Fiber fabrications
-
Upload
sagar-patel -
Category
Technology
-
view
97 -
download
0
Transcript of Fiber fabrications
![Page 1: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fiber Fabrication
![Page 2: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Optical Fiber Fabrication Technology
Optical fiber is used worldwide for transmission of voice, data, and content because of its ability to transmit at speeds in excess of 10 GB/second over very long distances.
![Page 3: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Optical fibers consist of:
1. A core, having high refractive index. 2. Cladding. 3. Buffer, protective polymer layer. 4. Jacket, protective polymer layer.
![Page 4: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of Fiber Based on Materials
1. Glass Fibers 2. Plastic Fibers 3. Photonic Crystal Fibers
![Page 5: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Glass Fibers: • Glass Is Made by Fusing Mixtures of Metal Oxides, Sulfides or Selenite.
![Page 6: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Glass fiber is a dimensionally stable engineering material. Glass fiber does not stretch or shrink after exposure to extremely high or low temperatures.
• Glass fibers do not absorb moisture or change physically or chemically when exposed to water.
• Glass fiber is an inorganic material and will not burn or support combustion. It retains approximately 25% of its initial strength at 1000°F (540°C).
![Page 7: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plastic Optical Fibers:
• Plastic optical fiber (POF) (or Polymer optical fibre) is an optical fiber which is made out of Plastic.
• POF standard is based on multilevel PAM modulation a frame structure, Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding and Multilevel coset coding modulation.
• For telecommunications, the more difficult-to-use glass optical fiber is more common.
• Although the actual cost of glass fibers are similar to the plastic fiber, their installed cost is much higher due to the special handling and installation techniques required.
![Page 8: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Photonic Crystal Fibers:
![Page 11: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Photonic-crystal fiber (PCF) is a new class of optical fiber based on the properties of photonic crystals.
• PCF is now finding applications in fiber-optic communications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high-power transmission, highly sensitive gas sensors, and other areas
• PCFs guiding light by a conventional higher-index core modified by the presence of air holes.
• Photonic crystal fibers may be considered a subgroup of a more general class of microstructured optical fibers, where light is guided by structural modifications, and not only by refractive index differences.
![Page 13: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fiber Fabrication • Outside Vapor-Phase Oxidation(OVPO) • Vapor-Phase Axial Deposition(VAD) • Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition(MCVD) • Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapor
Deposition(PCDV) • Photonic Crystal Fiber Fabrication.
![Page 14: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Outside Vapor-Phase Oxidation(OVPO):
![Page 15: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• The preform, as mentioned above, is nothing more than an optical fiber but on a much larger scale.
• Drawing enables the manufacturer to obtain the fiber in the actual size desired.
• First a Layer of Sio2 Particles Called a Soot is deposited from a burner onto a Rotating Graphite Or Ceramic Mandrel.
![Page 16: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vapor-Phase Axial Deposition (VAD):
![Page 17: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• This was the first successful mass-fabrication process. It was developed by Corning in 1972. In fact, the first optical fiber with attenuation less than 20 dB/km was manufactured by Corning using this process.
• The process consists of four phases: laydown, consolidation, drawing, and measurement .
![Page 19: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition(MCVD):
![Page 20: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
• This process was developed by Bell Laboratories in 1974 and has been widely accepted for the production of graded-index fiber.
• First, reactant gases flow through a rotating glass tube made from fused silica while a burner heats its narrow zone by traveling back and forth along the tube.
• SiO2, GeO2, and other doping combinations form soot that is deposited on the inner surface of the target tube.
![Page 22: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Plasma-Activated Chemical Vapor Deposition(PCDV):
![Page 23: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• This process was developed in 1975 by Phillips, a Dutch consumer-electronics and telecommunications company.
• The process differs from MCVD in its method of heating the reaction zone: Instead of delivering heat from the outside through a burner, PCVD uses microwaves to form ionized gas—plasma—inside the silica tube.
• The capacity of this preform is about 30 km of fiber.
![Page 24: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Photonic Crystal Fiber Fabrication:
![Page 25: Fiber fabrications](https://reader033.fdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052600/55846636d8b42a7a1d8b50ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)