Fig. 28-01

1 µm

Fig. 28-03a

Gr een

algae

Am

oeb

ozo

ans

Op

istho

kon

tsA

lveolates

Stram

eno

piles

Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

OomycetesE

xcavataC

hro

malveo

lataR

hizaria

Chlorarachniophytes

Forams

Radiolarians

Arch

aeplastid

a

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophyceans

Land plants

Un

ikon

ta

Slime molds

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Fig. 28-02-2

Cyanobacterium

Heterotrophiceukaryote

Over the courseof evolution,this membranewas lost.

Red alga

Green alga

Primaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Plastid

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Stramenopiles

Plastid

Euglenids

Chlorarachniophytes

Fig. 28-03l

100 µm

Fig. 28-18

Pseudopodia

200 µm

Fig. 28-03i20 µm

Fig. 28-03g

5 µm

Fig. 28-06

9 µm

Fig. 28-07

Long flagellum

Eyespot

Short flagellum

Contractile vacuole

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Plasma membrane

Light detector

PellicleEuglena (LM) 5 µm

Fig. 28-04

5 µm

Flagella

Undulating membrane

Fig. 28-11a

Contractilevacuole

Cilia

Micronucleus

Macronucleus

Oral groove

Cell mouth

Food vacuoles

(a) Feeding, waste removal, and water balance

50 µm

Fig. 28-11b-2

Compatiblemates

Diploid micronucleus

MEIOSIS

Haploidmicronucleus

Key

ConjugationReproduction

(b) Conjugation and reproduction

Diploid micronucleus

MICRONUCLEARFUSION

The originalmacronucleus disintegrates.

Fig. 28-10-3

0.5 µm

Inside human

Liver

Liver cell

Merozoite(n)

Red bloodcells

Gametocytes(n)

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Key

Merozoite

Apex

Red bloodcell

Zygote(2n)

FERTILIZATION

Gametes

Inside mosquito

MEIOSIS

Oocyst

Sporozoites(n)

Fig. 28-12

Smoothflagellum

Hairyflagellum

5 µm

Fig. 28-17-3

Germ tube

Cyst

Hyphae

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Zoospore(2n)

Zoosporangium(2n)

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Key

Oogonium

Egg nucleus (n)

Antheridial hypha with sperm nuclei (n)

MEIOSIS

Zygotegermination

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

Zygotes(oospores)(2n)

FERTILIZATION

Fig. 28-13

3 µ

m

Fig. 28-14

25 µm

Outer container

Flagellum

Living cell

Fig. 28-15

Blade

Stipe

Holdfast

Fig. 28-16-2

10 cm

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

Key

Sporangia

Sporophyte(2n)

Zoospore

MEIOSIS

Female

Gametophytes(n)

EggMale

Sperm

FERTILIZSATION

Zygote(2n)

Developingsporophyte

Mature femalegemetophyte(n)

Fig. 28-19a

Bonnemaisoniahamifera

8 mm

Fig. 28-19c

Nori. The red alga Porphyra is thesource of a traditional Japanese food. The seaweed is

grown on nets inshallow coastalwaters.

The harvestedseaweed is spreadon bamboo screensto dry.

Paper-thin, glossy sheets of norimake a mineral-rich wrap for rice,seafood, and vegetables in sushi.

Fig. 28-UN4

Chlorophytes

Charophyceans

Red algae

Green algae

Land plants

Excavata

ChromalveolataRhizariaA

rchaep

lastida

Unikonta

Fig. 28-20

Fig. 28-03j

20 µm50 µm

Fig. 28-21(a) Ulva, or sea lettuce

(b) Caulerpa, an intertidal chloro- phyte

2 cm

Fig. 28-25-2

Spores(n)

Emergingamoeba(n)

Solitary amoebas(feeding stage)(n)

Aggregatedamoebas

Migratingaggregate

Fruitingbodies(n)

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

600 µm

200 µm

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Amoebas(n)

Zygote(2n)SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Fig. 28-24-3

Feedingplasmodium

Matureplasmodium(preparing to fruit)

Youngsporangium

Maturesporangium

Stalk

4 cm

1 mm

Key

Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)

MEIOSIS

Spores(n)

Germinatingspore

Amoeboid cells(n)

Flagellatedcells(n)

Zygote (2n)

FERTILIZATION