Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

50
Fig. 15-0a

Transcript of Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Page 1: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-0a

Page 2: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-0b

Page 3: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-0c

Page 4: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-1

Page 5: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-2

Page 6: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-3a

Page 7: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-3b-1

Monomers Formation of short RNApolymers: simple “genes”

1

Page 8: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-3b-2

Monomers Formation of short RNApolymers: simple “genes”

1

Assembly of acomplementary RNAchain, the first step inreplication of the original “gene”

2

Page 9: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-4

Phanerozoic eon

Colonizationof land

Paleozoic

Animals

Meso-

zoic

Cenozoic

Origin of solarsystem andEarth

Humans

Single-celledeukaryotes Atmospheric

oxygen

Multicellulareukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Proterozoiceon

Archaeaneon

1

2 3

4

Billions of years ago

Page 10: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-5

Time (thousands of years)

1––16

11.4 17.1 22.8

1–8 1

––32

1–2

1–4

0 5.7 28.5

Fra

ctio

n o

f C

arb

on

-14

rem

ain

ing

Page 11: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-6

Page 12: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-6a

Page 13: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-6b

Page 14: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-7a

NorthAmericanPlate

Juan de FucaPlate

PhilippinePlate

IndianPlate

AntarcticPlate

AustralianPlate

Eurasian Plate

AfricanPlate

SouthAmericanPlateNazca

Plate

PacificPlate

ArabianPlate

CaribbeanPlate

Scotia Plate

Cocos Plate

Page 15: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-7b

Present

Eurasia

Mill

ion

s o

f ye

ars

ago

65.5

135

251

Mes

ozo

icC

eno

zoic

Pa

leo

zoic

Madagascar

India

Australia

Africa

Antarctica

SouthAmerica

North Americ

a

Laurasia

Gondwana

Pangaea

Page 16: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-7c

Page 17: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-7d

NorthAmerica

= Living lungfishes

Australia

Africa

AsiaEurope

SouthAmerica

= Fossilized lungfishes

Page 18: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-8

San Andreas Fault

NorthAmericanPlate

Santa Cruz

San Francisco

PacificPlate

Los Angeles

California

Page 19: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-8a

Page 20: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-9

NorthAmerica

Chicxulubcrater

YucatánPeninsula

YucatánPeninsula

•

Page 21: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-9a

YucatánPeninsula

Page 22: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-9b

Page 23: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-10

Ancestralmammal

ReptilianAncestor

250Millions of years ago

Eutherians(placentalmammals;5,010 species)

Marsupials(324 species)

Monotremes(5 species)

150200 50100 0

Page 24: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-11a

Gills

Page 25: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-11b

Chimpanzee fetus Chimpanzee adult

Human fetus Human adult

Page 26: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-11c

Missing pelvic spine

Page 27: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-12

Light-sensitivecells Fluid-filled cavity

Opticnerve

Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)

Light-sensitivecells

Eye cup

Nervefibers

Nervefibers

Opticnerve

Lens

Transparent protectivetissue (cornea)

Simple pinholecamera-type eye

Eye withprimitive lens

Opticnerve

Complexcamera-type eye

Cornea

Retina

Eye cupPatch of light-sensitive cells

Limpet Abalone Nautilus Marine snail Squid

Page 28: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-12aLight-sensitive

cells

Nervefibers

Patch of light-sensitive cells

Limpet

Page 29: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-12bLight-sensitive

cells

Eye cup

Nervefibers

Eye cup

Abalone

Page 30: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-12cFluid-filled cavity

Opticnerve

Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)

Simple pinholecamera-type eye

Nautilus

Page 31: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-12d

Layer oflight-sensitivecells (retina)

Opticnerve

Lens

Transparent protectivetissue (cornea)

Eye withprimitive lens

Marine snail

Page 32: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-12e

Lens

Opticnerve

Complexcamera-type eye

Cornea

Retina

Squid

Page 33: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-13

RECENT

Hippidion and other generaPLEISTOCENE

MIOCENE

PLIOCENE

OLIGOCENE

EOCENE

Equus

Nannippus

Pliohippus

Neohipparion

MegahippusCallippus

Hipparion

Sinohippus

Anchitherium

Archaeohippus

Hypohippus

Merychippus

Parahippus

Miohippus

Mesohippus

Orohippus

EpihippusPaleotherium

Propalaeotherium

Pachynolophus

HyracotheriumGrazersBrowsers

Page 34: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-14

Page 35: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-15aSpecies:Felis catus

Genus: Felis

Family: Felidae

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Phylum: Chordata

Kingdom: Animalia

Bacteria Domain: Eukarya Archaea

Page 36: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-15b

Order GenusFamily

Fe

lis

Fe

lida

e

Me

ph

itis

Mu

ste

lida

e Lu

tra

Ca

rniv

ora

Ca

nid

ae

Ca

nis

Species

Feliscatus

(domesticcat)

Mephitismephitis

(striped skunk)

Lutralutra

(Europeanotter)

Canislatrans

(coyote)

Canislupus(wolf)

Page 37: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-16a

Igu

ana

TAXA

Longgestation

Du

ck-b

illed

pla

typ

us

Kan

gar

oo

Bea

ver

CH

AR

AC

TE

RS

Character Table

0 00 1

0 10 1Gestation

Hair, mammaryglands 0 11 1

Long gestation

Gestation

Hair, mammary glands

Iguana

Duck-billedplatypus

Kangaroo

Beaver

Phylogenetic Tree

Page 38: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-16aa

Igu

ana

TAXA

Longgestation

Du

ck-b

illed

pla

typ

us

Kan

gar

oo

Bea

ver

CH

AR

AC

TE

RS

Character Table

0 00 1

0 10 1Gestation

Hair, mammaryglands 0 11 1

Page 39: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-16ab

Long gestation

Gestation

Hair, mammary glands

Iguana

Duck-billedplatypus

Kangaroo

Beaver

Phylogenetic Tree

Page 40: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-16b

Birds

Ornithischiandinosaurs

Pterosaurs

Commonancestor ofcrocodilians,dinosaurs,and birds

Lizardsand snakes

Crocodilians

Saurischiandinosaurs

Page 41: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-16c

Eggs

Front limb

Hind limb

Page 42: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-17

Procyonidae

Ursidae

Americanblack bear

Spectacled bear

Asian black bear

Raccoon

Lesserpanda

Brown bear

Pleistocene

Pliocene

35Oligocene

Millions of years ago

Miocene

Polar bear

Giantpanda

Sloth bear

Sun bear

30 25 20 15 10

Page 43: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-18

Computer modelof HIV

0.20

1900

Dif

fere

nce

s b

etw

een

HIV

seq

uen

ces

1920

0.15

1940

0.10

1960

0.05

19800

2000

Year

Page 44: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-19a

Most recent common ancestor of all living things

Gene transfer between mitochondrial ancestorand ancestor of eukaryotes

Gene transfer between chloroplast ancestorand ancestor of green plants

Billions of years ago

Archaea

Eukarya

Bacteria

4 3 2 1 0

23

1

2

3

1

Page 45: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-19b

Bacteria Archaea

Eukarya

Page 46: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-UN1

2.1 bya:First eukaryotes (single-celled)

1.2 bya:First multicellular eukaryotes

3.5 bya:First prokaryotes (single-celled)

3.5

Billions of years ago (bya)

500 mya:Colonizationof land byfungi, plants,and animals

1.53

2.54 2 .51 0

Page 47: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-UN2

Page 48: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-UN3

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Page 49: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-UN4

evolutionaryrelationships

Systematics

traces generateshypotheses for

constructingshown

in(a)

sharedancestral

characters

cladistics

sequence ofbranch points

(f)

nucleotidesequences

(b)

(c) (d) (e)

analysis identifiesmust

distinguishfrom

seen in

using

based on

using determine

Page 50: Fig. 15-0a. Fig. 15-0b Fig. 15-0c Fig. 15-1 Fig. 15-2.

Fig. 15-UN5

Outgroup


Risk Mgmt V1 0c

Risk Mgmt V1 0c

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Fig. 13-0. Fig. 13-0a Fig. 13-0b Fig. 13-0c Fig. 13-1a.

Fig. 13-0. Fig. 13-0a Fig. 13-0b Fig. 13-0c Fig. 13-1a.

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VGTB Profile 0c

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Isolation and characterization of mitochondrial DNA ... · Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA75(1978) 11 83858789919395 Temperature,0C 81 83 85 87 Temperature,0C FIG. 3. Thermaldenaturationprofiles

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Tomb Raider №0c

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Fig. 15-2 Chapter 15: Large-scale chromosomal changes.

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