V V- P. Simplu

1. A. mispuneai cvrei s te odihneti un timp. atenieYou toldme that you wantedto rest for a while. spuneai se traduce cu T.S nu

B. Sperai c profesorul nu poate veni. sperai cu T.C.You hoped that the theacher couldnt come.

C. Mi-a spus c sora ei e la coal.He toldme that her sisterwas at school.

n rom. se poate folosi trecut - prezent(i t.-t.) dar n englez numai trecut - trecut.

2. A. I thoughtthat Lavinia had finishedthe book.B. Speram ca fcuto bun impresie acolo. atenie speram se trad. cu T.S.

I hopedhe had cut a good figure there.C. Ne-a spus c btrnul a fost clcatde o main.

She toldus that the old man had been run over by a car. atenie had been este TPSD. Le-am spus c-i vizitezpe prinii lor de muli ani.

I toldthem that I had been visitingtheir parents for many years. TPCont.Cnd n rom. se folosete trecut- trecut (sau trecut- prezent dar este o ac. trecutanterioar unei alte ac. trecute i neterminat) n englez se folosete Trecut-TrecutPerfect Simplu sau Cont.Regula e uor de dedus pt. c prin astfel de fraze se exprim anterioritatea(pt. care se folos. TPS sau TPC)

3. A. Eram sigur c nu v va dezamgi.I was sure that he wouldnt disapoint you.

B. Spunea c va trebui s se coafeze. atenie spunea, eram se trad. cu TSShe said she would have to have her hair done.

C. Ai promis c nu-l vei certa.

You promised you wouldnt scold him.n rom. se folosete trecut - viitor iar n engl. se folosete trecut - Future in the Past.

4. n englez, cnd n propoziia principal se folosete viitorul, n propoziiasubordonat temporal (introdus prin when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as longas, etc.) sau condiional(introdus prin if) se folosete prezentul.I shall see you when (if ) I have time (it is possible).------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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EXPRESII:for me, you, him, her, us, you, themO sa-i cumprm un cadou. Well buy a present for her.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------FOLOSIREA LUI SEVERAL I MORE

Mi-a spus c are mai multe romane englezeti. several se folosete cnd poate fiShe told me she had several English novels. nlocuit i cu cteva, civa

Mi-a spus c are mai multe cri romneti dect englezeti.She told me she had more Romanian books than English books.

LECIA 18

Exprimarea condiionalului optativ din rom. a mnca se face cu shouldi would.n engleza contemporan would se poate folosi i la pers. I sg. i pl.

Ex.: I would like a vrea s, mi-ar plcea sWe would be very glad am fi foarte bucuroi sEl n-ar face una ca asta. He wouldnt do such a thing.

(El) ar putea s citeasc ac. carte Engl. He could read this English book. ATENIEAr putea s o piard. He might lose it.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA

Dac ar cnta T.S.

ar fi cntat T.P.S.(had+vb.3)

ar...(would, should+vb.)

(Future in the Past)atenie: ar putea = couldPt. a ine minte regula : n mod normal ambele ar trebui s se formeze cu F. in the Pastdar are prioritate principala.Am face o excursie n Italia dac am economisi destui bani.We should go on a trip to Italy ifwe saved enough money. T.S.Dac n-a fi vzut eu nsumi, nu mi-a face griji.If I hadnt seen it myself I shouldnt worry. T.P.S.

Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form: vezi tabelul de la sfritul leciei

Atenie pt. c la la unele prop. sensul e clar de viitor dar se exprim prin trecut :Ex.: Dac vremea ar fi frumoas ne-am duce la plimbare.If the weather were fine we should go for a walk.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR TREBUI = I, You, He, She, We, You, They should (should not(shouldnt)Ex.: You should go and see the film.

Ar trebui s te duci s vezi filmul.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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A PUTEA, AI PUTEA I could, You couldEx.: N-am putea fi suprai pe ea.

We couldnt be angry with her.Ai putea cumpra aceast cravat pentru tata?Could you buy this tie for father.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------AR PUTEA(n sensul de posibilitate)It might rain in the afternoon. S-ar putea s plou dup-amiaz.They might come any minute now. Ar putea sosi din clip n clip.

AR FI PUTUT (MIGHT HAVE VB3)He might have helped you. Te-ar fi putut ajuta.It might have snowed. S-ar fi putut s ning.They might have gone to the seaside.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI a fi cumprat, ai fi cumprat...should(would)+have+vb3Ex.: Would you have bought that...? Ai fi cumprat acel...

Yes, I should have bought it. Da, l-a fi cumprat.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESIA: ar fi trebuitS+should(la toate pers.)+have+vb3Ex.: I should have given him a good thrashing, but I hadnt the heart.

(Ar fi trebuit s-i trag o btaie bun dar nu m-a lsat inima.)He shouldnt have stolen them. (N-ar fi trebuit s le fure.)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EXPRESIA: a fi putut, ai fi putut...S+could+have+vb3Ex.: I could have solved the problem. A fi putut rezolva problema.

Could you have eaten all the cakes?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

IF CLAUSEIF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA

TPS(had+vb3) should(would)+have+vb3dac a fi, ai fi...+vb. a fi, ai fi...+vb.

atenie: ar fi trebuit = had hadar fi putut = could have

If the mud hadnt been so deep, the wheels of the car wouldnt have got stuck in it.Dac noroiul n-ar fi fost att de mare, roile mainii nu s-ar fi npotmolit n el.

We shouldnt have missed the train if we had hurried a bit.N-am fi pierdut trenul dac ne-am fi grbit puin.Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form:Had we hurried a bit, we shouldnt have missed the train.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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ALT FORM A CONDIIONALEIIF CLAUSE PRINCIPAL

Should(la toate pers.)+ vb.1 S+should(pers. 1)+ vb. 1would

Should they invite me to the party, I should refuse them.

Dac m-ar invita la petrecere i-a refuza.Should you call on the Cliffords now you would meet Lavinia there.

LECIA 19

Diferite excepii:1. Dup verbele to makei to leturmeaz infinitivul scurt (fr to):Ex.: He made her come with him. A pus-o s vin cu el.

He let her come with him. A lsat-o s vin cu el.

2. Dup verbe ca to see, to hear, to watch, to feelurmez fie infinitivul scurt, fie forma n

ing:Ex.: I heard her sing(ing). Am auzit-o cntnd.

She watched him eat(ing) L-a privit cum mnnc.

3. Dup verbe ca to want, to wish, to expect, to like poate urma un acuzativ+infinitivulcu to. Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea voia ca el s plece.

They expected Mary to answer. Se ateptau ca Mary s rspund.Aceast construcie se folosete atunci cnd aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este fcut dealt persoan dect subiectul primului verb. Dac acuzativul se omite, se subnelege caciunea celui de-al doilea verb este nfptuit de subiect.Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea vroia ca el s plece.

She wanted to go. Ea vroia s plece.

4. Dup verbe ca to belive, to consider, to think, to report se folosete aceeaiconstrucie (She belives him to be a good student) cu deosebirea c ideea poate fiexprimati n felul urmtor: She belives that he is a good student.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------HeSheThe studentThe girl

is saidwas heardhappensseemsis likely

is sure

to sing very wellto speak English correctlyto have a good English pronunciation.

prez.trecutviitor

TheyThe childrenThe Browns

arewerewill be

givenofferedlent

some new booksome picture postcardspens

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Exprimarea unor lucruri generale (impersonale) diateza pasiv:Valuable archaelogic discoveries are made in our country nowadays.n zilele noastre se fac descoperiri arheologice preioase n ara noastr.

Valuable archaelogic discoveries are being made in our country nowadays.n zilele noastre(chiar n momentul de fa) se fac descoperiri arh. preioase n . ns.

Many interesting opinions were put forward at the conference yesterday.La conferina de ieri s-au expus multe preri interesante.

Modern blocks of flats have been built in Bucharest in the last few years.n ultimii ani s-au construit n Bucureti blocuri moderne.

He told me that new data about outer space had been obtained.Mi-a spus c s-au obinut date noi n legtur cu spaiul cosmic.

Rich crops will be obtained this year.Anul acesta se vor obine recolte bogate.

Diat. pasiv se formeaz cu participiul trecut.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pt. accentuare se poate folosi do la imperativ i la indicativul prezent i trecut, n propoziiile afirmative:

Do come here! Vino-ncoace (neaprat, te rog)!I do want it. O vreau (cu adevrat, neaprat).She did know it. O tia (cu siguran, fr ndoial).

atenie vb.1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Expresii uzuale:A face mai bine s, ai face mai bine s...=I had better + vb.1Ex.: He had better start learning.

Ar face mai bine s nceap s nvee.

---------------------A prefera s, ai prefera s...=I had rather +vb.1

I would rather + vb.1She had rather drinka glass of vermouth than one of lemonade.Ar prefera s bea un pahar de vermut dect unul de limonad.We would rather travel by plane than by train.Am prefera s cltorim cu avionul dect cu trenul.-------------------------Expresia Having + vb.(2, 3)= dup ce...

deoarece...(se poate traduce i cu as)pt. m.m.c.p. romnesc

Ex.:Having raised the tent, the two men congratulated one another.Dup ce au ridicat cortul cei doi brbai s-au felicitat.

Having seen the film, I refused the invitation to go with them to the cinema.(As I had seen the film, I refused their invitation to go with them to the cinema.)Deoarece vzusem filmul, am refuzat invitaia lor de a m duce cu ei la cinema.

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LECIA 20

(rar ntlnit) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV(my, your, his, her, our, their) CU VB.+INGEx.: Mother is proud ofmy speaking English so well.

Mama e mndr c eu vorbesc englezete att de bine.

I insisted on their staying a little longer.Am insistat ca ei s stea un pic mai mult.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI I SPAIULUIIts a ten minutes walk to their villa. atenie: its nu there isSunt 10 minute de mers pn la vila lor.

Its ten miles to the next village.Sunt 10 mile pn la satul urmtor.

Where shall we be in another twenty years?

Unde vom fi peste ali 20 de ani?------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------For me, you, him, her, us, them (for-Infinitive construction)It is important for meto buy a house.She bought a magazine for me to read.Biatului i este greu = Its difficult for the boy = E greu pt. biat------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Pronumele relative whom, which(la acuzativ) se pot omite, prepoziia care le precedeplasndu-se la sfrit:Ex.: The man youre talking about is a doctor.

(The man about whom youre talking is a doctor.)

The book hes looking for is here.(The book for which hes looking is here.)EXPRIMRILE CONCENTRATE sunt specifice limbii engleze; reprezint de obiceicondensarea a dou propoziii:He shouted himself hoarse=He shouted until he became hoarse=A strigat pn a rguit.She sang the baby to sleep. L-a adormit pe copil cntndu-i.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXPRESII UZUALE to worth = a merita

Itisisntwasnt

worthdoing itreading that bookthe trouble(osteneala)

the money

atenie:- it isnt, wasnt i nu doesnt-dup worth urmeaz vb.+ing

i nu infinitiv(to read)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Youought to payher a visit = S-ar cuvenis-i faci o vizit.Youought to have visitedher from time to time =S-ar fi cuvenits o vizitezi din cnd ncnd.

You shouldnt buy so many handkerchiefs = N-ar trebui s cumperi attea batiste.Tom shouldnt have bought that tie = Tom, n-ar fi trebuit s cumpere cravata aceea.

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You shouldnt have insisted = Nu trebuia s insiti.

The doctormust have been detained in the hospital = Dr. trebuie s fi fost reinut la spital.He has to learn his lesson = Trebuie s-i nvee leciile.

They will have to punish him = Vor trebui s-l pedepseasc.

He is to have a talkwith the architect, isnt he? Urmeaz s stea de vorb cu arhitectul, nu?They are to meet and have a talk about the plans for the house= Urmeaz s se ntlneasci ...He was to go to the mountain = Trebuia(urma) s plece la munte.

You dont need to persuade me he is a good architect=Nu trebuie(nu e nevoie) s m convingi cel e un bun arhitect.You neednt have driven me to the station = N-ar fi trebuit s m duci la gar cu maina.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------SHALL, WILL + BE + vb.+ingWhat will you be doing tomorrow at this time of the day?

Ce-o s facei mine la ora asta?At eight oclock tomorow we shall be taking leave of our neighbours.Mine la ora 8 o s ne lum rmas bun de la vecinii notri.

Today week they will be basking in the sun at the seaside.De azi ntr-o sptmn vor face plaj la mare.

When she is away he will be thinking about her.Cnd ea va fi plecat el se va gndi la ea.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Unii vorbitori de limba englez, n vorbirea familiar, omit pronumele cu funcie desubiect. Ex.: Thought youd gone without me. Am crezut c ai plecat fr mine.

Seems rather tedious to me. Mi se pare cam plicticos.

VOCABULAR

alluring = ademenitor, tentantto admitt = a recunoateasleep = adormitawfully = ngrozitor(oare)bacon = costi

to bake(a cake) = a coace(o prjitur)to bask = a se nclzi(la soare);a face plajto bath = a se sclda, a face baiebeard = barbbesides = lng,pe deasupra, n afar deto bind,bound,bound = a legaboil = a fierbecareless = neatent(neglijent)

ham = unchen = ginlend, lent = a mprumutalettuce = salat verde(to speak) loud = (a vorbi) tare

to live = a locuito mend = a reparanovel = roman(to) pour = a turna, vrsapurse = pungquite(moderate) = ct se poate de (moderat)to race = a ambala(motorul)scold = a certa

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ceiling = tavancheap = ieftin()chips = cartofi paicomb = piepteneconfectioners = cofetrie

cough = a tuito count = a numra, SOCOTIdear(car) = (main)scump()cel mai drag = dearestelbow = cotat first = la nceputfleas = puricifragrance = miros plcut(parfum)freckles = pistruifair, blond = blondfizzy = acidulat()

gay = veselgrapes = strugurito greet = a salutagrow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair,

oranges); grown-ups=aduli

sentence = propoziieto shedd leaves = a scutura frunzelesheet = cearafshelf = raftship = vapor

slices of bread = felii de pineslipper = papucto stirr = a amesteca, a agitastuffy = nchis(aer)sum = adunareswear = a njuratall(tree) = (copac)naltthick(book) = (carte) groastipsy = ameit de buturutter = a rosti(cuvinte)waiter = chelner

warm = caldwheel = volanwhom = pe care, pe cine = who=whichwhose = al cui, a cruiweak = slbitwrist-watch = ceas de mn

Whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia pt. persoaneWhich = pe care... se folosete cu lucruri, animale

GUSTURI: dulce=sweet; amar=bitter;srat=salted,salt(y),saline; acru=sour,tartPR:blond=blond,fair-haired; brunet=brunette,dark-haired ;aten=chestnut,brown-haired

HAINE: pantaloni=trousers; costum=suit; fust=skirt; rochie=dress; bluz=blouse;cma=shirt;osete(brbteti)=socks;palton,hain=coat; canadian=sport coat

ORA: familiar oficialfive (minutes) past twelve 12.05 twelve five(a) quarter past five 5.15 five fifteenhalf-past one 13.30 thirteen thirtytwenty-five (minutes) to seven 18.35 eighteen thirty-five(a) quarter to ten 21.45 twenty-one forty-five

DATA: 2nd January 1971 The second of January, nineteen seventy-one23(r)d April 1996 The twenty-third of April, nineteen ninety-six

Expresii:to learn by heart = a nva pe dinafarsaving money = a strnge banilook out of the window = a se uita pe fereastrto cut a good figure = a face impresie bunto pay a visit = a face o vizitto sleep like a log = a dormi butean

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to call in at the = a trece pe lato take a taxi = a lua un taxithe taxi will take us = taxiul ne va duceto get on(into) the train = a se urca n trento give a lift = a duce cu maina

to ring up = a suna(la telefon)to iron the trousers = a clca pantaloniito be out of order = a fi stricatat once = imediatstudents in English = studeni la englezwhich of all = care din toi(toate)to let him alone = a-l lsa n pacewe shant(shall not) mind = nu ne suprm(n sensul de viitor)serve me right = aa-mi trebuieto be run over by a car = a fi clcat de o mainto have a hangover = a fi mahmur(beat)

bottle of scent = ap de colonieto get in time to = a ajunge la timpI cant grumble = nu pot s m plngwhat film is on there = ce film ruleaz acoloto pull my leg = a m pcliIt isnt worth the trouble = nu merit ostenealaThey are to leave on Monday = Urmeaz s plece luni.today three weeks = de azi n 3 sptmni; two months today; tomorrow three weeksto take leave = a-i lua rmas bunto leaveforItaly = a pleca n Italia

to have my tooth filled(participiu trecut) = s-mi plombez mseauato have his hair cut = s se tund

proverbe:Barking dogs seldom bite=Cinii care latr rar muc.There is no rose without thorns (ghimpi).Out of sight, out of mind = Ochii care nu se vd se uit.Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. to put off = a amnaNo man is born wise.

CONJUNCIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care leag dou propoziii ntr-o fraz sau dou cuvinte cuacelai rol sintactic ntr-o propoziiePREPOZIIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care exprim raporturi sinctactice de dependen ntre prilediferite ale unei propoziii

de repetat ex.: 167/p.144; 169/147; 205/p.179;208/181; 247/208; 443/348atenie: had = a trebuit, trebuia trecut (interog., neg. cu did have,didnt have)

must = trebuie prezentThere must be a mistake. Trebuie s fie o greeal. expresie

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CRILE DE LICEU(i completri din Andrei Banta)CLS. X(1997)

The Present Participle(participiul prezent)

The Present Participle (ending in -ing) often corresponds to the Romanian gerunziu. Itis also used in the continuous form of verbs.Ex.:Readinga long novel I fell asleep. (Citind...)

Walkingabout the parkI was listeningto the birds which were singingmerrily.The Present Participle is sometimes treated as a noun. In such cases it may be precededby the definite or the indefinite article or by an adjective.

Ex.: The learningof the grammar rules is absolutely necessary. (nvarea...)Buildingof our school took several months.Thesolidtrainingof our team helped us win the matchWe saw a meetingtaking place in the market-square.

When it used after prepositions it corresponds to a sentence in Romanian:Ex.: M-am gndit s m- duc la un muzeu=I have thought of going to a museum.

i mulumesc fiindc m ajui=Thank you for helping me.

The Present Perfect Tense Simple(traducere: am citit, merg)indic anterioritatea fa de prezent

S+have/has+vb.(III) Se folosete n urmtoarele cazuri:1. cu adverbe care exprim un timp nedefinit sau o frecven ca: ever, never, always,sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, usuallly, frequently, repeatedlyEx.: L-am ntlnit adesea pe la expoziii. I have often methim at some exhibitions.

2.cnd aciunea nu este localizat d.p.d.v. al timpului sau loculuiEx.. Am citit cartea. I have read the book.

3. cnd aciunea este nceput n trecut i se continui n prezent(eventual i n viitor)Ex.: De cnd l cunoti? How long have you known him?

I have known him for five years/since 1970.

Atenie: n cazul verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu se folosete Present perfectcontinuous(Ex.: De cndnvei englezete? How long have you been studying English?I have been learning English for four years/since 1971(since I entered this school).

4. cnd aciunea menionat s-a efectuat n cadrul unui interval de timp nc nencheiat,care mai continui n prezent(i eventual i n viitor); se folos. cu today, this week...Ex.: L-am vzut de dou ori sptmna/luna/primvara asta.

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I have seen/met him twice this week/month/spring

5. cnd aciunea s-a efectuat(i terminat) foarte de curnd; se folos. cu: lately, just,recently, in the last few days/weeks, of lateEx.. Abia a sosit. He has just come/arrived

n ultima vreme nu l-am prea vzut. I have not seen much of him lately.

6. cnd aciunea(neprecizat n timp, dar desigur de domeniul trecutului, deci ncheiat)are rezultate, consecine, efecte vizibile n prezent:Ex.: A plouat. It has rained.

7. situaia atipic nlocuind viitorul II din romn n secundarele temporare, n cadrulregulilor corespondenei timpurilor

i voi mprumuta/i mprumut cartea dup ce o voi fi citit/ o voi citi/ o citesc eu.I shall/will lend you the the book after/when I have read it.

Evident, n vorbirea indirect prezent perfect se va transforma n past perfect dac principala va fi la untimp trecut:Mi-a spus c va pleca la plimbare dup ce va fi mncat/ dup ce mnnc/ dup ce va mnca.He told me (that) he would go for a walk after/ when he had finished dinner.

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THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUSS+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ingThe P. P. C. shows an action which started in the past, is continuing in the present and islikely to continue also in the future. Se folos. cu sinceifor

Ex.: My friends have been living in this town(since 1970; for 5 years).Prietenii mei locuiesc n acest ora.

DIATEZELEDIATEZA ACTIV: aciunea verbului este ndeplinit chiar de subiectulgramatical(indiferent dac ea se rsfrnge asupra unui complement direct sau nu)Ex.: The boy is reading (a book).DIATEZA PASIV(THE PASSIVE VOICE): subiectul gramatical sufer

aciunea unui verb tranzitiv, ndeplinit de altcineva(subiectul logic)Se formeaz cu vb to be i participiul trecut.Ex.: A letter was written by the boy yesterday.DIATEZA REFLEXIV: rsfrngerea aciunii ndeplinite de subiect chiar asupralui(verbe reflexive)Ex.: The boy washed and combed himself properly for his sisters wedding.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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PAST PERFECT(se poate traduce cu mai-mult-ca-perfectul romnesc(mncase))anterioritatea unei aciuni trecute fa de o alt aciune trecut1. simplu

S + had + vb.(III)indicarea unei aciuni sau stri trecute ncepute i terminate naintea unei alte aciunitrecute ori a unui moment din trecut; se folos cu: hardly, scarcely, no sooner, before, when...Ex.: After he had eaten he went for a walk

Dup ce mncase/a mncat a plecat la plimbare.Hardlyhad the teachercome into the room when the pupils surrounded him.

S vb.(n constrruciile cu hardly, scarcely, no sooner se schimb ordinea)Atenie: TPS se traduce i cu a fi, ai fi...+vb. n condiionale(n if clause)2. continu(se poate traduce cu imperfectul romnesc(nva) sau chiar prezent(locuiesc))S + had + been + vb.+ingindicarea unei aciuni ncepute naintea unei alte aciuni trecute i nc neterminat

continund pn n momentul acelaEx.. When I arrived at Sinaia, it had been rainingfor three days.Cnd am ajuns la Sinaia ploua de 3 zile.He had been learningBulgarian for two years when he went to specialize to Sofia.nva bulgara de 2 ani cnd s-a dus s se specializeze la Sofia.

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THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

A Past Tense is followed by a Future-in-the-Past(should, would) toexpress a future action. Indic posterioritatea(ulterioritatea) fa de un moment trecut.

Ex.: This made Harold think that the Normans wouldnot come any longer that year.He hadto swear that he wouldhelp William. (A trebuits jure c l va ajuta pe W.)

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Formarea substantivelor din verbe: the suffix added to the verb to form the noun issometimes -er, as in climber, sometimes -or, as in editor

Viitorul simplu(The future indefinite)Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi ncepe acum

You will see him tomorow. Ai s-l vezi mine.He will write her a letter. i va scrie o scrisoare.

IWe

shallllshall notshant

go by trainmake a good impressionbe late

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HeSheItYouThey

willllwill notwont

Viitorul continuu(Future Tense Continuous)S + shall(will) + be + vb.+ing-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Puin importantThe Nominative with the Infinitive(to go)(Indefinite or Perfect)is a construction in which the subject of a certain verb which is used in the Passive Voiceis also the subject of a second verb which is in that case in the infinitive and whichimmediately follows the first verb. This construction is used:1. with verbs denoting sense perception, such as: to see, to hear, etc. and verbs denotingmental activity, such as: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose...Ex.: The carwas seento disappearin the distance.

Who is saidto have lived2. with the verbs: to say, to report and to makeEx.: The sword was said to have magic powers.3. with the phrases to be sure and to be certainEx.: The news is certain to please everybody.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TO WISH + SUBJUNCTIVEROM.: CONJUNCTIVUL PREZ.: S MERG

PERF.: S FI MERSWhen the verb to wish is followed by an objective clause the verb in such a clausehas to be in the Past Tense:Ex.: I wish I found a larger dictionary. A dori s gsesc unIf that verb is To Be we have to use Past Subjunctive of the verb which is were forall persons singular and plural(I, he, she, it, we, you, they, were).Ex.: I wish I were a student sooner. A dori s fiu student mai repede.

She wishes she were in the mountains now.

If MainI. Pr. S.Pr. C.

Future. T. S.Future. T. C.

II. Past Tense Would(should) + VB.III. Past P. T. Simple Future in the Past

Would(should) + had + vb.(III)

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NOUN CLAUSES : alternatives with WHETHER= dac (ns nu condiional)(atenie:weather =vreme)

Ex.: He doubted whether formal visits would be of much help.wondered the little girl told the truth.worried

discussedFAIRLY (destul de, ct se poate de) - is used with a pleasant or positive ideaEx.: Your composition was fairly good.

RATHER(mai degrab, de fapt) - unpleasant or negative ideaEx.: This exercise will be rather difficult.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Since poate avea nelesul cteodat de becauseEx.: Since he did not get along very well with his brother, he set out to make his own wayin the world.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES1. adjective + noun + -ed or -d Ex.: gentle-faced2. noun + Past Participle middle-aged; man-made3. adverb + Past Participle well meant(bine intenionat); far-fetched(exagerat)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------IF + WOULDIf you would like me to try = Dac dorii s ncerc.Wed be very happy if you would come to us next Sunday.Would is used after if when we are interested in the listeners wish or will------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When wish is followed by a sentence the verb of the subordinate sentence is either in the

Past Tense or the Past Perfect Tense:Ex.. I wish I could help them = A vrea s o pot ajuta.I wish I had helped them = A vrea s o fi ajutat.I wish I knew what is happening = A vrea stiu ce s-a ntmplat.

They wished they had stayed at home = Ar fi vrut s fi stat acas.

When wish is followed by the verb to be in the subordinate clause to be is used in thePast Subjunctive, which is were in all persons:Ex.: I wish I were in the mountains.

She wished she were a pianist.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Past Perfect PassiveS+had been(past perfect(simple) of to be)+Past participleEx.: he had been killed by ...------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The Subjunctive MoodI, He, She, We, You, They + Should + vb.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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POSIBILITYPresent She may be at home.

She might be at home now(stronger doubt).Past She may have had an accident. Ar putea s aib un accident.

She might have had an accident. Ar fi putut...

PROBABILITYPresent She must be at home now.Past She must have had an accident. Trebuie s fi avut un accident.

IMPOSIBILITYPresent She cant be at home now. Nu poate fi acas acum.

He couldnt be at a snack-bar now. Nu ar putea fi la bar acum.Past She couldnt have had any engine trouble. Nu ar fi putut s aib ...

VOCABULAR(ncepnd cu cls. X, lecia 10)

above = deasupraaccount = istorisireto advertise = a face reclamapprentice = a da la ucenicieastonish = uimitaugment = a sporiavenue = alee, bulevardaware = contient

beam = razbeyond = dupbeware = a se pzi, a se feribind, bound = a legabounce = a ricoabound = limit, hotar; a sri, legatbroad = ntins, larg, latto cease = a ncetacore = nucleu, miezdefiant = sfidtordeputy = reprezentant

descend = a cobordespise = a dispreuidevelopment = dezvoltare, perfecionaredot = punctdumb = mutearnest = seriosemphasis = accentfatigue = oboseala

manage = a administra, a reuimere = simplumerely = numai, doar, cu totulmerry = fericitmock = a ridiculizanay = ba mai multoccure = a avea loc, a se petreceoccure to = a trece prin minte

outstrip = a ntrecepearl = picturpresently = imediatproper = cum se cuvine, respectabilrather = mai degrabremote = ndeprtat, de la distanretort = replicroar = vuietrob = a fura, a jefuiscorn = dispre, batjocorskull = craniu

skyscrapers = zgrie-norislang = argou, jargonto slice = a tia(felii)slightly = puinsnow-flakes = fulgi de zpadsquared = la ptratstove = sobstretch out = a ntinde (mna)

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feebly = slabformer = cel dintifulfill = a executa, a ndeplinifurthermore = n plusglance = privire fugar

hasty = grbithence = de aceea, de acum ncolo, de aiciinexhaustible = inepuizabilkite = zmeu de hrtieladder = scarleak = sprturlest = ca s nu, ca nu cumva(eye)lids = pleoapeloaves of breds = pini ntregilobby = hol

to stun = a uluiswift = grabnic, repedethreaten = a ameninathus = astfeltrend = direcia

to twinkle = a licri, a clipito urge = a ndemnato utter = a rostivaliant = brav, curajosto vanish = a dispreavengeful = rzbuntorto weld = a sudawelfare = bunstarewheel = roatawide = lat, largwit = isteime

within = cuprins n, n interiorEXPRESII:to get along = a se mpca(cu cineva)strong-willed = hotrton the verge = pe punctul

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