FFL Project 소개

8/10/2019 FFL Project

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Linking Northern Europe

2021: The ”Missing Link”

2000: The Oresund Bridge

1998: The Great Belt Bridge

Part of the Øresund treaty



28 November 2013

Name of Author 17



R AMBØLL ARUPTEC Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link

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Tunnel Design Services

2

Fehmarnbelt Project

Sweden

Denmark

Germany

Fehmarnbelt

The Fehmarnbelt connectionwill be owned by Denmarkand financed by the users.

18 km immersed tunnel:•

Cars: 2 lanes in each direction(+ emergency lane)• Rail: 1 track in each direction• Service gallery

Start construction 2015.

Opening 2021.



Navigational studies, marine safety



Alignment and section



R AMBØLL ARUPTEC Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link

–

Tunnel Design Services

8

Alignment

1

23 4 5 6

78

9 10

PuttgardenRødby



IMMERSED TUNNEL

79 Standard elements

10 Special elements (alle 1,8 km)

Portal structure, 445 m Portal structure, 100 m

Closure joint

Fehmarn Lolland

SeabedSeabed -1,2 m



Geological profile and tunnel

14 November 2013Jens Kammer 5



1. Tunnel safety concept, traffic requirements, ventilation and E&M etc. leading to:

- installations for tunnel safety and operation- connections to surface / land / on-shore (i.e. C&C tunnel and ramps)- vertical profile slope (i.e. governing for the length of the tunnel)- space requirements for cross section- fire fighting and escape cross passages

2. Immersed tunnel cross section- safety against uplift- ballasting system and freeboard for transportation- durability, water tightness and crack width requirements- section forces and reinforcement to resist water and earth pressure

3. Immersed tunnel type, joints and water tightness (with or without membrane)- segmental type (20-22m between segment joints)- monolithic type (100-150m between element joints)- sandwich / composite type (80-130m between elements joints)

continued…

IMT Specific Design Features

17TH OF JUNE 2013

STRAIT CROSSINGS NORWAY 20135

Strait Crossings Norway 2013



4. Longitudinal modelling

- loads / settlements / stiffness / restraints- temperature movements / stiffness / restraints- seismic movement / stiffness / restraints

5. Top of tunnel protection at seabed level- reduce environmental impact (flow, sedimentation etc.)- reduce risk and/or avoid dragged anchors and ship impact- reduce effective stresses on tunnel foundation (to avoid piles or soil-improvement)

6. Foundations; settlement predictions (based on engineering geology)- direct foundation- soil-replacement- bearing piles- settlement reducing and controlling soil-improvement

IMT Specific Design Features… continued

17TH OF JUNE 2013





9 sections make one standard element

08 February 20126Kim Smedegaard Andersen



SPECIAL ELEMENTS

Every 1.8 km, provides space for:Transformers for ventilators, pumps, lighting etc. in road and railtubes, etc.

Switchboards, drainage sumps incl. pumps, pumps for firefighting

Cross passages to all the longitudinal tubes and galeries.



08 February 2012CIV 7



08 February 2012CIV



HZM – Transport and Immersion

17TH OF JUNE 2013





• All 20 Tunnel elements werefabricated in a purpose-built castingyard. The precast facility appliedproduction techniques developed andtested in the construction of bridgesover the last 20 years, but it was thefirst time these techniques wereapplied to immersed tunnelconstruction, involving casting and inincrementally launching segmentsweighing up to 7,000 t and elementsof 56,000 t.

• Factory conditions were achieved bythe erection of sheds where thereinforcement was assembled andprefabricated. A central shed coveredtwo production lines, where twosegments were made simultaneouslyper week, in order to meet the timeschedule. Each 22 m segment wasconstructed on specially preparedformwork, being cast in one singlepour of 2,800 m³ of concrete over a30-hour period. By casting an entire

segment in a single operationproduction was sped up, and thermalcracking of the concrete wasminimized. A crack-free concrete isessential, since the tunnel designdoes not include a watertightmembrane.




17TH OF JUNE 2013





HZM – Construction of elements

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08 February 2012

KSA 11



Immersion

17TH OF JUNE 2013





• The tunnel element is lowered to its final place on the bottom of thedredged trench.




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Backf i l l

m aterial is p laced besideand over thetunn el to f i l lthe t rench andpermanent ly

bury the tunn el ,as i l lust rated inthe f ig ures .



Immersed tunnel

17

08 February 2012

Kim Smedegaard Andersen



› NNN› dd› nkeltspor

Hong Kong – Zhuhai – Macao Immersed Tunnel

17TH OF JUNE 2013



• Total link: 29.6 km, Tunnel: 6.0 km• Worlds longest IMT road tunnel: 5.7 km• 33 elements, standard length 180 m•

Cut & cover tunnels: 0.3 km• Ramps: 0.8 km

Design & Build JV: CCCC (lead), Shanghai Urban Construction (Group)Company, AECOM, HPDI, COWI A/S, STEDI, Fourth Harbour DI



Industrialised tunnel elements

12

1995 Øresund





13

2004 Busan Geoje





14

2009 Hongkong - Macao




HZM – Construction of elements

17TH OF JUNE 2013





Fourth generation - industrialised tunnel elements

12/2/2013

15Kim Smedegaard Andersen



Design Optimisation

Optimise the work harbour at LollandLimit the dredging volume for the work harbour atLollandLimit the dredging volume for the approach channel to

the work harbour at LollandReduce the need for breakwaters

Optimise the tunnel trenchLimit the dredging and backfilling volumes for the tunneltrench

02 December 2013




R AMBØLLARUPTEC Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link – Tunnel Design Services

7

IMMERSED TUNNEL CROSS SECTION

Construction

• Element production method

• Transport, immersion andfoundation

• Construction cost

• Construction time

Other aspects

• Ventilation

• Mechanical / electricalinstallations

• Fire safety and emergency

escape• Railway safety

7



Standard and special elements

december 2013




Standard and special element

02 December 2013




Innovation – special elements




R AMBØLL ARUPTEC Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link – Tunnel Design Services

5

Why special elements?

Main goals :

• Minimise cross section standardelements.

• Standardise standard elements.

• Create space for technicalinstallations.

• Create easy access formaintenance of installations.

2-3%

98-97%




6

Standard elements

Minimise ( cross section ) :

• Internal width:• Motorway tubes• Railway tubes• Service gallery

• Internal height railway tube

Standardise:

• Flat base and roof

• Straight elements (hor. & vert.)

• Element/segment length




8

The idea of introducing special elements

• Need for transformers and other equipment in the tunnel

• Standard elements do not have sufficient space.

• Special elements to cluster mechanical and electrical equipment

S1 S2 S3 S4 Sp1 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 Sp2 S13 S14 S15 S16 etc.

1,780 metres 1,780 metres

• Maintenance staff better working conditions and higher safety

• Installations and system divided into units

• Concentrate extra space in the tunnel at special elements

8




7

Number of special elements

Parameters• Max. distance installations (transformers): approx. 1.8 km.

• Distance between cut & cover DE - DK: approx. 17.8 km

• Distance of portal building to immersed tunnel

Result: 10 special elements

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16SP1

SP2

1,780 m



R AMBØLLA RUPT EC Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link – Tunnel Design Services

STANDARD TUNNEL ELEMENTS

• 79 Standard elements divided into 9 segments of 24.11 m, totallength 217 m

• Niche at centre of the element for ventilation or traffic informationsigns

• Same layout for all standard element e.g. Box-outs, cast-in items,cable ducts, etc.

13




• Section I – Standard elements with angled end frames must beimmersed in correct order.

• Section II – Standard elements with perpendicular end framesand variation in amount of reinforcement – elements are notinterchangeable.

STANDARD ELEMENT

• All remaining standardelements haveperpendicular end framesand in between two specialelements same amount ofreinforcement and aretherefore interchangeable

III

14

l l




9

Special element

Functions:

• Transformer and switch gear rooms(headroom: 3.7 m)

• Battery and power rooms (3.1 m)

• Pump sumps and pump rooms (3.1 m)

• SCADA room (3.1 m)

• Staff room (3.1 m)

•

Ballast rooms (2.3 m)

• Parking of maintenance vehicles

• Access

S i l l




10

Special element

Special element is approximately:

• 4 meter higher

• 5 meter wider

S i l l




11

Special element



S i l l t




15

Special element

S i l l t t d di ti




17

Special element; standardisation

Special elements can be standardised by:

• Horizontal bottom and roof slab

• Vertical internal walls

Longitudinal section special element

Slope

Special element; ventilation




16

Special element; ventilation

• Special element is ventilated withfresh air from the overpressuresystem of the service gallery

Portal building Germany

Portal building Denmark

Special element




18

Special element

Systems distributed from special element :

• Electrical systems

• Communication systems

• Monitoring systems

• Drainage system

1,780 m 1,780 m1,780 m





TIME SCHEDULE




TIME SCHEDULE

Construction of 10 special elements ≈ 21 months

Construction of 79 standard elements ≈ 31 months

19

QUANTITIES FOR STANDARD ELEMENTS




QUANTITIES FOR STANDARD ELEMENTS

Concrete 24,000 m³

Reinforcement 3,200 tons

Water 4,400 m³

Cement 8,000 tonsSand 16,800 tons

Gravel 28,800 tons

(1 day = 24 hours)

Delivery of concrete

16 trucks every hour

Or

Delivery of materials

1 coaster every day

Required amount of materialsper week

20



L i i h ll l k d i



Logistic challenge – total peak production

22

Total concrete 3,000,000 m 3 30,000 m 3 /week

Total cement 800,000 ton 8,000 tons/week

Total fine aggregate 1,500,000 ton 15,000 tons/week

Total 2/8 mm coarse 1,000,000 ton 10,000 tons/week

Total 8/16 mm coarse 1,500,000 ton 15,000 tons/week

Total 16 - mm coarse 1,000,000 ton 10,000 tons/week

Reinforcement 300,000 ton 3,000 tons/week

Approximate quantity, for a possible concrete mix




I ti – b ildi g i



Innovation – building on experience


I ti – b ildi g i




27

Use of self compacting concrete





Innovation building on experience






29

Welding in a controlled process






30

Fire protection could be placed in the form before casting




o

Alternative floating operation



o


TUNNEL FOUNDATION




• Foundation pressure ≈ 2.2 kN/m²

• Axial force in tunnel elements ≈ 3,600 – 12,800 tons

22

LONGITUDINAL MOVEMENT




+/- TFGina Fhw

Fslide Ffric

Fpost

Fpost

FGina

Movement due to yearly variation in temperature

Temperature variationFrictionHorizontal water pressureGravity forcePost tensioningGina gasket forceCreep and shrinkage

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spring

summer

autumn

winter

spring

-5,0

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

T e m p e r a t u r e

[ d e g C

]

Seasons

Temperatureat installation

Outside

Inside

0-5-10 +10+5 +20+15 +25

0-5-10 +10+5 +20+15 +25

Considered temp. variation

Temperature variation

24





0 post tens.

max post tens.

1 tunnel element (9 segments)

(d + d+ h) *10*b

dd *10*b

(d + h) *10*b

d

(d + d) *10*b

Variation in water depth and release of post tensioning

25





-100

-75

-50

-25

0

25

50

75

100

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

F r i c t i o n

f o r c e

[ % ]

Displacement [mm]

Friction coefficient: μ φ = 30˚ φ = 40˚m = 0.8 μ = 0.46 μ = 0.67m = 1.0 μ = 0.58 μ =0.84

FdownMovement

F friction

Friction and gravity force

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Creep and shrinkage

Creep due post tension

( 2 mm)

Shrinkage

Concrete C40/50Before immersion 80-90% humidity 0.1 – 0.17 ‰

After immersion 80-100% humidity 0.05 ‰

(Total 1.2 mm)

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1 tunnel element (9 segments)

FginaFgina

Immersion joint (GINA) ± 2 cm

Segment joint maximum 0.5 cm

FFL Project 소개

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