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Transcript of FESM Talk Sherif
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Sherif FaragPrincipal PetrophysicistSchlumberger
Integrated Workflow for natural fracture andporosity evaluation in granitic reservoirs
Based on SPE 123455 and SPWLA -2007-E
Acknowledgements
Aung Thanh Oo Bingjian Li Cholid Mas Le Van Hung (Lamson JOC) Marie Lefranc Michael Sanders Pierre-David Maizeret
Agenda
Overview Fractures for Petrophysicists
Aperture Apparent Permeability
Lithology for Petrophysicists Grain Density Intrusive events lithology boundaries
Discussion
Basement High
SPE 107141 An integrated Geology and Reservoir Engineering Approach for Modelling and HistoryMatching of a Vietnamese Fractured Granite Basement ReservoirSon Le Ngoc, PVN, Mahmoud Jamiolamady, Jean-Marie Questiaux, and Mehran Sohrabi, IPE-HWU
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Fractal Fractures: Production Capacity Fractal Fractures: Storage Capacity
Micro fractures and dissolution porosity
Fractal Fractures: Storage CapacityMicro Fracture Porosity
Lithology
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Lithology Typical Image Log in Fractured Basement
Interpretation Workflow:Step 1: Frac. Aperture from Images and Laterolog
Solution EnhancedFractures
Continuous Fractures Discontinuous
Fractures
New, semi-automatedfracture interpretationis also currentlyavailable
Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs
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Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs
Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs Bad Borehole
Often the best fractured zones have the worst borehole Image logs may suffer
The solution is to fill the gaps using laterolog resistivity
Separation of deep and shallow resistivity is the most widelyused and works well in carbonates with some matrix porosityand fractures
Does not work as well in crystalline or metamorphic rock withno effective matrix porosity.
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Laterolog Operating Range Combined Laterolog and Induction Range
Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs
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Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs Fracture Aperture from Electrical Logs
Interpretation Workflow:Step 1: Frac. Aperture from FMI and Laterolog1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Interpretation Workflow:Step 1: Frac. Aperture from Images and Laterolog
Luthi, S.M., SouhaitP., Fracture Apertures from ElectricalBorehole Scans, Geophysics 55,1990, pp 821-833.
Faivre O., Fracture Evaluation From Quantitative AzimuthalResistivities, SPE 26434, 68th Annual Technical Conference andExhibition, Houston, Texas, October1993.
Shiomoto Y., Basement Reservoir Model Construction For RangDong Field,PetroVietnam technical forum2003.
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Stoneley Wave Stoneley Wave Attenuation
Stoneley Wave Attenuation: Fracture Aperture Stoneley Wave Attenuation: Fracture Aperture
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Stoneley Wave Attenuation: Fracture Aperture Stoneley Wave Attenuation: Fracture Aperture
Stoneley FractureExample
Good holeFast formationSeen on the FMI as a partiallyconductive fracture
Fracture detection from Stoneley
RX reflection Attenuation TX reflection
Occurs close to borehole wall
RC + TC = 1.0
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Dipole Wave Attenuation: Fracture Aperture Dipole Wave Attenuation: Fracture Aperture
Dipole Flexural Wave Attenuation Interpretation Workflow:Step 2: Sonic Stoneley & Dipole Attenuation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Interpretation Workflow:Step 3: Process of Elimination
Calibratedmeasurement
Indicator Indicator Indicator Result
Sherlock Holmes: Once you eliminate the impossible,whatever remains, no matter how improbable, must be the truth. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle "A Scandalin Bohemia"
Interpretation Workflow:Step 3: Process of Elimination
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Verification with PLT:Entry Points are Predicted, but not Rate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Verification with PLT:Entry Points are Predicted, but not Rate
758
670
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The largest fracture will have the highest apparent perm eability from logs.The most connected fracture will have the highest production rate.
FracturesBorehole
Plan view of vertical fractures with horizontal well Fracture Size, Density, Orientation
Fracture Size, Density, Orientation Fracture Size, Density, Orientation
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Fracture Orientation from image log
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fracture Orientation from FMI:Side View Cartoon
Higher Fracture density and aperture30% of production
More variability in fracture dip, with highpermeability fractures more likely tointersect70% of production
Granite Outcrop: Lower Angle Fractures Model for Well Test Interpretation
Log-log Diagnostic plot of all Build-upPeriods using the Standard SuperpositionMethod
Height of the producing zone
Well
Fractured producing zone
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
ElapsedTime [hr]
P r e s s u r e
& L
o g - D e r
i v a t
i v e
[ p s i a ]
FP#5 Main BU
FP#6 Surface SI
FP#7 Surface SI
FP#8 Surface SI
FP#9 Surface SI
FP#10 Surface SI
Radial Flow
LinearFlow
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1
10
100
1000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
ElapsedTime [hr]
P r e s s u r e
& L o g - D e r
i v a t
i v e
[ p s i a ]
Deconvolved DataModel
4600
4650
4700
4750
4800
4850
4900
4950
5000
5050
5100
16-May 17-May 18-May 19-May 20-May 21-May 22-May 23-May 24-May 25-May
Date
P r e s s u r e
[ p i a ]
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
20000
F l o w
R a
t e [ b p
d ]
Measured DataModelFowRate [bpd]
Well-Test ResultsProducing zone, h [m] 48
Porosity, [%] 2 %
Well radius, r w [in] 4.25
Reservoir Temperature, TR [ F]
264
Reservoir Pressure, PR [psia] 5063
Gas-Oil Ratio*, GOR [scf/stb] 100
Gas Gravity, g [air=1] 0.83Oil Density, o [ API] 46.1
Formation Volume Factor, Bo [rb/stb]
1.23
Viscosity, [cp] 1.38
Total compressibility, ct [/psi] 10-6
Model Result
Wellbore Storage, C [bbl/psi] 0.017
Skin, S 0.05
Fractures permeabil ity, k [md] 1420
Initial Reservoir Pressure atgauge depth, Pi [psia]
5050
Distance to first boundary, S[m]
601
Distance to second boundary,N [m]
565
Log-log Diagnostic Plot of Measured Data and Model for MainBuild-up Period
Entire Test History - Measured & Model Data
Lithology
Why is Lithology Important?
Porosity. With low porosity, matrix properties need to be accurate
Matrix density Neutron lithology response DT matrix
Dykes and lithology boundaries can create reservoircompartments
Different lithologies may be more prone to fracturing ordissolution Some operators have observed that felsic rocks are more
brittle, fracture more easily and feldspars are more reactiveand fractures are more prone to solution enhancement.
Lithology
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QAP Elemental Capture Spectroscopy
4 MeV neutron interactswith fomation:
Inelastic Interaction(multiple gamma-rays)
Slowing down of neutronthrough multiple scattering
Neutron Capture(multiple gamma-rays)
Gamma-Ray Spectrum
Energy [MeV]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C o u n
t s ( A r b
i t r a r y
S c a
l e )
Energy (MeV)
Fe
Ca
Si
S
Ti
Gd
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C o u n
t s ( A r b
i t r a r y
S c a
l e )
Energy (MeV)
Fe
Ca
Si
S
Ti
Gd
1. Ba2. Ca3. Cl4. Cl BMF5. Fe
6. Gd7. H8. K9. S10. Si11. C r N i12. Ti13. Na14. Al15. Mg16. IC17. IO18. I Ca19. I Si20. ITool
Elemental weightconcentrations
Si,Ca,Fe,S,Ti
Elemental Capture Spectroscopy Discussion
Overview Fractures for Petrophysicists
Aperture Apparent Permeability
Lithology for Petrophysicists Grain Density Intrusive events lithology boundaries