Fifth MeetingFifth MeetingLinguistic Varieties and Multilingual Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual

NationsNations

Linguistic VarietiesLinguistic Varieties

Vernacular LanguageVernacular Language

Standard LanguageStandard Language

Lingua FrancaLingua Franca

Pidgin and CreolePidgin and Creole

Standard Standard LanguageLanguage

One which is written and has undergone One which is written and has undergone

some degree of regularisation or codification some degree of regularisation or codification

(e.g: in grammar, vocabulary,etc)(e.g: in grammar, vocabulary,etc)

Recognised as a prestigious variety or code Recognised as a prestigious variety or code

by a comunity.by a comunity.

Used for H functions alongside with a Used for H functions alongside with a

diversity of L varietiesdiversity of L varieties

Vernacular Vernacular languageslanguages

Refers to a language which has not Refers to a language which has not been standardized and which does not been standardized and which does not have official status.have official status.

An uncodified or unstandardized verietyAn uncodified or unstandardized veriety

It is acquired in the home as a first It is acquired in the home as a first varietyvariety

It is used for a relatively circumscribed It is used for a relatively circumscribed functionfunction

Lingua FrancaLingua FrancaA language used for communication between people A language used for communication between people

whose first laanguages differ. (An Indonesian and a whose first laanguages differ. (An Indonesian and a

Japanese communicate in English)Japanese communicate in English)

In multilingual communities, lingua franca may In multilingual communities, lingua franca may

eventually displace the vernacular. (Padangnese and eventually displace the vernacular. (Padangnese and

Sundanese communicate in bahasa Indonesia).Sundanese communicate in bahasa Indonesia).

Lingua francas often develop initially as trade languagesLingua francas often develop initially as trade languages

Pidgin Pidgin Pidgin develops as a means of communication between Pidgin develops as a means of communication between

people who do not have a common language.people who do not have a common language.

Pidgin has no native speakers.Pidgin has no native speakers.

When one group speaks a prestigious language, the When one group speaks a prestigious language, the

prestige language tends to supply more of the prestige language tends to supply more of the

vocabulary while vernacular language have more vocabulary while vernacular language have more

influence on the grammar of the developing pidgin.influence on the grammar of the developing pidgin.

Pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g: english which is Pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g: english which is

developed for some practical purposes such as trading developed for some practical purposes such as trading

among people who did not know each other’s language.among people who did not know each other’s language.

The Characteristics of The Characteristics of PidginPidgin

It is used in restricted domains and It is used in restricted domains and functionsfunctions

It has a simplified structure It has a simplified structure compared to the source language.compared to the source language.

It generally has low prestige and It generally has low prestige and attracts negative attitudes – attracts negative attitudes – especially from outsiders.especially from outsiders.

It has no native speakers.It has no native speakers.

Interesting features Interesting features of Papua New Guinea of Papua New Guinea

PidginPidginBipo tru ingat – before, ingat haus – houseBipo tru ingat – before, ingat haus – house

Wanpela – one , fellow dispela – this Wanpela – one , fellow dispela – this fellowfellow

Liklik (little) bus - bushLiklik (little) bus - bush

Nem – name wok - workNem – name wok - work

Bilong - belong katim - cuttingBilong - belong katim - cutting

Taim – time palawut – fire Taim – time palawut – fire woodwood

Mama – papa (mother and father) ol – old Mama – papa (mother and father) ol – old

. Retpela hat – red riding hood. Retpela hat – red riding hood

Can you work out the pattern and fill in Can you work out the pattern and fill in the gaps?the gaps?

Tok PisinTok Pisin English English

gras grassgras grass

mausgras moustachemausgras moustache

gras bilong fes beardgras bilong fes beard

gras bilong hed .............................gras bilong hed .............................

gras antap long ai .............................gras antap long ai .............................

gras nogut weedgras nogut weed

pisin birdpisin bird

gras bilong gras bilong pisin ...........................pisin ...........................

gras bilong gras bilong pusi ...........................pusi ...........................

han handhan hand

han bilong han bilong pisin ...........................pisin ...........................

Creole Creole

When pidgin develops beyond its role as a When pidgin develops beyond its role as a

trade language and becomes the first trade language and becomes the first

language of a social community, it is called language of a social community, it is called

creole.creole.

Creole has native speakersCreole has native speakers

A creole is a pidgin which has acquired A creole is a pidgin which has acquired

native speakers.native speakers.

Example of creoleExample of creoleTok PisinTok Pisin English English Tok PisinTok Pisin English English

Bik big, large bikim to enlarge, make largeBik big, large bikim to enlarge, make large

Brait wide braitim to make wide, widenBrait wide braitim to make wide, widen

Daun low daunim to lowerDaun low daunim to lower

Nogut bad nogutim to spoil, damageNogut bad nogutim to spoil, damage

Pret afraid pretim to frighten, scarePret afraid pretim to frighten, scare

Doti dirty dotim ...........................Doti dirty dotim ...........................

The use of suffix –im to form verb is similar to the use of suffix –en in The use of suffix –im to form verb is similar to the use of suffix –en in English e.g: black – blacken; wide – widen; soft - softenEnglish e.g: black – blacken; wide – widen; soft - soften

e.g of Australian Roper River e.g of Australian Roper River CreoleCreole

a.a. ImIm megimmegim ginu he ginu he makesmakes a canoe a canoe

b.b. Im Im bin megimbin megim ginu he ginu he mademade a canoe a canoe

c.c. Im Im megimbadmegimbad ginu he ginu he is making is making a canoea canoe

d.d. Im Im bin mengimbad bin mengimbad ginu he ginu he was making was making a canoea canoe

There are tenses in this creole just like the one in There are tenses in this creole just like the one in English and there are also verb forms like English English and there are also verb forms like English V1, V-ing, V2.V1, V-ing, V2.

Pidgin may gradually become creole (but not always)Pidgin may gradually become creole (but not always)

From Pidgin to From Pidgin to CreoleCreole

Pidgin is the result of two different languages used Pidgin is the result of two different languages used

by two groups of people to communicate, by two groups of people to communicate,

automatically the vocabulary comes from both automatically the vocabulary comes from both

groups and as it is formed as the need for immediate groups and as it is formed as the need for immediate

communication,thus the rules are not well arranged.communication,thus the rules are not well arranged.

The language which supplies most of the vocabulary The language which supplies most of the vocabulary

is known as the lexifier (superstrate) while the is known as the lexifier (superstrate) while the

language which influence the grammatical structure language which influence the grammatical structure

are called the substrate.are called the substrate.