AFRICAN SWINE FEVER IN NIGERIA

INTERNATIONAL PIG SUMMIT 23-25TH NOV. 2010INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGYMOOR PLANTATION, IBADAN, NIGERIA

SCIENTIFIC SESSION

INTERNATIONAL PIG SUMMIT 23-25TH NOV.2010INSTITUTE FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND

TECHNOLOGY, MOOR PLANTATION NIGERIA

Lazarus, D. D.; Fasina, F. O.; Shamaki, D.; Makinde, A. A.

National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER

Is a tick bone, contagious, febrile, systemic viral disease of swine.

It may present with up to 100% mortality in pig.

Death usually results from haemorrhagic fever.

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS

Family: Asfarviridae (ASF And Related virus) Genus: Asfarvirus Only DNA arbovirus (insect virus) Only (Icosahedral cytoplasmic

deoxyribovirus) ICDV pathogenic for mammalian species.

One of the only two mammalian viruses (+Aleutian virus of Mink) that does not induce neutralising antibodies.

AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS

Resistance plays a role in its epizootiology - stable in blood, urine and faeces - isolated in varying conditions including: -

70°C to +56°C, pH 3.9-13.4, dead animals exposed to trypsin, EDTA, antibiotics.

Transmitted by ticks, formites, airbone route and other animals.

ASF-NIGERIAN SITUATION

First reported initial sporadic infection in 1973.

West-African widespread epizootics started in 1996.

Nigerian pig population increased from 2 to 7 million between 1984 and 1997.

Nigerian epizootics started in 1997. Between 1997-8 lost 125,000 pigs worth

N292, million.

ASF CURRENT SITUATION

Prior to the 2007 ASF PITT between NVRI, ARCN, ILRI, CISA-INIA, Spain and ISU Global extension program Iowa, USA, no coordinated national management plan or surveillance activities was in place.

No full cost implication of ASF. Detected in pigs, bush pigs, red river hog and

warthogs. Research reports regionalised and

fragmented.

CURRENT SITUATION-VACCINE

No effective neutralising antibodies are produced against the virus.

There is no vaccine for African Swine Fever till date.

PITT ACTIVITIES

Established in 2007 to determine the prevalence of

ASF virus infection in Nigeria. carry out isolation, molecular

characterization of virus strains from Nigeria.

survey for the presence of soft tick vectors and their possible role in the transmission of virus.

PITT ACTIVITIES

determine the possible involvement of wild suids in the epidemiology of ASF in Nigeria

recommend a national control strategy for implementation.

consider possible development of biologicals and techniques for diagnosis.

SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITIES Nigeria divided into agro-ecological zones Key areas with pig activities identified Surveillance visits made to markets,

abattoirs and farms 1092 sera and 864 tissues collected Ticks and questionnaires were collected 10 members and 4 collaborators involved 2 external collaborating Institutions {CISA-

INIA, Spain and Extension Unit, Iowa State University, USA}

FIELD EXPERIENCE

FIELD EXPERIENCE

FIELD EXPERIENCE

FIELD EXPERIENCE

FIELD EXPERIENCE

FIELD EXPERIENCE

SUMMARY OF LESIONS

Dark red to purple areas of skin on ears, feet, and tail. Petechial haemorrhages on serosal surfaces of visceral Renal cortical petechial/ecchymotic haemorrhages Peri-renal oedema Oedema of the gall bladder Swollen liver Pulmonary oedema

LABORATORY ANALYSIS-SEROLOGYINDIRECT ELISA

RESULTS: NATIONAL PREVALENCE (SEROLOGY)

SAMPLE PER ZONE (%)

SAMPLE POSITIVE (%)

SAMPLE NEGATIVE (%)

NORTH-CENTRAL

526 (48.17) 123 (11.26) 403 (36.90)

NORTH-EAST 128 (11.72) 45 (4.12) 83 (7.60)

NORTH-WEST 74 (6.78) 5 (0.46) 69 (6.32)

SOUTH-EAST 68 (6.23) 4 (0.37) 64 (5.86)

SOUTH-SOUTH 195 (17.86) 30 (2.75) 165 (15.11)

SOUTH-WEST 101 (9.25) 26 (2.38) 75 (6.87)

TOTAL 1092 (100) 233 (21.34) 859 (78.66)

DISCUSSION ASF has had significant economic and social

impact in Nigeria since 1997. In this study, we confirmed that ASF is still

prevalent and widespread in Nigeria. Results from both serosurveillance and

virological analyses indicated that ASF is present in most of the agro-ecological zones of the country.

DISCUSSION

9% of serum samples and 48% of tissue samples were positive for ASF antibody and genome, respectively.

Areas with high pig-related activities have higher prevalence compared to areas with less pig activities.

Farm-gate buyers, marketing system and the transport of untested pigs within the country assist with the circulation of the virus.

DISCUSSION

Only by putting in place: a comprehensive routine surveillance and

testing system re-organising the market and transport

systems for pigs implementing on-farm biosecurity protocols

and considering the option of compensation will it be possible to achieve a significant reduction in ASF prevalence in Nigeria.

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