Figure from Press and Seiver?

From Horowitz et al., 1990; Horowitz, 1991

Sampling MethodArkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1990; figure from Horowitz, 1991

D.I – Depth integrated sampleD-50 – Equal discharge increment vertical taken 50 ft from left bankP – point sample obtained at 20 % depth, 54 ft from left bankB – 65 – Pump sample obtained 20 % of depth, 65 ft from left bankD-75 – Equal discharge increment vertical taken 75 feet from left bank

Spatial Variations in Channel Velocities

Modified from Wolman, 1955;Figure from Ritter et al., 2002

Figure from Press and Seiver?

Horizontal Variations in Suspended Sediment Concentrations

(Arkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1990)

Feet from Left Bank

Figure from Horowitz, 1991

Vertical Variations in Suspended Sediment Concentrations

(Cowlitz River, from Horowitz, 1991)

Horizontal Variations in Trace Metal Concentrations

(Arkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1990)

Feet from Left Bank

Figure from Horowitz, 1991

Vertical Variations in Trace Metal Concentrations

Cowlitz River, From Horowitz, 1991

Temporal Variations at a StationArkansas River, Data from Horowitz et al., 1991; figure from Horowitz, 1991

From Nagano, T., Yanase, N.,. Tsuduki, K., and Nagao, S., 2003. Particulate and dissolved elemental loads in the Kuji River related to discharge rate. Environment International 28:649-658, Fig. 6, p. 654.

Dis

solv

ed

Fo

rmC

once

ntr

atio

n (

ng

/L)

Dis

solv

ed

Fo

rmC

once

ntr

atio

n (

ng

/L)

Water Discharge (m3/sec)Water Discharge (m3/sec)

Na

Li

K

Sr

Mn

100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103

100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103

100

101

102

103

104

10-1

105

100

101

102

103

104

10-1

105

100

101

102

103

104

106

105

108

107

102

103

104

106

105

Ba

As

Co

Cd

Cu

Th

U

Cr

Fe

Types of Hysteresis Effects(adapted from Williams, 1989)

Figure from Ritter et al., 2002

Diagram showing possible transport pathways of solutes within the hillslope hydrological system (modified from Burt, 1996; Buttle, 1994, and Burt and Pinay, 2005).

From Evans, C., and Davies, T.D., 1998. Causes of concentration/discharge hysteresisAnd its potential as a tool for analysis of episode hydrochemistry. Water ResourcesResearch, 34:129-137, fig 2, p. 131, and fig. 4, p. 132.

0 20 40 600 20 40 60

0 20 40 60

Cse - Conc. of Surface Event WaterCso - Conc. of Soil WaterCg - Conc. of Groundwater

Discharge (arbitrary units) Discharge (arbitrary units)

Discharge (arbitrary units) Discharge (arbitrary units) Discharge (arbitrary units)

Discharge (arbitrary units)Discharge (arbitrary units)Discharge (arbitrary units)

Con

c en t

r at io

n(A

r bit r

ary

Un

its)

0 20 40 600 20 40 60 0 20 40 60

0 20 40 600 20 40 60Con

c en t

r at io

n(A

r bit r

ary

Un

its)

Con

c en t

r at io

n(A

r bit r

ary

Un

its)

4050

60

708090

4050

60

708090

405060708090

405060708090

80

100

120

110

130

150

110

130

150

C1 (Cse>Cg>Cso) C2 (Cse>Cso>Cg) C3 (Cg>Cse>Cso)

A1 (Cso>Cg>Cse) A2 (Cso>Cse>Cg) A3 (Cg>Cso>Cse)

(Cse = Cso>Cg) (Cso > Cse = Cg)

70

90

110

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

(g) (h)

120

120

140

140100

80

90

110

From Shiller A.M., Dissolved trace elements n the Mississippi River: Seasonal, Interannual, and decadal variability. Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta61:4321-4330, fig. 1, p. 4322.

0

2

4

6

0

20

40

60

80

0

0

0

1

2

10

20

20

40

40

3060

80

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00 0.00

0.04

0.08

0.12

0.16

Oct. 91

Jan. 92Apr. 92

Jul. 92Oct. 92

Jan. 93

Apr. 93Jul. 93

Oct. 93

Lead

Zinc

Iron

Manganese

Dis

solv

ed C

once

ntra

tion

(nM

)

Pa

rtic

ula

te C

onc

entr

atio

n (um

ol/g

)

uM

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Particulate Dissolved

uM

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

uM

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

uM

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

8.2

8.4pH

8.6

uM D

.O.

550

1100

3300

2250

2200

1150

pH

D.O.

8.0

8.89.0

Cu

Mn

Zn

12:00 12:00 18:0018:00 00:0000:00 6:006:007/21/94 7/22/94 7/23/94

From Brick, C.M, and Moore, J.N., 1996. Diel variation of trace metals In the Upper Clark Fork River, Montana. Environmental Science and Technology, 30:1953-1960, fig. 2 and fig. 3, pg. 1955.

From Sullivan, A.B., Drever, J.I., and McKnight, D.M., 1998. Diel variationin element concentrations, Peru Creek, Summit County, Colorado. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 64:141-145, fig. 6, p. 144.

Time of Day

UV

Ra

diat

ion

(uW

/Cm

2 )

3000

0

6000

9000

0

6000

9000

12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:000.34

0.37

0.40

0.43

0.46

0.49

0.520.00

UV

Ra

diat

ion

(uW

/Cm

2 )0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

Fe

(p

pm

)F

e (

pp

m)

Fe

UV

3000

From Brick, C.M, and Moore, J.N., 1996. Diel variation of trace metalsIn the Upper Clark Fork River, Montana. Environmental Science and Technology, 30:1953-1960, fig. 8, pg. 1958.

Aquatic life chronic toxicitylimit

Cu

(mic

r om

ola

r)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

12:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 06:007/21/94 7/22/94 7/23/94

Variations in Suspended Sediment

Concentration with Discharge

Types of Hysteresis Effects(adapted from Williams, 1989)

Figure from Ritter et al., 2002

1941 Flood, San Juan River(data from Leopold and Maddaock, 1953)

Figure from Ritter et al., 2002

Controls on Suspended Sediment Concentration-Discharge

Relationships• Intensity and areal distribution of precipitation event;

• The amount and rate of runoff;

• Distance of the sampling site from sources of water and sediment production (upland areas);

• Differences in the transport rates between water and sediment;

• The amount of sediment stored within and along the channel; and

• The depletion of easily eroded debris within the channel or the surrounding uplands

Figure from Salomons, W. and Eysink, Q., 1981. Pathways of mud and particulate trace metals from rivers to the southern North Sea Basin. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentology 5:429-450.

0 2000 4000m3/s

Cdmg/kg

0 2000 4000m3/s

mg/kg Cr2000

1500

1000

500

0

100

75

50

25

0

Rel

ativ

e M

ass

Tra

nsp

ort

of M

n,

Cr,

Ni,

Cu

, an

d F

e (x

102 )

Mn

Fe

Co

Cr

Ni

Cu

0.10

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

Amazon River

Particle Diameter (mm)1.0 10 100 250

Particle Diameter (mm)

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36 1800

1600

000

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0.1 1.0 10 100 250

Rel

ativ

e M

ass

Tra

nspo

rt o

f Mn,

Cr,

Ni,

and

Cu

Rel

ativ

e M

a ss

Tra

nspo

rt o

f Fe

Yukon River

Mn

Fe

Cu

Co

Cr

Ni

Figure modified from from Gibbs, 1977

Flu

x

Time

Load

Figure modified from Richards 2001

Figure from Richards, R.P., 2001. Estimation of pollutant loads in rivers and streams. A guidance document for NPS programs. Report to the USEPA, Region VIII, Grant No. X998397-01-0, fig. 2a, p. 8 (government doc., no permission needed).

100 200 30000

200

400

600

800

1000

00

200

400

600

800

1000

00

200

400

600

800

1000100 200 300

100 200 300

Time (days)

Load

(x

103 m

etric

tons

)

Beale Ratio Estimator