Figure App. 4.1

Atomic Structure…

The MOST ABUNDANT ATOM, HYDROGEN, PLUS ITS ISOTOPES.

SALT (SODIOUM CHLORIDE) MOST ABUNDANT SOLUTE IN OCEANS

ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF WATER

REAL OBSERVED ELECTRON DISTRIBUTIONS IN COPPER OXIDE

EQUILIBRIA ARE KEY ELEMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING NATURE…

UNITS OF MEASURE

CGS UNITS FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES:

QUANTITY MEANS? UNITS USED(abbreviation)

TEMPERATURE ...........HEAT CONTENT.............DEGREE KELVIN ( K)

MASS...................AMOUNT OF MATTER.........GRAMS (GM)

TIME...................MEASURE OF DURATION......SECONDS (SEC)

LENGTH.................LINEAR MEASURE...........CENTIMETER (CM)

ELEC TRIC CHARGE........CHARGE ON ELECTRON.......ELECTROSTATICUNIT

FROM THESE, W E CAN DERIVE MOST OTHER QUANTITIES: E.G.

DERIVED UNITS

AREA = LENGTH(1) TIMES LENGTH(2).....SCALAR

SPEED = LENG TH PER UNIT TIME...CM PER SEC OND =CM/SEC.....SCALAR

VELOCITY = LENGTH/UNIT TIME TOW ARDS A DIRECTION.....VECTOR

LENGTH (W ITH DIRECTION).....VEC TOR (W ITHOUTDIREC TION).....SCALAR

MORE SCALARS: VOLUME, MASS, CHARGE..... ALL HAVE MAGNITUDEONLY

MORE VECTORS: FORCE, MOMENTUM, PRESSURE .... MAGNITUDE and DIREC TION

NEWTON’S LAWSNEW TON'S 1ST LAW : LAW OF INERTIA

An object remains in i ts initial state whether of rest or c onstant velocityuntil acted upon by an external force.

NEW TON'S 2ND LAW : LAW OF FORCE

F = m a in DYNES

NEW TON'S 3RD LAW : LAW OF RESPONSE

For every ac tion, there is an equal and opposite reac tion.

NEWTON’S 2ND LAW

NEW TON'S 2ND LAW : FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION

F = m

FORCE HAS UNITS..... DYNES (cgs)

MASS HAS UNITS......GRAMS

ACCELERATION HAS UNITS....... CM/SEC/SEC OR CM/SEC 2

THEREFORE: ONE DYNE = ONE GRAM-CM/SEC 2

FORCE DUE TO GRAVITY F = G m1 m2 / R2

m1 and m2 are the two objects whic h gravita tionally attract each other.

e.g. the Earth and you....

R is the distance between the two objects....

Since R is in the denominator and is squared...the force due to gravity getssmaller in proportion to the square of the distance separating the two objects....

Forc e has units dynes = gram-centimeter/second 2

G must have units to make equation correct...

G = F / (m1 m2 / R2) = (gram-cm /sec 2) gram-2 c m2 = cm3/sec2gram

G IS A "CONSTANT OF PROPORTIONALITY"

PROTOSOLAR NEBULA

Let us return to our protosolar nebula from which Earth was formed.

Eventually, after lengthy evolution, the Earth has reached this overall structure:

Solid earth, ocean,Atmosphere…

The Earth is volcanically active, resulting in gaseous emission, i.e. “VOLATILES”

STARTING MATERIAL = VOLATILES AND SEDIMENTS

Earth’s evolution did not result in much loss of matter, What was here to start is nearly ALL still here.

Volatiles arise from weathering,

but much more from volcanic activity

Volatile species are susceptible of further chemical processing…MOLECULES OF LIFELightning, entry of meteors…

Surface life is based upon photosynthesis, after long evolution.

Drawing from photomicrograph of possible early life form, 3.5 B years old…

A human hair is typically 70 microns in width

Striking evidence for the advent of photosynthetic life…

COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE

With atmosphere, oxygen, photosynthesis, plants, hydrological cycle, etc., you have an ecosphere…

A representation of the time line for Earth evolution…

The result of the weathering, volcanism, formation of atmosphere,biology, hydrological cycle, and more is our Earth climate system.