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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
BJT TransistorBJT Operation and I/V Characteristics
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein
April 5, 2008
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 1/20
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
Outline
1 Introduction
2 BJT Structure
3 Transistor Action
4 NPN Models
5 PNP Transistor Action
6 PNP Models
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 2/20
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
Outline
1 Introduction
2 BJT Structure
3 Transistor Action
4 NPN Models
5 PNP Transistor Action
6 PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
What is a Transistor?
Websters Dictionary: Transistor is asolid-state electronic device that is used tocontrol the flow of electricity in electronicequipment and consists of a small block ofa semiconductor (as germanium) with at
least three electrodes
Three-terminal device whosevoltage-current relationship is controlledby a third voltage or current
We may regard a transistor as a controlledvoltage or current source
TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation toTRANSfer resISTOR
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 4/20
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
What is a Transistor?
Websters Dictionary: Transistor is asolid-state electronic device that is used tocontrol the flow of electricity in electronicequipment and consists of a small block ofa semiconductor (as germanium) with at
least three electrodes
Three-terminal device whosevoltage-current relationship is controlledby a third voltage or current
We may regard a transistor as a controlledvoltage or current source
TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation toTRANSfer resISTOR
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 4/20
I d BJ S A NPN M d l PNP A PNP M d l
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
What is a Transistor?
Websters Dictionary: Transistor is asolid-state electronic device that is used tocontrol the flow of electricity in electronicequipment and consists of a small block ofa semiconductor (as germanium) with at
least three electrodes
Three-terminal device whosevoltage-current relationship is controlledby a third voltage or current
We may regard a transistor as a controlledvoltage or current source
TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation toTRANSfer resISTOR
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 4/20
I t d ti BJT St t T i t A ti NPN M d l PNP T i t A ti PNP M d l
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
What is a Transistor?
Websters Dictionary: Transistor is asolid-state electronic device that is used tocontrol the flow of electricity in electronicequipment and consists of a small block ofa semiconductor (as germanium) with at
least three electrodes
Three-terminal device whosevoltage-current relationship is controlledby a third voltage or current
We may regard a transistor as a controlledvoltage or current source
TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation toTRANSfer resISTOR
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 4/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
What is a Transistor?
Websters Dictionary: Transistor is asolid-state electronic device that is used tocontrol the flow of electricity in electronicequipment and consists of a small block ofa semiconductor (as germanium) with at
least three electrodes
Three-terminal device whosevoltage-current relationship is controlledby a third voltage or current
We may regard a transistor as a controlledvoltage or current source
TRANSISTOR is an abbreviation toTRANSfer resISTOR
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 4/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
Types of Transistors
According to the physics of the device, we can classify transistors intotwo main classes:
Field effect transistors (FET): Conduction is controlled by electric
field which is produced by voltage applied to the control terminals.So, the control draws no current and FET is a voltage-controlleddevice.
Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): Diode-based device which isusually blocked unless the control terminals are forward-biased. So,
the control is a current, and BJT is a current amplifier by nature.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 5/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
Types of Transistors
According to the physics of the device, we can classify transistors intotwo main classes:
Field effect transistors (FET): Conduction is controlled by electric
field which is produced by voltage applied to the control terminals.So, the control draws no current and FET is a voltage-controlleddevice.
Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): Diode-based device which isusually blocked unless the control terminals are forward-biased. So,
the control is a current, and BJT is a current amplifier by nature.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 5/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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t oduct o J St uctu e a s sto ct o ode s a s sto ct o ode s
Types of Transistors
According to the physics of the device, we can classify transistors intotwo main classes:
Field effect transistors (FET): Conduction is controlled by electric
field which is produced by voltage applied to the control terminals.So, the control draws no current and FET is a voltage-controlleddevice.
Bipolar junction transistors (BJT): Diode-based device which isusually blocked unless the control terminals are forward-biased. So,
the control is a current, and BJT is a current amplifier by nature.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 5/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 BJT Structure
3 Transistor Action
4 NPN Models
5 PNP Transistor Action
6 PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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BJT Structure
The BJT is simply a two P-N Junctions which may lead to either NPN or
PNP structure as shown:
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BJT Modes of Operation
Mode EBJ CBJ ApplicationActive Forward Reverse AmplifierCutoff Reverse Reverse Switch
Digital-CircuitsSaturation Forward ForwardInverse-Active Reverse Forward ??
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 BJT Structure
3 Transistor Action
4 NPN Models
5 PNP Transistor Action
6 PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the hole current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the hole current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the hole current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the hole current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 10/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Transistor ActionMinority Carrier Concentration
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
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Transistor ActionQuantitative Description
np(0) = npoevBE/VT
In = AEqDndnp(x)
dx= AEqDn
np(0)
W
iC = In = ISevBE/VT
IS =AEqDnnpo
W
=AEqDnn
2i
NAWiB = iB1 + iB2
iB = IS
DPNAW
DnNDLP+
W2
2Dnb
evBE/VT
iB =ic
=
IS
evBE/VT
= 1/
DPNAW
DnNDLP+
W2
2Dnb
= 1/
DPNAW
DnNDLP+
W2
2Dnb
iE = iC + iB, iC = iE
= +1 CB Current Gain
= 1 CE Current Gain
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
O li
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 BJT Structure
3 Transistor Action
4 NPN Models
5 PNP Transistor Action
6 PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
NPN T i M d l i A i M d
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NPN Transistor Models in Active Mode
The NPN transistor may be replaced by any of the following models in
the active region:
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
Eb M ll (EM) M d l
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Ebers-Moll (EM) Model
IS = RISC = FISE
iC = IS
exp
vBE
VT
1
IS
R
exp
vBC
VT
1
iE =IS
F
exp
vBE
VT
1
IS
exp
vBC
VT
1
iB =IS
F
exp
vBE
VT
1
+
IS
R
exp
vBC
VT
1
This model is valid for all 4 regions of
operation of the BJT. This is themodel used in CAD simulators
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
O tli
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 BJT Structure
3Transistor Action
4 NPN Models
5 PNP Transistor Action
6 PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
PNP T i t A ti
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PNP Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the electron current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
PNP Transistor Action
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PNP Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the electron current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
PNP Transistor Action
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PNP Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the electron current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
PNP Transistor Action
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PNP Transistor ActionQualitative Description
Active Mode: The B-E junction is forward biased and the C-B junction is reversebiased.
Base Current: Is composed of two parts iB1 represents the electron current in theB-E junction, and iB2 represents the recombination current.
Common-Base current gain () is the ratio between the collector and emittercurrents.
What is the maximum value of? and how you can achieve this value?.
Dr. Alaa El-Din Hussein BJT Transistor 17/20
Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
PNP Transistor Action
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PNP Transistor ActionQuantitative Description
Pn(0) = pnoevEB/VT
Ip = AEqDpdpn(x)
dx= AEqDp
pn(0)
W
iC = Ip = ISevEB/VT
IS =AEqDppno
W =
AEqDpn2i
NDW
iB = iB1 + iB2
iB = IS
DnNDW
DpNALn+
W2
2Dpb
evEB/VT
iB =
ic
= IS
e
vEB/VT
= 1/
DnNDW
DpNALn+
W2
2Dpb
= 1/
DnNDW
DpNALn+
W2
2Dpb
iE = iC + iB, iC = iE
=
+1 CB Current Gain= 1 CE Current Gain
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
Outline
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Outline
1 Introduction
2 BJT Structure
3 Transistor Action
4 NPN Models
5 PNP Transistor Action
6 PNP Models
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Introduction BJT Structure Transistor Action NPN Models PNP Transistor Action PNP Models
PNP Transistor Models in Active Mode
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PNP Transistor Models in Active Mode
The PNP transistor may be replaced by any of the following models in
the active region:
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