Fig. 10-CO, p. 264
description
Transcript of Fig. 10-CO, p. 264
Fig. 10-CO, p. 264
Fig. 10-1, p. 266
Fig. 10-1, p. 266
Wave directionWave
Fig. 10-1, p. 266
Wave directionWave
Stepped Art
Fig. 10-2, p. 266
Fig. 10-2, p. 266
Direction of wave motion
A B
Wavelength
Height
Still water level Crest Trough
Frequency: Number of wave crests passing point A or point B each second
Orbital path of individual water molecule at water surface
Period: Time required for wave crest at point A to reach point B
Fig. 10-3, p. 267
Fig. 10-3, p. 267
Direction of wave motion
Wave-length
Still water levelCrest Trough Crest
1/2 wave-length depth
Fig. 10-4, p. 267
Fig. 10-4, p. 267
Stokes drift (mass
transport)
No mass transport
Wave
Wave
Closed orbit after one period
Open orbit after one period
Table 10-1, p. 268
Fig. 10-5, p. 269
Fig. 10-5, p. 269
Seismic disruptionDisturbing forcelandslides
Gravity Wind
Restoring force GravitySurface tension
Type of wave Tide Tsunami Seiche Wind wave Capillary wave (ripple)
24 hr.
Am
ou
nt
of
ener
gy
in o
cean
su
rfac
e
100,000 sec (1 1/4 days)
10,000 sec (3 hr)
1,000 sec (17 min)
100 sec 10 sec 1 sec 1/10 sec 1/100 sec
Period (time, in seconds for two successive wave crests to
pass a fixed point)
1 10 100
Frequency (waves per second)
12 hr.
Fig. 10-6, p. 269
Fig. 10-7, p. 270
Fig. 10-7, p. 270
30.6
Wavelength (m)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
27.818
17 6225.0 15
22.211 14
13 16 50
9 12 37
19.4
16.6
11.0
5.6 4 138.4
3
57
Sp
eed
(m
ph
)
Period (in
seconds)
2513.8
Sp
eed
(m
/sec
)
2.80.0
10
2
Wavelength (ft)
0 328 656 984 1,312 1,640 1,968
10
86
Fig. 10-8, p. 271
Fig. 10-8, p. 271
Wind
b
aSea surface
Maximum wavelength 1.73 cm (0.68 in.)
Fig. 10-9, p. 271
Fig. 10-10, p. 272
Fig. 10-10, p. 272
5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1
6 5 4 3 2
7 6 5 4 3
7 6 5 4 3
7 6 5 4
8 7 6 5
8 7 6 5
Fig. 10-10, p. 272
Stepped Art
7 6 5 4 3
6 5 4 3 2
8 7 6 5
8 7 6 5
7 6 5 4 3
5 4 3 2 1
7 6 5 4
6 5 4 3 2 1
Fig. 10-11, p. 273
Fig. 10-11, p. 273
Fully developed seas
Changing to swellRipples to chop
to wind waves
Direction of wave advance
Wind
Length of fetch
Table 10-2, p. 273
Fig. 10-12, p. 274
Fig. 10-13, p. 274
Fig. 10-14, p. 275
Fig. 10-14, p. 275
7 across
1 high
120°
Fig. 10-15, p. 275
Fig. 10-15, p. 275
1 2
a
b
Constructive interference
(addition)
Destructive interference (subtraction)
Constructive interference
(addition)
Fig. 10-16, p. 276
Fig. 10-17, p. 277
Fig. 10-17, p. 277
1 2 4 53
Depth = 1/2 wavelength
Surf zone
Box 10-1, p. 278
Fig. 10-18a, p. 279
Fig. 10-18b, p. 279
Fig. 10-19a, p. 279
Fig. 10-19a, p. 279
Direction of progress
Wave crests
Waves begin to "feel bottom" here, water depth is L/2.
Bottom contours
Shoreline
Fig. 10-19b, p. 279
Fig. 10-20a, p. 280
Fig. 10-20b, p. 280
Fig. 10-20b, p. 280
Waves A and B create a checkerboard of peaks and troughs
A
B
Fig. 10-21, p. 280
Fig. 10-22, p. 280
Fig. 10-22, p. 280
(Every tenth wave crest shown)
0
10 Waves moving
20
30
Islands
Areas of wave crest reinforcement due to diffraction and interference
Fig. 10-23, p. 281
Fig. 10-23a, p. 281
NodeCrest
Node NodeCrest
Trough No motion Maximum water flow
No motion
1 2 3
Fig. 10-23b, p. 281
Node Node
Crest
TroughMaximum water flow
No motionTrough
4 5
Starts again at 2
Fig. 10-24a, p. 282
Fig. 10-24a, p. 282
Wind waves on surface
Less dense water Pycnocline
Internal wave crestDenser
water
Fig. 10-24b, p. 282
Fig. 10-24c, p. 282
Fig. 10-25a, p. 283
Fig. 10-25a, p. 283
CCW spin
Direction of storm and storm surge
Low atmospheric pressureDome of water
Dome of water
Low atmospheric pressure
CCW spin
Direction of storm and storm surge
Stepped Art
Fig. 10-25a, p. 283
Fig. 10-25b, p. 283
Fig. 10-26a, p. 284
Fig. 10-26b, p. 284
Fig. 10-27a, p. 285
Fig. 10-27b, p. 285
Fig. 10-27b, p. 285
176
175Buffalo
174
173Toledo
172
Lak
e E
rie
wat
er l
evel
(m
eter
s ab
ove
sea
lev
el)
171 12:00
0:00
12:00
0:00
12:00
0:00
12:00
12 November 13 November 14 November 15 November
b Date
0:00
Fig. 10-28, p. 286
Fig. 10-29a, p. 287
Fig. 10-29b, p. 287
Fig. 10-29c, p. 287
Fig. 10-29d, p. 287
Fig. 10-29e, p. 287
Fig. 10-30, p. 288
Fig. 10-31, p. 288
Fig. 10-32a, p. 289
Fig. 10-32b, p. 289
Fig. 10-32c, p. 289
Fig. 10-33, p. 290
Fig. 10-34, p. 290
Fig. 10-34, p. 290
November 14, 1994 Mindoro Island Maximum wave: 7 m Fatalities: 49
July 12, 1993 Okushiri, Japan Maximum wave:31 m Fatalities: 239
October 9, 1995 Jalisco, Mexico Maximum wave: 11 m Fatalities: 1
January 1, 1996 Sulawesi Island Maximum wave: 3.4 m Fatalities: 9
February 17, 1996 Irian Jaya Maximum wave: 7.7 m Fatalities: 161
September 2, 1992 Nicaragua Maximum wave: 10 m Fatalities: 170
December 12, 1992 Flores Island Maximum wave: 26 m Fatalities: >1,000
July 17, 1998 Papua New Guinea Maximum wave: 15 m Fatalities: >2,200
June 2, 1994 East Java Maximum wave: 14 m Fatalities: 238
December 26, 2004 Indonesia and vicinity Maximum wave: 35 m Fatalities: >176,000
February 21, 1996 North coast of Peru Maximum wave: 5 m Fatalities: 12
Fig. 10-35, p. 291
Fig. 10-36a, p. 292
Fig. 10-36b, p. 292
Fig. 10-36c, p. 292
Fig. 10-37, p. 293
Fig. 10-37, p. 293
GOES Satellite
Transducers
Signal flag Acoustic telemetry
Glass ball flotation ~6000 m
TransducerBottom pressure recorder
Sensor anchor
Anchor
Table 10-3, p. 293