Figure DR1. Detailed, composite stratigraphic log of the ... · Figure DR1. Detailed, composite...

1

Figure DR1. Detailed, composite stratigraphic log of the studied sections

Stratigraphic log of the studied composite section with details of ammonite zones and

subzones, lithology, bed numbers, location of the main shell beds and of the collected

samples and sampled localities (in blue). Reference bed numbers, ammonite zones and

subzones follow Howarth (1955, 1962, 1973); lithostratigraphy follows Howard (1985) and

Rawson & Wright (1995). Subzone abbreviations: hask: hawskerense; clev: clevelandicum;

tenuicost: tenuicostatum.

GSA Data Repository 2015096

2

Figure DR2. Detail of the PCoA plots.

A, PCoA plot of the environmental variables with sample number. B, PCoA plot of the

benthos dataset with sample numbers. C, PCoA plot of the nekton dataset with sample

numbers. Legend as in Figure 3. Note: “sulfur band” samples have similar taxonomic

composition to samples in the extinction interval at the top of the Grey Shale Member. In B

and C the overlaid vectors represent the raw Pearson correlations of the ten most abundant

taxa with the PCoA axes. Species in B, 1–Tetrarhynchia tetraedra; 2–Pseudolimea

acuticostata; 3–Nicaniella striatosulcata; 4–Pseudopecten equivalvis; 5–Paleonucula navis;

6–Levipleura blainvillei; 7–Bositra radiata; 8–Pseudomytiloides dubius; 9–B. buchii; 10–

Meleagrinella substriata. Species in C: 1–Passaloteuthis bisulcata; 2–Dactylioceras

semicelatum; 3–D. tenuicostatum; 4–Tiltoniceras antiquum; 5–Eleganticeras elegantulum; 6–

Cleviceras exaratum; 7–Acrocoelites trisulculosus; 8–Hildaites murleyi; 9–C. elegans; 10–A.

subtenuis; 11–Harpoceras falciferum; 12–Dactylioceras spp. Ammonites in blue, belemnites

in red, dashed line.

3

Table DR1. Environmental variables and their interpretation.

Proxy Source Basis Interpretation Reference

δ13Corg

(‰)

Organic

matter

Exchange of carbon between

isotopically depleted organic and

isotopically enriched inorganic

reservoirs.

Positive excursion: globally increased rates of

organic matter burial and increased productivity.

Negative excursion: introduction of isotopically

light carbon into the ocean–atmosphere system

(e.g., volcanism, methane hydrates).

Cohen et al., 2004;

Kemp et al., 2005;

Littler et al., 2010.

δ18O (‰) Belemnite

calcite

Temperature-dependent isotopic

fractionation between authigenic

carbonate minerals and ambient

waters.

Positive excursion: sea water cooling.

Negative excursion: warming and/or input of

fresh waters.

McArthur et al.,

2000; Saelen et al.,

1996; Korte and

Hesselbo 2011.

87Sr/86Sr Belemnite

calcite

Continental crust and oceanic crust are

relatively enriched and depleted in 87Sr,

respectively.

Positive excursion: nutrient input from high rates

of weathering of continental rocks.

McArthur et al.,

2000.

δ34S CAS

(‰)

Belemnite

calcite

Sulfur cycle primarily controlled by

bacterial sulfate reduction.

Positive excursion: increase in burial rate of

pyrite (removal of 32S) in sediments deposited

under euxinic conditions, indicating high nutrient

input from recycling of organic material in ocean

sediments.

Gill et al., 2011;

Newton et al. 2011.

TOC

(wt %)

Bulk rock The weight percent of organic carbon in

sediments depends on

paleoproductivity, redox conditions and

terrigenous detrital matter influx.

Positive excursion: high surface productivity

and/or local anoxia.

McArthur et al.,

2008.

δ98/95Mo

(‰)

Bulk rock δ98/95Mo changes reflect expansion and

contraction of oxic sinks.

Positive excursion: extreme anoxic and/or

euxinic conditions in the water column and

basinal restriction.

Pearce et al., 2008.

Lithology - Lithology can be used as a general

guide to paleoenvironment as

parameters such as grain size broadly

correlate with depositional energy and,

frequently, with water depth.

Broadly, muddy sediments settle in lower

energy, usually deeper, water than sandy

sediments

Danise et al. 2013

4

Table DR2. Marginal test on the benthos and nekton datasets.

All the selected variables have a significant relationship with the benthos and nekton

multivariate dataset. As the value of Pseudo-F increases, the likelihood that the null

hypothesis of no relationship between response and predictor variables is true diminishes.

Pseudo-F, pseudo-F statistic. Prop, proportion of explained variation

Benthos Nekton

Predictor

variable Pseudo-F p value Prop Predictor variable Pseudo-F p value Prop

δ13Corg 18.931 0.0001 20.15% δ13Corg 10.757 0.0001 11.60%

δ18O 28.251 0.0001 27.36% δ18O 16.684 0.0001 16.91%

87Sr/86Sr 35.996 0.0001 32.43% 87Sr/86Sr 49.615 0.0001 37.70%

δ34S 28.839 0.0001 27.77% δ34S 39.481 0.0001 32.50%

TOC 10.148 0.0001 11.92% TOC 10.123 0.0001 10.99%

δ98/95 Mo 46.801 0.0001 38.42% δ98/95 Mo 34.64 0.0001 29.70%

Lithology 9.506 0.0001 40.10% Lithology 8.4026 0.0001 35.01%

Table DR3. Pearson Linear Correlation (r) coefficients between the selected

environmental variables.

In bold the highly positive correlation between 87Sr/86Sr and δ34S. The hash (#) indicates

correlations that are not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

δ13Corg δ18O 87Sr/86Sr δ34S TOC

δ18O 0.688

87Sr/86Sr -0.151# -0.486

δ34S -0.140# -0.485 0.921

TOC -0.757 -0.529 -0.048# -0.002#

δ98/95 Mo -0.358 -0.622 0.843 0.728 0.151#

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Table DR4. Sequential test of the Nekton dataset using step-wise model selection and

with 87Sr/86Sr excluded from the model.

Pseudo-F, pseudo-F statistic. Prop, proportion of explained variation. Cumul, cumulative

proportion of explained variation.

Predictor

variable AICc Pseudo-F p value Prop Cumul

δ34S 660.61 39.481 0.0001 32.50% 32.50%

TOC 647.75 15.854 0.0001 11.05% 43.55%

δ98/95 Mo 637.87 12.385 0.0001 7.57% 51.12%

δ13Corg 627.68 12.62 0.0001 6.73% 57.85

6

Appendix DR1: Methods, detailed information

Sampling. Coastal sections were sampled at Staithes (54°33′23″N 00°47′43″W), Port

Mulgrave (54°32′48″N 00°46′13″W), Runswick Bay (54°32′4″N 00°45′18″W), Kettleness

(54°31′43″N 00°43′1″W), and Saltwick Bay (54°28′54″N 00°35′32″W), North Yorkshire,

UK. Correlation between sections measured in different studies was possible due to the high

rock exposure in the area and the numerous marker beds of carbonate nodules, sideritic

concretions, and distinctive lithologies. The average stratigraphic resolution of samples is less

than 0.5 meters. Of these, 55 samples were collected by CTSL (Little, 1995), and the

remaining 44 were collected during 2012 from foreshore exposures. CTSL’s samples were

collected every meter, on average, through the study interval, apart from at the top of the

Grey Shale Member where the samples were collected at a decimeter scale. At each sample

point, all the benthic macro-invertebrate fossils found in the field were counted and species

abundance was recorded. Representative specimens were taken back to the laboratory for

identification. The 2012 samples were collected every 1.5 meters on average, through the

study interval, and a standard quantity of 3 kg of bulk rock was collected at each sample

point. Samples were mechanically disaggregated in the laboratory with the use of sharp

chisels, and all recognizable macrofossils were counted and identified.

Biotic variables dataset. The total dataset consists of 99 samples, 66 taxa and 11,318

individuals. It includes abundance data for bivalves, gastropods, scaphopods, brachiopods,

echinoderms (crinoids), serpulids, ammonites and belemnites, which were identified at the

finest taxonomic level possible. The numbers of individuals were estimated from the

preserved bioclasts by following the methodology of Little (1995) for both the 1995 and 2012

datasets. For bivalves and brachiopods, the number of individuals was obtained by adding

together the number of articulated specimens and the number of disarticulated valves. The

number of gastropod individuals was equated to the number of individual apices, and each

discrete cluster of crinoid ossicles was counted as one individual.

The biotic variables have been divided in two datasets, one with benthic and the other with

nektonic taxa. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM; Clarke, 1993) was carried out to test the

difference between samples collected with the two different sampling methods. The resulting

pair-wise R-values give an absolute measure of separation between the groups, on a scale of

zero (indistinguishable) to one (no similarity between groups). For the benthos, the null

hypothesis of no difference between the two sample sets was retained (R = -0.007; p= 0.563).

For the Nekton, R is almost zero, indicating the two groups are indistinguishable (R = 0.037;

p= 0.07). This confirms that samples do not group according to the two different sampling

methods and can be merged in a single dataset.

Data analysis. For each sample, alpha diversity was measured using the Simpson index of

diversity (1-d; Simpson, 1949), an appropriate measure of diversity for species abundance

data when sample size is not homogeneous. The Simpson index of diversity ranges from zero

(one taxon dominates the community completely) to one (all taxa are equally present), and it

represents the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong

to different species (Clarke and Warwick 2001). The two diversity curves shown in Figure 1

were then smoothed using the 3-point moving average function (Hammer et al. 2001), and

correlated with the Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rs) before and after the extinction

interval.

7

Linear interpolation was used to interpolate values of the environmental variables according

to the heights of the macro-invertebrate samples, and relationships amongst them analyzed

with the Pearson Liner Correlation Coefficient (r). In one instance (δ98/95Mo), 5 missing

values from a total of 99 data points, were estimated using the Expectation-Maximization

algorithm for optimal prediction of missing data provided by the Primer Software (Clarke and

Warwick, 2001). Lithology (fine sandstone, siltstone, silty mudstone, mudstone, clay-rich

weakly laminated mudstone, clay-rich laminated mudstone) was added to the dataset and

treated as a categorical variable. Ordination methods were used to visualize patterns in

multivariate data. Before singletons were removed and abundances were percentage and

fourth-root transformed; environmental data were normalized. A non-constrained ordination

(PCoA, Principal coordinates analysis; Gower, 1966) was performed on the macro-

invertebrate data using a Bray Curtis similarity measure and on the environmental data using

a Euclidean distance measure. The relationship between the macro-invertebrate datasets and

the environmental variables was analyzed using nonparametric multivariate regression using

the DISTLM routine (Anderson et al., 2008). Individual environmental variables were

analyzed separately for their relationship with the macro-invertebrate (marginal test) and all

together were subjected to a step-wise selection procedure (sequential test) to develop a

model of the species data using the Aikake’s Information Criterion corrected for sample size

(AICc; Burnham et al., 2011). The step-wise method begins with a null hypothesis containing

no predictor variables. The predictor variable with the best value for the selection criterion is

chosen first, followed by the variable that, together with the first, improves the selection

criterion the most, and so on. However, at each step, forward selection seeks for possible

backward variable eliminations to improve the criterion. The procedure stops when no

improvement in the selection criterion can be made by either adding or deleting a term

(Anderson et al., 2008). Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA; Legendre and

Anderson 1999), a constrained ordination method, was applied to explicitly visualize the

relationship between environmental variables and the fossil community assemblage. All

analyses were performed with the software Primer 6 & Permanova (Clarke and Warwick,

2001; Anderson et al., 2008).

8

APPENDIX DR2: Macro-invertebrate and environmental data.

Number of individuals calculated using the methods explained in Appendix DR1. Environmental variables interpolated according to the heights of the

macro-invertebrate samples (see Appendix DR1). Abbreviations: Lithology: F-SND–fine sandstone; SL–siltstone, SL-MD–silty mudstone; MD–mudstone;

WlamMD–clay-rich weakly laminated mudstone; lamMD–clay-rich laminated mudstone. Danise (1) –samples collected by Danise et al. in 2012; Little (2) –

samples collected by CTS Little in 1995.

GS1 GS2 GS3 GS4 GS5 GS6 GS7 GS8 GS9 GS10 GS11 GS12 GS13 GS14 GS15 GS16 GS17 GS18

Species - Benthos Paleonucula navis 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 7 62 47 11 3 5 4 0 2 Nuculana sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mesosaccella galatea 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grammatodon insons 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Modiolus scalprum 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinna folium 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 4 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oxytoma inequivalvis 0 0 0 11 5 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meleagrinella substriata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bositra radiata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bositra buchii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parainoceramus sp.A 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Pseudomytiloides dubius 0 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Liostrea hisingeri 2 0 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pseudolimea acuticostata 5 1 18 0 3 15 4 6 3 21 2 0 9 0 2 1 2 6 Plicatula spinosa 0 4 6 1 1 0 11 15 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 Entolium lunare 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 Camptonectes auritus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camptonectes sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Pseudopecten equivalvis 3 15 104 8 16 23 39 28 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 8 2 11 Nucinella sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Protocardia truncata 0 0 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nicaniella striatosulcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 4 6 19 1 2 23 2 1 14 2 22 Gresslya intermedia 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 Eotrapezium cucculatum 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mactromya cardioides 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Pholadomya ambigua 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pleuromya costata 13 0 2 0 1 0 2 2 0 4 0 2 3 0 0 0 12 1 Levipleura blainvillei 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 3 46 1 6 9 0 0 5 4 6 Cylindrobullina sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 Oolitica clevelandica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Procerithium sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dentalium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lobothyris punctata 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetrarhynchia tetraedra 16 0 0 2 0 0 2 7 2 12 10 0 4 0 0 7 2 9 Gibbirhynchia amalthei 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Discinisca papyracea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lingularia longovicensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balanocrinus donovani 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seirocrinus subangularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Isocrinus basaltiformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pentacrinites dichotomus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9

Pentacrinites sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Serpula sp.A 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

Species - Nekton Pleuroceras hawskerense 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras clevelandicum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 Dactylioceras tenuicostatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras semicelatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras crosbey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 Dactylioceras spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tiltoniceras antiquum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ElegantIceras elegantulum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cleviceras exaratum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cleviceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harpoceras falciferum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harpoceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phylloceras heterophyllum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nodicoeloceras incrassatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hildaites murleyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis zeiteni 0 0 6 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis polita 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Passaloteuthis bisulcata 7 0 5 0 4 1 9 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 14 2 Passaloteuthis milleri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Acrocoelites trisulculosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acrocoelites subtenuis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Youngibelus tubularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Simpsonibelus dorsalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Environmental variables δ13Corg (‰) -27.057 -27.000 -28.160 -26.270 -26.220 -25.960 -27.840 -27.340 -25.772 -25.620 -25.442 -25.334 -25.767 -25.758 -25.333 -25.734 -25.903 -25.681

δ18O (‰) -0.734 -0.793 -0.852 -1.194 -0.530 -0.546 -1.235 -1.293 -2.483 -2.387 -1.861 -1.718 -0.599 -0.570 -0.713 -0.075 -0.189 -0.231 87Sr/86Sr 0.707074 0.707077 0.70708 0.707076 0.707072 0.707069 0.707068 0.707068 0.70707 0.70707 0.707071 0.707071 0.707075 0.707075 0.707078 0.707078 0.707079 0.707079

δ34S CAS (‰) 16.491 16.500 16.509 16.582 16.600 15.475 15.913 15.943 17.100 16.993 16.407 16.167 16.170 16.172 16.200 14.225 15.892 15.177 TOC (wt %) 0.900 1.254 1.608 1.368 1.403 1.442 1.547 2.516 1.160 1.198 1.406 1.462 1.000 1.000 1.000 2.075 1.974 1.926 δ98/95Mo (‰) NA NA NA NA NA NA -0.453 -0.446 -0.365 -0.356 -0.308 -0.295 -0.192 -0.189 -0.132 -0.092 -0.057 -0.044 Lithology F-SND 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL-MD 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 MD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 WlamMD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lamMD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Additional information

Subzone P.

haws. P.

haws. P.

haws. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. P. palt. D. clev. D. clev. D. clev. D. clev. Stratigraphic height (m) 2.3 2.35 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.05 3.5 3.58 4.5 4.6 5.15 5.3 6.47 6.5 7.15 7.6 8 8.15 Danise (1) Little (2) 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 Bed Number 57 57 57 59 60 1 2 2 5 6 6 8 14 14 18 19a 19a 19b

10

GS19 GS20 GS21 GS22 GS23 GS24 GS25 GS26 GS27 GS28 GS29 GS30 GS31 GS32 GS33 GS34 GS35 GS36

Species - Benthos Paleonucula navis 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 Nuculana sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 6 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 Mesosaccella galatea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grammatodon insons 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 10 1 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 Modiolus scalprum 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinna folium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oxytoma inequivalvis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 3 0 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 1 Meleagrinella substriata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bositra radiata 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 6 1 18 259 38 Bositra buchii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parainoceramus sp.A 0 0 10 0 0 5 8 15 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 7 Pseudomytiloides dubius 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Liostrea hisingeri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudolimea acuticostata 2 0 1 0 0 2 20 27 14 0 8 2 0 1 2 0 0 1 Plicatula spinosa 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Entolium lunare 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camponectes auritus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camptonectes sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudopecten equivalvis 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 8 1 0 3 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 Nucinella sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 1 Protocardia truncata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Nicaniella striatosulcata 3 3 3 1 1 4 12 64 11 2 5 3 3 4 0 0 0 0 Gresslya intermedia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 Eotrapezium cucculatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 11 7 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mactromya cardioides 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pholadomya ambigua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pleuromya costata 0 0 0 2 0 0 3 13 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 Levipleura blainvillei 0 10 1 2 17 0 0 2 0 12 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrobullina sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oolitica clevelandica 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Procerithium sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dentalium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lobothyris punctata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetrarhynchia tetraedra 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gibbirhynchia amalthei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Discinisca papyracea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lingularia longovicensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balanocrinus donovani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seirocrinus subangularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Isocrinus basaltiformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pentacrinites dichotomus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pentacrinites sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Serpula sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Species - Nekton Pleuroceras hawskerense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras clevelandicum 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras tenuicostatum 0 8 10 0 3 27 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras semicelatum 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 115 9 3 30 60 25 50 64 52 2 142 Dactylioceras crosbey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras spp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tiltoniceras antiquum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11

ElegantIceras elegantulum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cleviceras exaratum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cleviceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harpoceras falciferum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harpoceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phylloceras heterophyllum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nodicoeloceras incrassatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hildaites murleyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis zeiteni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis polita 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Passaloteuthis bisulcata 3 0 2 0 0 0 3 30 1 0 2 0 8 6 5 0 0 2 Passaloteuthis milleri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Acrocoelites trisulculosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acrocoelites subtenuis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Youngibelus tubularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Simpsonibelus dorsalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Environmental variables δ13Corg (‰) -25.622 -25.426 -25.370 -25.535 -25.510 -25.478 -25.186 -25.349 -25.561 -25.611 -25.621 -25.624 -26.000 -26.267 -25.980 -26.010 -25.950 -26.100 δ18O (‰) -0.402 -0.501 -0.630 -0.685 -0.795 -0.813 0.061 0.794 0.780 0.743 0.283 0.028 -1.066 -1.481 -1.605 -2.490 -2.785 -2.610 87Sr/86Sr 0.707079 0.707082 0.707085 0.707086 0.707087 0.707086 0.707085 0.707082 0.707088 0.70709 0.707097 0.707096 0.70709 0.707089 0.70709 0.707089 0.707088 0.707087

δ34S CAS (‰) 17.627 17.382 16.901 17.509 18.725 18.927 18.175 15.581 14.541 15.023 16.470 16.952 17.080 16.506 16.444 16.478 16.489 16.500 TOC (wt %) 1.732 1.738 1.815 1.848 2.575 3.137 1.657 2.008 2.008 2.113 2.534 2.675 3.280 3.659 4.011 4.222 4.292 4.363 δ98/95Mo (‰) 0.009 0.037 0.013 0.003 -0.017 -0.020 -0.123 -0.274 -0.180 -0.120 0.060 0.120 0.447 0.843 1.250 1.264 1.269 1.273 Lithology F-SND 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL-MD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MD 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 WlamMD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lamMD: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Additional information

Subzone D. clev. D. tenu. D. tenu. D. tenu. D. tenu. D. tenu. D. tenu. D. semi. D. semi. D.

semi. D. semi. D. semi. D.

semi. D. semi. D.

semi. D. semi. D. semi. D. semi. Stratigraphic height (m) 8.75 9.2 9.9 10.2 10.8 10.9 11.82 12.4 12.7 12.8 13.1 13.2 13.63 13.9 14.15 14.3 14.35 14.4 Danise (1) Little (2) 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 Bed Number 19c 21 21 23 25 25 27 29 29 29 29 31 31 31 31 31 31 31

12

GS37 GS38 GS39 GS40 GS41 GS42 MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4 MS5 MS6 MS7 MS8 MS9 MS10 MS11 MS12



13

ElegantIceras elegantulum 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 5 37 16 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cleviceras exaratum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 19 40 60 39 7 0 Cleviceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 Harpoceras falciferum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harpoceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phylloceras heterophyllum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nodicoeloceras incrassatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hildaites murleyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis zeiteni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis polita 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Passaloteuthis bisulcata 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Passaloteuthis milleri 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acrocoelites trisulculosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 Acrocoelites subtenuis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Youngibelus tubularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Simpsonibelus dorsalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Environmental variables δ13Corg (‰) -26.525 -27.990 -27.730 -26.970 -28.865 -30.790 -33.073 -31.760 -30.303 -31.630 -32.187 -32.010 -31.467 -31.467 -30.760 -29.720 -29.270 -29.260 δ18O (‰) -0.739 -1.047 -1.003 -0.889 -1.490 -3.733 -3.800 -3.765 -3.683 -3.603 -3.545 -4.555 -4.371 -4.371 -3.862 -3.413 -2.800 -3.020 87Sr/86Sr 0.707089 0.707093 0.707093 0.707093 0.707093 0.707092 0.707103 0.707097 0.707088 0.707102 0.707106 0.707115 0.707121 0.707121 0.707124 0.707126 0.707141 0.707138

δ34S CAS (‰) 16.678 16.577 16.478 16.220 16.067 17.333 17.200 16.867 16.067 15.293 15.288 19.360 18.767 18.767 20.700 21.200 22.033 21.100 TOC (wt %) 4.635 4.612 4.602 4.709 4.886 3.976 5.700 5.917 6.547 7.320 8.093 14.010 16.803 16.803 13.618 9.741 7.274 6.569 δ98/95Mo (‰) 1.348 1.366 1.379 1.425 1.506 1.530 1.292 1.067 1.472 0.917 1.035 1.221 0.865 0.865 0.829 0.990 1.233 1.209 Lithology F-SND 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL-MD 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MD 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 WlamMD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 lamMD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 Additional information Subzone D. semi. D. semi. D. semi. D. semi. D. semi. D. semi. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. H. exar. Stratigraphic height (m) 15.2 15.4 15.48 15.69 16 16.9 17.15 17.4 18 18.58 19 19.9 20.2 20.2 21 21.55 21.9 22 Danise (1) Little (2) 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 Bed Number 32 32 32 32 32 32 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 36 37 37 37

14

MS13 MS14 MS15 MS16 MS17 MS18 MS19 MS20 MS21 MS22 MS23 MS24 MS25 MS26 MS27 MS28 MS29 MS30



15


δ34S CAS (‰) 20.604 20.325 20.680 20.582 20.829 21.014 21.240 21.400 21.400 21.400 22.025 22.123 22.682 22.945 23.024 23.603 23.603 23.926 TOC (wt %) 5.226 4.300 2.075 4.060 4.032 4.060 3.660 4.264 4.083 3.748 3.046 2.807 3.145 3.448 3.539 3.120 3.120 2.789 δ98/95Mo (‰) 1.133 1.673 1.708 1.760 1.796 1.718 1.623 1.856 1.940 2.004 2.015 2.017 1.850 1.726 1.694 1.521 1.521 1.651 Lithology F-SND 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL-MD 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 WlamMD 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 lamMD 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Additional information Subzone H. exar. H. exar. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. Stratigraphic height (m) 22.31 23.2 23.4 23.7 24.3 24.75 25.3 26.3 26.65 27.3 28.3 28.45 29.3 29.7 29.82 30.7 30.7 31.55 Danise (1) Little (2) 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 Bed Number 38 39 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 43 43 43 43

16

MS31 MS32 MS33 MS34 MS35 MS36 MS37 MS38 MS39 MS40 MS41 MS42 MS43 MS44 MS45 MS46 MS47 MS48



17


δ34S CAS (‰) 24.001 24.120 23.948 23.134 21.391 21.088 21.047 20.994 20.990 20.983 20.927 20.909 20.891 20.820 20.810 20.750 20.737 21.450 TOC (wt %) 3.500 3.286 3.400 3.217 3.320 3.576 3.143 3.416 3.392 3.343 2.971 3.175 2.985 2.568 2.548 2.430 2.406 1.514 δ98/95Mo (‰) 1.701 1.749 1.747 1.745 1.740 1.765 1.821 2.003 2.018 2.048 2.120 2.065 2.011 1.792 1.759 1.657 1.660 1.681 Lithology F-SND 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL-MD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WlamMD 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 lamMD 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Additional information Subzone H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. Stratigraphic height (m) 31.88 32.4 32.88 33.3 34.2 34.52 35.1 35.85 35.9 36 36.8 37.05 37.3 38.3 38.45 39.3 39.48 40.5 Danise (1) Little (2) 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 Bed Number 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 46

18

MS49 MS50 MS51 MS52 MS53 MS54 MS55 MS56 MS57

Species - Benthos Paleonucula navis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nuculana sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mesosaccella galatea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Grammatodon insons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Modiolus scalprum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pinna folium 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oxytoma inequivalvis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meleagrinella substriata 16 6 4 10 4 18 2 35 196 Bositra radiata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Bositra buchii 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Parainoceramus sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudomytiloides dubius 4 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 15 Liostrea hisingeri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudolimea acuticostata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Plicatula spinosa 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Entolium lunare 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camponectes auritus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Camptonectes sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pseudopecten equivalvis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nucinella sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Protocardia truncata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nicaniella striatosulcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gresslya intermedia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Eotrapezium cucculatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mactromya cardioides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pholadomya ambigua 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pleuromya costata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Levipleura blainvillei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cylindrobullina sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Oolitica clevelandica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Procerithium sp.A 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 Dentalium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Lobothyris punctata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tetrarhynchia tetraedra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gibbirhynchia amalthei 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Discinisca papyracea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lingularia longovicensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balanocrinus donovani 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Seirocrinus subangularis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Isocrinus basaltiformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pentacrinites dichotomus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pentacrinites sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Serpula sp.A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Species - Nekton Pleuroceras hawskerense 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras clevelandicum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras tenuicostatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras semicelatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras crosbey 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dactylioceras spp. 1 5 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 Tiltoniceras antiquum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

19

ElegantIceras elegantulum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cleviceras exaratum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cleviceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harpoceras falciferum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Harpoceras elegans 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phylloceras heterophyllum 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nodicoeloceras incrassatum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hildaites murleyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis zeiteni 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Parapassaloteuthis polita 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Passaloteuthis bisulcata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Passaloteuthis milleri 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acrocoelites trisulculosus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acrocoelites subtenuis 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 2 Youngibelus tubularis 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Simpsonibelus dorsalis 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 Environmental variables δ13Corg (‰) -27.021 -27.100 -27.042 -27.038 -27.301 -27.586 -27.588 -27.456 -27.418 δ18O (‰) -2.737 -2.755 -2.678 -2.674 -2.506 -2.337 -2.333 -2.323 -3.154 87Sr/86Sr 0.707196 0.707197 0.707196 0.707196 0.707195 0.707193 0.707193 0.707188 0.707187 δ34S CAS (‰) 21.780 22.800 23.593 23.583 23.167 22.751 22.740 22.260 22.127 TOC (wt %) 1.668 2.146 2.300 2.300 2.498 2.160 2.100 2.400 1.900 δ98/95Mo (‰) 1.685 1.698 1.714 1.715 1.730 1.692 1.689 1.536 1.493 Lithology F-SND 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SL-MD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WlamMD 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 lamMD 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Additional information Subzone H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. H. falc. Stratigraphic height (m) 40.72 41.4 42.2 42.22 43 43.78 43.8 44.7 44.95 Danise (1) Little (2) 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 Bed Number 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47 47

20

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