FEU AC A D E MIC R E VIEW

lJ/1 5 Ouu/1 1 UI)U18U 2554 - WC)A~frlEIU 2554

U'Vl A fl!l'tl

lclUnlOUOOnlSIUBEJUIIUCiOIWOnlSUSI11SnlSWCUUll5UUn d~EJ5snls1nnlswnousulla:nlsf1nt:JluonfsolsE.Ju

Routes to Change for Rural Development Administration by Offering a Training Course and Non-formal Education

n1~~n~1~'ih'!n1~~~'W1~1lJ1~tlLLU-l'tl'tlnLc1\d1'W 2 Vl ~~flL~C\J 1 ~'tl Vl~~fl~rl1c1\'ltiA'l1lJ'li1VILLA~'WLL~~ A'l1lJi1f'fl-ln1~ (Deprivation and Needs Theories) LL~~VI~~lJ~ri1c1i'ltln1~nV~n'W (Exclusion Theories) L~'WVI1-l'll'tl-l n1~ LU~ ti'W LLU~-3 L ~'tl m~u1'~1m 1m oo..J'W1'll'W1JVI c1i'ltl ijfim ~ 1 ,Xm~!J n'tlU ~).J LL~::n 1 ~~ n~'W'fl n L~-3 Wti'W ~ lij.J'I.J 1~'W 1111lJLL'W'l~VI'!I'tl-l Rogers ( 1994) L~'tl'tlfl1J1tJL~'WVI1-lti''WLU'Wn1::U'l'Wn1~~U1 'ttl~ Lth'-'l-11tl'!l'tl~n1~~~'W1 ~'tl n1~ LU~ti'WLLtl~~~~~tl~::~~pf LV~tl~1lJ1~mLt.l~'tl'tln1c1\d]u 2 tl1~LfiYIL'-'cY 1 ~'tl L~'WVI1~"ll'tl~mntl~uuLLUtNLLUU i'lAn'l tiutl~::n'tlu'ttl~'ltl 3 L~'WV11~tl'tlu ~'tl L~'W'Vl1-l'!l'tl'l~~um1'llm~ L~'WVI1~'ll'il'lLVIA L'WLLI"I~VI (,Jn~'ll1n1~'-'1'tl NGOs) LL~::L~'WVI1-l'll'fl'ln~mrur-.:~ Pi"L~'tlm~tl!j~ L'W"llru::~~ntl~::LJWI'-'~~ ~'tl L~'WVI1-l'll'fl~mntl~uuLLU~-l LLUU

rn'l~ ti'Wtl~::n'tlu'ttlc1l'l t~ 3 L~'WVI1~tl'flm'lluL~tl'ln'W ~'fl L~'WVI1-l'll'tl~mntl~u'WLLtl~-l 'llilV~~11Xn~lJLU1'-'l-11tJ'tc1l • ~VI~'WL'"lri'fltJ~'"l:;1,Xm~'tJn'tlU~lJLL~::m~~n~1'W'iln1~U1JLNL~tl'W L~'WY11-l'll'tl-lmntl~ti'WLLU~~'llilfi~L,Xn~l-l • LU1t-1l-11tJLc1itnV~~'WL'"lll1tm~'l'"l1n~1~fum~'tln'tlu~lJLL~::m~~n~u'tlnT::uu'LNL~ti'WLL~'l LL~::L~'WVI1-l'll'fl'ln1T Ltl~U'WLLtl~~'llilV~Vi~1' 1'1 LVIU LVi\J~U LVif,_..r~tlT::~VIf (2554) 't~Vitl1tl1l-l'tlfiu1m~uVI1'l"ll'tl'ln~l-ITruNI'lL~'tlm~ tl!)llii~'ltlt.J~'ll'tl~m~~n~~{u~'tn~'tl'tln 'ttJr.nn Rogers ( 1994) L~'WVI1~'!1'tl~m1LU~ti'WLLtl~~ ~~~L~U1L~'W'tl

" if1~ 11fuil ~1lJ'WClu1lJ1 H Lij 'WLL'W'lVI1~'!1'tl~mT~1 Lilun~ m~l-lmT~oo..Ju11Wq).J'll'W'll'WUVILVItJ1uj1tJ::'!I'fl~ m~Lilu 'fl11n'-''1'tl LA1'fl~ij'il'll'tl~mT~ ~'W1 'tc1l LU'W'tltl1~ ~ L~'tlL1X"Ql-l'll'W"l!tJUV1~1lJ1TCl~~ I'I'WL'fl 'l tcrl'W~~VI

f>l1~1A'cy

L~tJVI1~'!1'tl~mTLtl~u'WLLtl~~ mTu'h11TmT~!ij.JtJ1"lluuVI m1~n~1u'tln LN wu'W

Abstract

The study of development can be d ivided into two main theories which are the deprivation and

needs theories and the exclusion theories. Routes to change for rural development administration by . offering a training course and non-formal education is developed according to Rogers (1994)'s concept.

That is for explaining the routes which are the processes lead to a target of development or a desire

n1 5 oou/1 1 OcJU18U 2554 - Wllfl001EJU 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

Gateway to lntrepnmeurship

change. The routes to change can be divided into two types; the partial route and the full route. The

partial route has three sub-routes which are the bureaucratic route, the technocratic route and the direct

action route. On the other hand, the full route of development has three routes; too, which are the early

decision-making in the development route, the late decision-making in the development route and the

route of possible interaction in a dynamic change process. Moreover, Phowungprasit (201 1) has to

explain the direct action route by the finding of his research which is beyond from Rogers (1994)'s.

Routes to change which are presented above could be used for being a guild line of implementation on

the development activities in the Thai rural community as weapons or tools of development. Hopefully,

the Thai rural community could be on the status of self-reliance.

Keywords:

Routes to Change, Rural Development Administration , Non-formal Education

m~u'J-umm~'U1L,XLiJ-u~,j'uhnJ (Modernization) 1-utl1~LVlfiHh~.:J~~'U1~.:JL"il'Utl1~LVIfllhm n11~~-u1

1t.l ~ L ih~~1u~w~tl1~~" rf rw"l~~ 1 L~~ 1t.Jhi1~ L~u ~1 n ~~L~u~1'fl'll 1 tn1tl~.:~-u tuu1u 1 -un 11u 1~1 m11~ ~-u1-n-uuv1 I !I ! t t.- ,-

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L~~1 "n11~~'U1'll'UU'Vlfl ~ti~'JL'"l'llti.:Jn11~~'U11h~L'Vlfil " ,j''UL'tl-.1

t-um~m-um~ffin'"ln11lJ'llt~.:Jm1~(ij.J'U1'll'UuVJ ihih~lJ1tJ~~1~'lJ ~nviL"ll-u t-um.:JLfii1M3ii"' ~t~ m1

L~lJ~'U'!Itl-.111tJL~t'l'l'U1Jrlr1~ n11L~lJ~'U'!Itl--1~~~~(;] €'U~lJ1U1'llJn.:Jm1ilr1'l1lJL"l1ruL~1JLt1lVI1-.1Lfil11!t~n"l ,j''ULtl'l • w ...

L'U"'JCU::~VJ1.:Ji.:~r1lJ ~t~ r1'l1lJn~lJLn~mn-u'llti.:Jf"l'UL'U'll~'ll'U n11Lil-ui.:~f"l~~ilr1'l1~tJ~fi11lJ il~1'~~m1i.:Jr1lJ~~ LL~::m1il!"lcu!l1YI~~ (;]~~ ~h-ut 'UV11.:Jrl~tfnnl-l ~'tl ~11'fl~fn1!fLLfl::m1~11-:~f"l 'l1~w.:~Y~'tl t ... ~ L~lJ~-u(;)t~ r1 'l1l-l

' . " ~~1n~~1tJLL~~rl'l1~L'"lltyLYJ'tl.:J~'lJ'fl'lrl~'Ufi11~ LL~:::L'UV11~~-:Jrl~n11Li:Jtl'l ~'tl n11L~~~'U'lJ'fl'lf"l'l1~t1l1~WWni

u~::m1L~hilt'l'l-uh~1-un'"lm1~'ll'fl.:Ji.:~r1~~1t~1-umnil'fl~ (Rogers, 1994. 88-89) 'flih.:Jhnm~ LU1~~1tJ~.:Jn~h'l t.f I I I !

if1--1~'UU 'fl1'"lLU'UYlRnn'ULU'U'elt.h.:J~LtntJt.l1'UVI1'1LL'U'lf"l'l1~r-1tnVlLLYI~~1tJ mViL<Jl'U n1~'1~-.1LL~::n1~.:JYI1(;]'ULti'IL~ " " (Dependency and Self-Reliance) mru11~0.:Jrl'l1~~ti.:Jn1~1tlr1'l1lJ~1LU'UVi'Uj1'U'llti.:JlJ~mJ (Meeting Basic

" Human Needs) - ,t.lj. n11tl~tnt.l~tw~"it~tl~tnLtl~tl'l'"l1nfil'l1lJVJn'!lmn'lliltnvi1.:J 1 (Liberation) LL~::: n11Lir1il

t'l'J-u1'llJL'Un'"lm1~'ll'tl~tl1::'ll1'li'U (Participation) ,r'UL'fl'l

n11~ oo.J'U1~'1 rllJ 1 VltJ 1 ,Xi! rl'l1~ LU'U~,j'tJ 1m.iL'Ull1Y11'llJ~fi n11~rt.:J~Qn n~1') n.:J'fl~ L~~'fl n ~'f) n11L ~~ 1~c;i'u'lJ'fl.:Jn11~~'U1'lJ~WQ~'D'U'll'UtJV1L,XiJr1'l1~~vhLVltll-1~1'fl'flti1-:JU'fltJn1mn~L~tJ.:Jrl1J'Q~'ll'ULil'fl.:~·~1'fl'fl 1'"ln~1 'l . " ~mru~il.:J'flti1.:~ Lu-uttln11~n~'flm1~1 t~ 'fl.:~ri'm1ul~11t'l'l-u~1u~ ~1'fl "'flu(;] ... ilfil'l1~ L'"ll'lJ LL~:::~ ~-u1~-u'"~-u

QntJn31-u:::'l~Ltl-u "LVJflltJ1fl~1u~" ~rtl L~l-11:::~u'llt~~m1~~-u11,Xt~.:JPi"m1ul~11t'l'l-u4'.:J~1'tn ('tlu"l.) vi1-.1 1 il fil'l1lJL'"lTC\JLL~::~~'U1;'U"l'ULVltJULVh~ffitn~L~tJ~rlUnt.:JLVIYU.m1'Ufil1 (~ffiLiJ'fl.:J~VltJ1 n(;]1lJ) LYI11:::L11f"l.:Jt.JljL~fi

00 5 olA.Jii 1 Ory..nw 2554 - WClfl001W 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

FEU ACADEMIC RE VI EW

01"1 5 oul.Jri 1 OCJU1VU 2554 • WC)f'l~rnvu 2554

~ ' ~ ..,., ... ~ 0 'l . ... tJ ., ... ., ..... ~l'l~Un1~tln~'11.~::'1J'ULu'U "LVIPIU1~(;111J~" ~'UVI~I'l LL~~ ~~nflUnU "n~'ILVIYUJ'-11'UI"l~" LL~:: "L~fl'I'WVltJ1" nl"lfl

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rtru~nMru~'1J'tl'ln1~~oo.JU1~fi'ltJ~::~'II"f ~'fl "rt'l1~L"11-ruL~UL(J)flU1'1Lvl1LYltJ~'-1'1flt~l.J'tlfl11"ln'U (Growth with • I "'

Equity)" I " I

r;Y'I L'Iiuif!~~tJtifltJVl Lf!Un m~1fi~~l.J.,;'Pitf (2538) L~tln~u~1UUUU"'ULUUvtn~1'JO'ILUV11'1~'ll1n1~ . ' i'lrtl.JPI1~ (J) f~~1 i..:~ r~2.11 Vlt.Jiirt'l12J t "l1C1.JL~u t~nf1u1'1hi Lvl1LVltJ2.l'-1'1'fl hi L~l.J'tlfl1rtnu "'ULtlumil'tlui'l "~'tl..:~tl'rtn tJ~::'ll1fiULintl" n~1'l ~f) L f!Un L'-1~1fi~~l.J., PIUL~U1L~'Ufll"l'J12Jil.J~Ufi~ LUUUD1l11"1 nu~:;'-1~1..:1 Lil'fl-1 LL~::<J!UUVI ~~11"l'ULt.!'li'UUVI~'I~1N~'W~'Jtin1?VhLnM~nm?~l.J'-11flun1'11'li1'JLi'll1'lU1~L111tiLnt'lU"'~vT'I'-12J111iJ31U~t11n"'U

I \1 tl I

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Ltlum?L~tln~'I~'Wu1~Vlt~~fi?~l.Jnlf112J L111tJm~~~iim~fl~Vlt"ll1m~tJ'~nu LLI'ifl tl1'1hn~ "lu'lu~~111LL~'J ~"llu:: n1~ Li 1~1~'1 LUUf~U1~;\..I LLIJi1JUL~'UVI1..:1 L~ti'JnueL'fl'l "l!'Uiun~1'1L'U'ql.J'liULi1fl..:J L111t.JL'il'W1~flU1'1~'1~tlLU nNL'Vl'Wl.J'-11\..11"1~ n~U~1'-1U1~L'I..ln1~ "~2Jf~U1~" L'Wn~l.Jtl..:IL~UO..:!A'J12J1Jn'Wi'fl'l\.l-;,'fln1~'Vl"l1(J)'lJ'fl'lf~u1 fl

'l dS ~ cL9

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r;Y..:~ii~~tJHVI'-lu1tJn'-ltl'..:~~flil~1 "nlilth.J lnu-iun~I.J~.J 7:JtwEJ.Juvifiufjul~ ill Tnnm.Jf.ytil~ illtt'JEJ? n1mh.J 7r " ~

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'llUUVJi'Jm~LU~tiULLU~'ILU~1Un1?'W~u1t'u vT..:!LUVI1..:!LPI?M~n~ i'lrtl.J LLfl:m~Lil'fl'l vl'IL-ri'U~L~mh'JO'ILth'-12.11tJ ~ u ~

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! \1 I

Vi~'el..:~ R'l12.l"lu 'ti'ut.~2.11t.Jn..:~ i'JL~ntJ1~hltfitJ..:~wflnunt.J~1tJ "luil~n1wt.~il~um~..:~f..:~ ~..:~'l111 ti~'lu'tt.~ C\)LL~'l ~::: ~ " '

d~U'-lUUt'ln~:::uu nl.ln'l'-lil'lu~:uu r;)'IL-rium~LUUfOlVI1'1fim~~l.J'1Jtl'ln1~rlUl.JL~UnUfiU1F111L~flm1LnMif11LL~:: " . " ~vmmrmnm~t(J)~ (fi.n.~.) LL~:; t1~~m~~12.1 R'l1~L~uLhtJ 'tlu'-1~1tln'l u1m~~1n1?tu~'JJ~UJ~'Jn'l 'WLYiu..:~wEI

~ ~ " '-11'EihlilR'l12.1~12.11~n1umni1n..:~u1m~~1fi1~ru:;"l!u111i11~ flU1'1hn~ U'1J'-11l1'1~12.lu?:::m1il '-11n~12.11 1Cl

LLnL'iiUt1J'-111"l'J12JtJ1n~ua'l1tJ1~ ~n~fl'IUt1J'-11~L'-l~tln~:::~12.11~ClFI~FI~1tJf'l..:Jif112.12.11L~ ~..:~ Galbraith ( 1965,

14-19) 1~wmml.JPiu'-11~1~n 'elu'lJ'fl..:J UC\J'-11R'J12Jtl1n"luLm1ol'~1Ln !?l"l1 nif~4'tl~1mtJl 8 th:::m~ L111tl'fl1"l~:::l.J1

"11ntf"'4't.l'-l~'l'-l~'el'-1~1t11 tf~4'tJi'Jl.Jrlt.lnL~ ~UL~ LLrl 1) PIU"l\..IL'Wn:::L111"llfl1J~~InLLUU,j'U 2) th::LVIPitJ1n"'U

LW~1:::~n1w~uvhfl1mPI1lJti1U'Jtl 3) tJ~::: LVIPit11n~uLw~1:::~nn111~~1nfl1ru1tlRl.JiltJl.J 4) R'J12JtJ1n"'uLilu

uri 5 ~ 1 OqlnEJu 2554 • ~ 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

Gateway to entrepreneurship

" ~:J~Yl'J~"nnm11V11V~'llt:~~'l!u-D't.!5) rt'J1~mn~uLnV~"'l1n"fluhid~ti~Yltl 6) rt'J1l.lmn~uLnV~~1nm1ihh::'1!1m

l-nmnu1tl 7) ~'J1l.Jtl1n~u~uL~'fl-nJ1"'l1nutm.J1mM,;3n"'l~hi~ LL~ :: 8) ~'J1l.Jtl1n'"luLnV~"'l1n~'l1lJLlJ! 'flth~hn~ m1~n,;1L~'fl 'l n11~[ij.JtJ1LV~tl~~tl ~1l.l11mLtl'l 'fl'fln1~d]u 2 Vl~,;~t"'C\) 1 (Rogers, 1994,

91-1 09) m:h'J~fl Vl~M~~~1~'Jti~'J1lJ'IJ1VILL~~ULL~::~'J1~~fl~n1l' (Deprivation and Needs Theories) LL~:: Vl~'l!tD~~1~'Jtln1l'nV~riu (Exclusion Theories) LV!tiVl~'l!tljLLmmfiml' Rfl 1) mnm'l!u::~'J1l.ltl1nlilu (Over-

, J "

coming Poverty) LL~:: 2) mnl1t,X'4~~~ 1~fu~~vhilu~'J1lJ~1Lilufiu31U~1"'fum1~1dlu'l!~l?lflth~ LViti~Yi'fl

(Meeting Basic Human Needs) LU'!Jru::~Vl~MD"'~~~~fiml' ~'fl 1) m1'1'111,X'4~~~~1l.l1l'n~~Yl11?lt.!Lfl~L~ (Self-reliance) 2) ml'tl~V~tl~flt1"'1fltl~V~Ltltt~~lil1n~'J1~"fln'llmn'llut'l~1~ 1 (Liberation) LL~:: 3) n11~~L~1l.J 1~'4 ~~~ 1~ L -if1~~'Jt.~i'Jl.J (Participation) ~1,fu LLt.I'JYI1~'1J'fl~ mn·~' [ij.JtJ1'liUUVl~iJL-Driu'fl~LV!ti~'J 1tltlT::nt~u1tl ~'Jt1"'~1tiLLU'JVl1~ (~U tlf'li'1)Yi~Vl{ 2541 , 342-344) t:nviL"J!u 1) n11~(ij.JU1'liUUVlmL~lJLVItiU1::'ll1'liU 2)

mm{ij,J\!1'liUUVlm.~~ LV1tlf3U1~LL~'J 1~tl1::'1!1'llt.IU1Ltltl!)Uii 3) mm~U1'1!UUV1 LLUU~\!Vl1~~~L"llu~~1-Dt~~ 1utll'::LV1Pl~UL~tl 4) mT~IiJU1'1!UUVl LV~tll'll'::~~,rLL~::I'lru::nTTlJmrlV~ 5) ml'~[ij.JU1 t~N~11~~u~1U'llfl~'liUUVl 6) n1l'~(ij.J\.11'liUUVlLV!tln1l'L~l.JI:J~f.l~I?!Vl1~n1l'Ln'l!tl?ll' 7) n11~~U1'llt.IUV1LV1tln1l'~~U1~U LL~:: 8) n11oW(ij.JU1

'lluuVJ LV~tl'il1 Pi'tll'l'J1l.J"l!'Jtl L,~fl'"l1n t~'li"l m1T::,~1\l~l?lrul'::LVJPI LL~::t:~'li"lml'Lt~n"llu~'Wwr~t-~~n1 h ~~~1,fu tu ' "

Ul'::L Vl P!L Vltl n~ 1'J L~~1 1~-D' LLU'JVl1~ n11~ j;l,JU1"l!\!UVlVi I:J~~ I:J~1\!rl\!LL VlU'"l::VlmtJ LLUU ~~ n~1'J~1i1-:J ~UU . " LU'Y!ru::~ Rogers ( 1994) 'l~Yitl1tl1lJ'ilBU1tiL~UVl1-:J'IJ'il~n11Ltl~tiULLtl~~ L~fln1 l'oWiiJU1 LV~tlil,V~LUU~~n,;ru:: 'IJ'il..:J L~UVl1~ ~'I r;i') LLUU LL U'JV11..:J'IJ'il..:J n1l'oW j;l,JtJ1'liUUVl LLUU L~lJn't~ n~ 1'J O~~..:JeL1' 'tlt.i 1~-ff' VI L '"lU ~~~ L -dt~,1'1J'il..:J UVll'l'J 1~nlil:: 'l~u1lJ 1 nfh'J n.:J LL~::'!I m t1 rt'J 1~t:~t1 n 'ltlt un t1~:: L tit~ V~ LV~tJ !Ji'Jt~th~ifl A'u-wu~'ltl1n~ n~1 Rogers

'lJ'il~b'W\j~tJ t-wfw).:Jtll'::~Vlf (2554) ~L~Yhml'~n,;1~4'tltJ11lJL~UVl1~1Jfl~n11LU~tiULLU~'l'lJ'il~n~l.l10.1NI"fL~fl ' " .,

n11tl{ju~ LL~'JYi Utl1L~UVl 1-:J 'Yl'fl.:J mntl~t1ULLtl~.:Jtll'::LJlVlU ~1lJ1l'mLti.:J'fl'ilnL~LUtJ 4 iUI?l'ilULm\J' LL~:: t.l r "" "" II

12 '1lul?lt~Uriflt1 ~.:JYilil::L~U1L~U'ill'i'ilLtl ~.:Jl!u tJI?IQU1::~-:Ji"l"'~n'1l'il.:JUVlrt'l1l.IU n~fl n11U1L~t.!'ilLil'il,1 L~t.!Vl1-:J

'!Jfl'ln11LU~tJULLU~'ll?l1~LLU'JfiV~'!Ifl'l Rogers ( 1994) L~fl LI:JtiLL'WTLLU'Jrt'J1~fi~~.:Jn~1'J L~rlUUnoWj;l,J\!1 L~'ilU1Ltl 1-if d]ub~1t~'lrl 'el'tlud]ULL U'JV11-:J~ 1,fu n114' VI n'"l n l'l'lJ n1 ToW ~U1L ,Xnu, lJ"i!U'liUUVl l?i'tlbU Lb~ ::1':1 lJ LUO.:J ~~L ,XI'l'J1lJ

~uh LV~tJ~'J'ltlriu~"l!1n11Vl1-:J~1uml'ul"'11n1l'~~u1"l!UUVl'Yl'il.:JtlT::LVJP!LVltJ~'Jtl

LiUYI1'l"li'£Hn1~LU~tJULLU~..:JLy;'iln1~tJ~VI1~n1~~~\!1'liUtJVI ~1"'fU~fln1l'VI1'ilLLU'JVl1'l L ~'il n11tl!)Uii'tlulil::U1 'ltJ~ LiJ1"'lJ1tl'llfl~n1m(ij.JU1"l!t.IUVl ~1lJ1l'(l m::~h 1~

LV!tl'il1f'i'tl "L~\!V11..:J'll'il..:Jn11Ltl~tJULLU~..:J (Routes to Change)" m~LLu'JPiV~'lltN Rogers (1994, 118-130) Li]u

LLU'JV11..:J'll'il..:Jmrurn11mm ~U1"l!UUV1 t~t~1-infiml' 1~n11tln'ilUl'lJ LL~::m1~n'l!t1ut1n LN ~t1u ~..:J~Iil::'l~u1L~u'il l?i'el'ltJd n~1'l~'el L~UVl1..:J'll'el~n1l'LU~tlt.I LLU~~ ~1lJ1l'mLU'l'r.l'r.lnL~Li]u 2 Ul'::LflVlLm\J ~'il L~UVl1~LLUUU1'l~'JU (b~t.!Vl1~LLUU.f'J~11'J) LL~!:L~\!Vl1'1LLUUL~~ (L~UVl1~LLUUn1'J~)

t t,# I I I I

L~UV11~1lfl..:J mntl~tluLLtl~..:J ~..:~ n~1'JU ti'fl1~~1 "LilULrt1'fl..:Jij'il" Vi~1 LUU~1,ful!n~ [;,J.JU1;..:J-n1,U1Yi d]u

~u1mntl~t1ULLU~.:J (Change Agents) '"l1n~~fl1t1LU,l.J"i!U (Insiders) LL~~Jl.1tiU'tln,lJ"l!U (Outsiders) ~~'el-3n1l'

O"i 5 oUli'l 1 iJqi.J1ru 2554 - W(')f1001W 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REV I EW

FEU ACADEMIC R E VIEW

O;i 5 auufi 1 OC)l!\VU 2554 - WC)fl~fi1VU 2554

' " ' ~::Lm"llu:: "PI'Yll-IL~ ~u L~tJ" 'll'tl..:I~U'tl..:ILU"l!UUVlL,Xn~"lmtlu~'fltJUl-!VlL~l-lltl ~':ltJ~':l "ll-1~'11 'fi'u~l-l "ltJn..:~ m~~l"lrurnw

;~(;]~~(Quality of Life) t~u~un~nJU1~!;~fl..:l~tJUi~..:~eH L~'elU"lli.J1-nlum~tln~'flth..:!LUU~tln~nu;i'flLU LiUf11-l"ll'El-3n1'iLU~!IULLU~-3 LUJtJ.t'lFI'5'1'l th::nt:Ju1tJ~f':lu.fi'urwau~~1~qj 5 iu~nt:Ju t~u~u..:~m~

~"lc;i'U ~'a Ll3-!~U~1n 1) ~ll"l':ln1~ol"~dju'el'i 2) mm~::~'W~':l"l~r;J~:;~un~ 3) mm~U1~':l13-l~ ~fi!U~~ LL~:; ~ ~ ~ ~

~n1!t:; 4) m~~~~'tlUD~ LL~:; 5) n"l~LU~Ut~LLU~..:!~Vi..:~tl~::~..:~~ c;l~ttJ~ 1

lU~ 1 L~UVl1~'1J'El'ln1fLD~tJULLU~~Ll.lJlJoK'lr1'11'l ..,j

Vl'-l1 : Rogers, 1994, 119

' ' " L~UVl"l..:I'Yl'fl..:lmntJ~mmtl~~LLtJUi':l~~"l':l ~1l-11~CHLU~U'flU'a'fln1~dju 3 L~'WVl"l~ c;l~(;)'a1tlu ~'a

1) LiU'Vl1-3"ll'El-3'i::: tJU'i1"lfn1'i

lU~ 2 LilUVl1-3'tltm!:lJlJf1'11n1f ..,j

'VI'-l1 : Rogers, 1994,119

L~'WVl'N'll'a~n"lntl~uuLLt.l~~LLuuC ~a-~~u~"ln~ll1':lm~or~Lilu'fl~ ~1mrurHi1a-~fu(;l'fl'W'1l'a~mm~::~u " ~':l"l~(;l~:;~uni LL~::iUr;J'flU'll'el~n1~~nJU'IPI'l1l-ll ~fi!'Wt"l~ LL~::~n1!t::Ltl LL(;)n~tJ*Lt.J~m~~~~'flUD~LU~UYi

~':lu~iimrli~::uu~1"l!n1~'l-nn1ffiflnnnmn.~'VILL~::m~u~~u L~t1 t,Xn~~Lth~~1ul~iimru!ju~~n1~Ju m~i1~ " ' i'Wr;Jt1Uc;i'..:~ni'h'lri'fl t~\ii~~~ ~t1 n~~LU1~~1Uin~iJm~~nJU1Pl':l1~i ~fi!Ut"l~ ~1t1~m~t::Yi41LUU~"l~fum~

Ltl~uuLLtl~~~uL~u LL(;)n~uQnU'~I"i'ut,X~~il'fltl!ju~~n"l~t~u~uYi c;l~tiu ~ll'IW'll'fl..:~m~QnU'..:~~uL'llun 'fl1~~~..:~~'lu ~~..:IW'elL~~~::tlnu~m~ ~1'fl tum~~nNnu-ih~ nm~iJ~':lu~hl~..:!W'tlL~~"'l::tln~ (;11~ LL(;)~ 'ILUU~'el~UDtJ~(;l ")l-J

.,.. - a'1 s..- .., tJ..J .., " LW~"l::QntJ~PltJn L~ ~~t Vl 2 '!J"l~ln'W

" ' ~..:~n~1':l L~U~tUL~rl1L~UVl1~'llil~\l n~t1 n1rt1'tlnn!J r::LUUU ~~'fln!J~~'IU L~t1 t,XtJ~::'ll"l'll'W\~tJ!j~ I I I tl

un~t~uti~1U1"'lL'Wn"lrU-.!!~1JUUL'fl~ tlULUUL~Wr11..:!'1l'fl~~:;uun'llm~ViiJlinu'tl~L~U~':lLtl~..:~iuLL~::vh~tlr:: LVlPI "' I t;- t;- "'

'flth~hn~ LL,j'rJ1 L~'WVl"l~U"'l ::~-if'fl ~YiLU'Wi'W(;l'fl'WLYiu..:~LLI"iiu 1 LYhuu LL(;)-if'flL~tJrl~'fln1~U..:!I"i'tJL,XtJUtJ~m~L~tJ

H~1u1~u..:~l"i'u LL(;) L Ylu~'fl£h..:~ L~m t~um~iim~LtJ~uuLLtl~..:~ t,Xn~l-1 Lil1~~1u Ln ~~ Plu~ ~~~ LLi'l~uuu'a~tl!j~

00 5 ow1 1 iJr)l.nru 2554 - WfJflOO"lW 2554 F E U ACAD EMIC REVIEW

Gatewa.IJ to entrepreneurship

~1~~'lU~ULtl~LI'1UI'l'l1~~~141L~ ntl1~~:hJ;jlil'l1~tY~uuLL~:;m'l1nL~ tl1~L'liu n11tlt~nn!J"'~1ULt\'~iU~1Cl {mU1UUU~~'l~"'~'lnihJ1u LL~::Vl1~L~1,lJ1~~iJ~1U1~'1-llJ1~LUn1runmi~'lUn114'Un~~~thtju nth::mPI

~ dJ ~ ~

1\\'~u~t!u 1 Ltlu~u~u~~u1-Dnn,.~1u~~m:h'l100% LL~,.1n~~11n.ntt\'~ ti'1tlnP1~1n~~~1u1~tumru~~u I I ... I

~::iJ~tJ{jllii"'1~,."ft~hl ~1u'lu~1nlJt~mvht~ ,1t~1u~nvn~,u~ 'l-l1nn1~iiil1m~t~u (,.1-ai~ ) H~1 "Luu~t.~Vi

u~~ut-Dnn,.~1ue 1 oo %" LL~'l ~1u'lu'llt~~~eh11unn,.~1u1uit~n ~::iiL~~~1n~u,."ft~ hJ

2) LiU'VI1~ "ll'tl~L'VIFltULL Fl~'VI (un1"lf1n'l~U~:: NGOs) '

ltlv! 3 L~'Wvn~'ll'B'IL'Vl~"~ tuuf'lrvl (un~'ll1mmfl:: NGOs) .ol 'Vlll1: Rogers, 1994, 120

. " L~U'VI1~'ll'tl~ n11LU~UULLtl~~ LLuuil1~1'l'l1~~h ~cy rium~ ~u1 Pl'l1~i ,rPIUPI ~ LL~:;,r m~::~'l um~ ~ m1

" " tjnt~u1~lt\'riun~~LU1,.~1U'llt~~mni~u1~U t~u~'lul,.q)L~uvn~'llil~il ~:;Qml1~1H1un11tl{jlliit~u

l!milijJu1 (un~'l!1m1u~:;n~~ NGOs) ~L~t~ 1um1LLm'llilqJ,.1'llt~~1~'llu~'luilfim1L~bJ~~~1::~uPI'l1~i,rPiuf'l~ . '" ' . " ... LL~:;,rm:t::1u~t~~1Jh~ 1 LlfluYiiu"'t~u'llt~~L~u'V11~L't~~u~1n ~fl1'lmnuViLi~ut~~ ~1nuuni1~iu~nt~u'llt~~m1 m::~Uf'l'l1~(;1)':;,unvum1LLm'liUqj,1,T'a L'an1~~1'l 1 t~u~un~lijJ'lJ1L~vi1,U1~LUn11~ ~~u t~ LLVlUn~lJ

" " I

LU1'1-lt~1u1tl LL~'l ,r~ tV~u~::!IK'l,.1-a hlfiK'ln~n1tJ ~1n~t~LU1'1-lmu L'l-l~huu~tJ Pl'l1Yi~:: t~fumn~~~~11~ Pl'l1lJl

,rP!uPl~ ,1t~,rn'l!t::nmtJ tV~u~it.~~nt~u*~nN1tl6~n1:u'lum1'11t~~m14'VIm11ln-au1tJ~u1un~tJLU1,~1ut~u ,ruVi r.nntXu ~~U1Ltl~iwnt~u~ 1t\'~fum1'tlnt~u1~L~U1Lm,rn'l!t::'l!ilV~l,~ 1 ,1-aLPl1t~~ijt~"llilV~l1-l~ 1 Ltl1-Dlu

m1tllj~ ~ 'l u lnt.IL '8-l L ~t~u11tl~ n 11Ltl~u·uLLtl~~~~'lth::~..:J 141 \.1~1 u 1n1 LL~::ilfi m 1~U1lJ 1 L~t.!oal 1X'lloa'l n~ ~ l!n~~u1tXu ~~ltl~ 3 -ii'1~~u

IK'loa£i1'lL~U'V11'l'11'8'ln11LU~uumJ~..:J"l!il~tl ~YlU L~u1~tJ-au 1L~LLT1 LPlNmn~l~~11~1-l'1'tlmn~~ 11UL~'lltl~U1::'l!1'l!Ulu'l!UU'V1 (Rogers, 1994, 120) '81~L'liu n11U1::~1!tf,'1-am1vi1~uA'11~'l!ULUlULL1.JUI?h'l 1

~;jun~ ~U1 LL 'l ::L~Ut.lrlUL i1~1L ~m11Jnt~U1~'a£i1'1~~1 L~~rel LVI uwr~~1..,::LUUn1rL~~11U 1~1Xriutl1::"1!1"l!U ~fun111lntltJ1~L,.~1tXu ut1n~1ntXu 6.:~iiLP~Nn11n11~'tlut,Xti1U'tltlnL~uu1~ (Literacy) tJ£i1~1'ltJfVI'lltl~ .. n1~n11~m:t1utlnLNL1uu Ll1lm.hu~'lLL'VIU'll'tl~mntJ~uuutJ~~~tl "Pl1tl1~1" ~L~U~tlu,.u~~tlLUf;11~U1U~tlu ..

" " j;j1'11LU'l!UU'V1 1'l~,r~LI'lNn11U1::LflVln11~~-~~~~n11Ln1:ti?1~~,~1U~'lm'liuL~U'lrlU

~~vi1 tt\'~1~11n~ Lf'ln::,1~~, -iltJ~'!Jtl~L~um..:J'l!ill'ld n~tl Lut.lm1*~m1L~l~~~~1::~uPI'l1~i ,rP!uf'l~ LL~::,rn1!t::lt\'riun~~LU1,~1U'!ltl~n1~00-JU1~'lUilfln11L~n11!JnoaU1~ LLj;jitJL~U~~n~::YltJL~UL~U'tlU 1 LYl11::

L~UV11~"l!il~en1m~f'l'l1~~1~n 'rl1.Jn11n1::~UPI'l1~1?11::1-ll!n~'tl~nfitJLU1,~1U n~tl f'l'l1~L~~ulr.,,1tJ "~iJh" • t:t 'I " "

tr1 5 aM 1 OC)Ln8U 2554 - WC)flM"lVU 2554 FEU A C ADEMIC REVIEW

FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

0~ 5 awn 1 OflU1W 2554 - WC)fl~rnvu 2554

'll'fl-ln~~LUTI~mtJ n~'Yl~'fl Ldm!n~(;J.I\J1~1L~m~'tJn'f!U~~ n'"l:::L~1fum~'tJ n'f!U~~LUri'fltJ tn'"l'"l:::cJi''dtJI"'l'l"l~ • LnNh~ffim~ne.~~~tJl(;)n~n1~ 'tl1-tiL"litJ d:ltJd'tl~L"JJ'D'tl-lm~'flrW~L~~,"ln~mutJm~L~~'ll'tl-lftiu1-lLL1A-ll~thr.lu~

~ " ~ . l~tJ~:::L'Vl PILYitJ ~~rj'"l:::~'tl-lL~fum~'tln'tlu~~l~LFINmn~l~~11-l~1tiL~ (Income Generating Program) ri'tl~ LL~L ~1")')1~ LUtJ'"ll-3 n~'f! n~~ 1"1\JL '(,l~1elJ'tl-l hi L ~tJn-ll"'l'd1lJ~1 ~ qj LL~:; hi~ !n~'"l:::U"l 1tJtJ!j~'tltl1-l'"ll-34'-ll~~!n

" I

tJ~:::~11'tJLL~'tltl1-lbVl ~-31!~ L~'f!'"lUm~'tln'f!U~~LtJLL~'d nLvhnum~tJlju"iL~'"lU~-lLU~'dtJ~¥'tl~ 1 ntJ '(,l1'fl~-l~\J

~-l~1!n-A'~tJTu1~"l~tJulmtJ1tJ"r1tJvh~u n~"l1~ 3) LiU'VI1-l"il't:h'ln~l-1'1tu'1-1 A' L lf'ilm'1tli)~

~tJ~ 4 ~~'WVI1'1'lltl·m~:IJ7tuNI'f~~'fln17\l~,m .. \UJ1 : Rogers, 1994 ,121

I " I I

Li\'UY11-l"ll'tl-lmntJ~uuLLtJ~~uuuil 1l'n~lij.IU1~1tJc!u1m~LtJ~mmtJ~-lViLtlu1l'mruNr-1~1'fln~lJ1ruNr-f ~ .

" I I I "

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n~~1ruNf'f'V11~~1tJ~-1LL'J(;)~'fl~ n~~'ll~~~~un1'tl-3LV1tJitJ~LL~:::'fl~-3~1~'flf~u1~ n~~LFI~'fltJL~'JLtJtJ~::L~tJ~1'fl I 0 "

n1ru~1-3 1 '1~'1 LV1m""um-lL'taJ~tJ'"l"ln~m'dm1cU"ViL1jtJ'fl~ '"l"lnutJ1l'nTI'~u1,1'fl1!n~ruNr-f'"l:::vhmm~::~tJ F~'d1~!11~::,_.,1l'nfl~nun~~LU1~~1u11XfulLL~::!n1::~1!nn~e.~~m::YIU~'"l:::LnV1~t.! ;-3L!ntl~'dUL~qjl7n'"l:::'fl~LUlU~ ~1 ntJ ~'tl u t ~~ll1'd m ~nr~ LUU'tl~ ~, L iltJ'tl th~ ~'a L ~'a~ !'itJ1tJ~ n L(;)tl hi il mri Vl'!l'd 1~~1'8~ ~n, m~~~ ~ n ~'tl~~1 LU\JU CkJ~1'tl~,rtJ n'"l::v'h 11X Ln (;I e.J~ L~ti~\J ;-3 e.J~ L~tl ~-3n~1'dn ni ~ILLU~ nue.J~U1=Ltl'l!t.!1(;)ti'J!'tlUfi~~~"ll'tl-3n~~ LUTI~l-11 u L!n u ~n N ,1-'tlm'"l'"l ::m::'Vlu m::: L VilfltJn-3 e.~ ~tJ~:: 'Cu'llu'lllfl~~ F~ ~"'~~ L!n tJ ~'dt.!'l, Ck)l ui~ ~"'~~ ~'d u ril~ ;-3~1 n dju

t- o I

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J; I I I

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m 5 Cll.lrl 1 lX]lnUJ 2554 - WC)f100"lW 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

Gateway to entrepreneurship

L~~ L~ru1LLfl::1111::t-n1n L \.!~111'l n11N~ Lnj;};\.!LLfl::Li]t.~~tJ 'ti1 L m!n~ ~\.!1~1).!11Cl~h~~1\ln'11~.:! fll'l1l.J Li]t.!~'l n~~-:1 ~ ~

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U'l 5 \llJr"l 1 Ocy.J1ru 2554 - Wf¥l001W 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REV I EW

FEU ACADEM I C RE VI EW

01'1 5 ouuri 1 Oc)tnau 2554 - WfJfl~nw 2554

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rn 5 CJU.Jn 1 Oc1LnUJ 2554 - Wf}f'lfu1w 2554 FEU A C ADEMIC REVIEW

Gateway to entrepreneurship

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lJ'i 5 OIJ~ 1 OC)l!lW 2554 • WC)flOO"'EJU 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

FEU A C A D EM IC REV I E W

On 5 ouun 1 UfJlJlf.IU 2554 - WC)fl~nlf.IU 2554

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tri 5 ~ 1 [Q.rw 2554 - wryKirrw 2554 FEU AC A D EMIC REVIEW

Gateway to entrepreneurship

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m 5 OllJii 1 DryJaJ 2554 - WflFI~ 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

Oi'i 5 ouui'i 1 OC)LnffiJ 2554 - WC)fli>mau 2554

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U"l 5 ~ 1 Cq..nw 2554 . ~ 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

Gateway w t ntreprrmeurship

2. n1tnr.:~1f'l'l1U'I::mi'nfluli'li!cuw'l L~tdfln1rti1dlu1~1um7Mt,i!cu.,.,

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m 5 oUiJr"l 1 [QilW 2554 - WC)fiDmUJ 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

iJrl 5 ot.Tun 1 Ol'}lllVU 2554 • Wl'}f10Cl1VU 2554

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m 5 al.i'l 1 OQu1ru 2554 • WC)flOmru 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

Gateway to entrepreneurship

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0"1 5 olU'i 1 OC)l.I)W 2554 - wryK'Srnw 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REVIEW

FEU A C ADEM I C RE VI EW

Oi'i 5 ouui'i 1 UC'!lJ'liJU 2554 - WflFl~rnvu 2554

managing development is an innovative, creative, responsive process where learning and adaption " will always be occurring. That, in practice, is what the development process is all about." ~~U'W m~

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LWIJrlU t"Wfwl''lt.l~~~'Vlf. (2554). m~PinH1n~::'U'lUn1~Ltl~!JULLtl-n.:~fl~.:~ti~::~.:~A1{;1t1t.hu~~J~~1fi1~tu:: : filnH1L'UVn::n~NfiU1Ft1~thHI. U'I!2.J'I!UU1ULn1::L~!J'U 'fi1L1l'fltl::vh {.:~~11Jl'I!2.JVf~ . L'tln~1~nt1~1'W .. . . mrt.J~:;'ll2.J1'l!1n1~2.J~11'Vlt11~tlf~~(;l tJ~::41ti 2554, 'lu~ 5 Ll.J~1t1U 'W .PL 2554. ~U1 354-361 . •

L'tl'Wn m~1firrl-lv1Piu. (2538). ~'fl.:JUFt~tl~::'!!16tlt~t1 . nt.:JL'Vl"W'1: ~1un~2.J~2.J~'ll'W.

Bryant, Coralie and White, Louise G. (1982). Managing development in the third world . Colorado:

Westview Press.

Galbraith, John. (1965). Economic development. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Rogers, Alan. (1994). Adults learning for development. London: Cassell.

m 5 oUi.il 1 iXllrW 2554 -~ 2554 FEU ACADEMIC REV I EW