Fig 5.12 WHERE DO SEDIMENTS ORIGINATE? WEATHERING OF PRE-EXISTING ROCKS.
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Transcript of Fig 5.12 WHERE DO SEDIMENTS ORIGINATE? WEATHERING OF PRE-EXISTING ROCKS.
![Page 1: Fig 5.12 WHERE DO SEDIMENTS ORIGINATE? WEATHERING OF PRE-EXISTING ROCKS.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051215/5697bfd01a28abf838caa71b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Fig 5.12
WHERE DO SEDIMENTS ORIGINATE?
WEATHERING OF PRE-EXISTING ROCKS
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HOW ARE SEDIMENTS MOVED? (ERODED/TRANSPORTED)
• water• wind• ice• gravity
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WHERE DO SEDIMENTS ACCUMULATE?
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75% OF SURFACE ROCKS ARE SEDIMENTARY.
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JUST LIKE IGNEOUS ROCKS:
•TEXTURE MEANS SIZE OF GRAINS
Fine-grained Coarse- grained
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Sedimentary Rocks:
Form in surface environments (75% of earth’s surface)
Classified according to texture (in part)
Reflect conditions of environment of formation
Accumulate in layers over time (can be “read” likepages in a book)
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JUST LIKE IGNEOUS ROCKS:
•TEXTURE IN SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IS A MEANS TO CLASSIFY ROCKS
• BUT ALSO TELLS US ABOUT FORMATION OF ROCK …
• TEXTURE RELATES TO ENERGY OF ENVIRONMENT OF DEPOSITION
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WATER SORTS SEDIMENTS ACCORDNG TO SIZE,SO TEXTURE TELLS US ABOUT ENERGY OF E.O.D.
Increasing energy = Increasing particle size
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Layered nature of sedimentary rocks reflects depositional processes
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What are SOURCES of sediments for sedimentary rocks?
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Mechanical Weathering
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Chemical Weathering
KAlSi3O8 + H+ + HCO3- + H2O ►►
Potassium feldspar
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + K+ + HCO3- + SiO2
Clay mineral Carried away in solution
Introduced in solution
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Products from mechanical /chemical wxg
Solids (residuals) Dissolved minerals
From chem. wxg
(in solution)
secondary minerals
from chemical wxg
(clays, iron oxides)
Primary minerals
from mechanical wxg
(quartz sand)
Minerals + organics =
SOIL
DETRITAL
(CLASTIC)
SED RX
CHEMICAL
SED RX
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Conglomerate & breccia very coarse-grained
detrital rocks formed in high-energy
environments
conglomerate
breccia
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Sandstone* a coarse-grained detrital
rocks formed in a medium to high-energy
environment.
* composition of grains is commonly quartz
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Shale* a fine-grained detrital rock formed in a
low-energy environment(most common sedimentary rock).
* Composition of grains is almost always clay
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Limestone* a chemical rock formed in a
variety of environments,often with the assistance
of organisms(most common chemical
sedimentary rock).
*composition is alwayscalcite (CaCO3),
grain size is variable
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• Solution of calcite
• CO2 + H20 ► H2CO3
• CaCO3 + H2CO3 ► Ca 2+ + 2 (HCO3)-
WeatheringChemical Weathering Processes:
solid solution solution solution
29
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• CaCO3 + 2 H+ + (CO3)2- Ca 2+ + 2 (HCO3)-
Formation of Limestone Precipitation of Calcite
solid solution solution solution
30
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Rock Salt: a chemical rock
formed from evaporation of water
(evaporite)
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Sedimentary processesand life processes are intermingled
Fossils are evidence of past life. They are concentrated in
sedimentary rocks.
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• What are fossil fuels?•Coal•Oil•Natural gas
All are organic materials with C-H bonds
Fossils fuels are concentrated in sedimentary rocks.
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Geologic requirements for oil production:
• source rock
• reservoir rock
• trap
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• What is proposed relationship between
fossil fuels and global warming?
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Global carbon cycle
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Non-metallic mineral resources are concentrated in sedimentary rocks.
• Examples?
• What processes concentrate these materials?
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Limestone Quarry
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Crushed stone • Price: $6.80 per ton • Volume: 1.1 billion tons• Value? • Relative cost of development?
Copper • Price: $3,230 per ton• Volume: 2.2 million tons• Value?• Relative cost of development?
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Chemical Weathering
KAlSi3O8 + H+ + HCO3- + H2O ►►
Potassium feldspar
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + K+ + HCO3- + SiO2
Clay mineral Carried away in solution
Introduced in solution