Fig. 16-CO, p. 447

Fig. 16-1, p. 449

Fig. 16-2, p. 450

Fig. 16-3, p. 451

Fig. 16-4, p. 451

Fig. 16-4, p. 451

Carrying capacityEnvironmental

resistance

J curve S curve

Nu

mb

er

of

ind

ivid

ual

s

Time

Fig. 16-5, p. 452

Fig. 16-5, p. 452

a Random b Clumped c Uniform

Fig. 16-6a, p. 454

Fig. 16-6b, p. 455

Box 16-1, p. 456

Fig. 16-7, p. 457

Fig. 16-7, p. 457

Hundreds of hours of exposure in six months

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Zone2.0 6.5

6.0 I5.5

1.5 Standard mean high water, 5.0 ft

5.04.5 II4.03.51.0

Standard mean sea level, 3.0 ft

3.02.52.0 III

Inte

rtid

al h

eig

ht

(m)

0.5 1.5

Inte

rtid

al h

eig

ht

(ft)

1.00.5

0.0 Standard mean lower low water, 0.0: tidal datum

0.0 IV0.5

a b

Fig. 16-8, p. 458

Fig. 16-9a, p. 458

Fig. 16-9b, p. 458

Fig. 16-9c, p. 458

Fig. 16-10, p. 459

Fig. 16-11, p. 459

Fig. 16-12a, p. 460

Fig. 16-12b, p. 461

Fig. 16-12c, p. 461

Fig. 16-13, p. 462

Fig. 16-13, p. 462

0 0D

epth

(m

)

Dep

th (

ft)

700 2,30018.43 hr 19.35 hr

Sunset 18.38 hra

0 0

700 2,30005.30 hr 06.00 hr 06.30 hr

Sunrise 05.59 hrb

Dep

th (

m)

Dep

th (

ft)

Fig. 16-14, p. 463

Fig. 16-15, p. 463

Fig. 16-16, p. 464

Fig. 16-17, p. 464

Fig. 16-18a, p. 465

Fig. 16-18b, p. 465

Fig. 16-18c, p. 465

Fig. 16-19, p. 465

Fig. 16-20, p. 466

Fig. 16-20, p. 466

Bottom current

Chimney Precipitation FeO(OH) MnO2Precipitation

CaSO4 FeS Sedimentation

H2S in water

Basalt Basalt

Precipitation FeS,FeS2,CuFeS2

350°C (660°F)

350°C (660°F)

Magma

Seawater seepage

Bottom current

Chimney

PrecipitationCaSO4 FeS

Seawater seepage

Basalt

350ºC(660ºF)

350ºC(660ºF)

Basalt

PrecipitationFeS, FeS2, CuFeS2

H2S in water

Sedimentation

PrecipitationFeO(OH) MnO2

Stepped Art

Fig. 16-20, p. 466

Fig. 16-21a, p. 467

Fig. 16-21b, p. 467

Fig. 16-22, p. 468

Fig. 16-23, p. 469

Fig. 16-24, p. 470