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Transcript of fertilisasi
APPROVAL SHEET
Complete report of animal’s development with title “Fertilization” who is made
by:
Name : Nur Rezki Octavia
Reg. No : 081404174
Group : V (fifth)
Class : Biology ICP
Department : Biology
After checked by assistant and assistant coordinator, so this report is accepted.
Makassar, December 2009
Assistant Coordiantor Assistant
ASO KI’LEKSO AIDIL ADHANI Reg. No: 061404001 Reg. No : 071404164
Lecture
Ir. Halifah Pagarra, Msi NIP : 1955 0915 1983 032 001
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION
A. Background
Reproduction is one way that is done by living things to can defense its
species from destroyed. With reproduction, living things can produce a new
individual. Generally reproduction at animal can be divided into two part, they
are sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction is
reproduction by fusion male sexual cell and female sexual cell. Asexual
reproduction is reproduction by bud formation at Hydra and there are still other
examples.
Fertilization (also known as conception, fecundation and sygamy), is the
fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. In animals, the process involves a
sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an
embryo. Depending on the animal species, the process can occur within the body
of the female in internal fertilization, or outside in the case of external
fertilization. Usually mammals rely on internal fertilization through copulation.
After a male ejaculates, a large number of sperm cells move to the upper vagina
(via contractions from the vagina) through the cervix and across the length of the
uterus toward the ovum. The capacitated spermatozoon and the oocyte meet and
interact in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
At this animal development observation, the subject matter that would be
observation is fertilization. Fertilization is fusion between male gamete
(spermatozoa) and female gamete (egg cells). Fertilization is the first step from
animal development after gametogenesis. Process that meeting both of that
gamete and defense amount child chromosome to diploid like mother. Coitus
process ay mammalian involve specific sexual attitude that is controlled by
female.
Based on the above statement, to find out more about fertilization. In this
observation we will use Mus musculus to observed. So that we can prove or
compare directly between theory we that we got with directly observations that
we observe at the time of fertilization observation. In addition, in this observation
we learned a lesson about how to breed and maintain of Mus musculus.
B. Purpose
In this fertilization experiment, there are some purpose:
1. To learn how to breed Mus musculus and take care them.
2. To have a good understanding about fertilization process at mammalian.
C. Benefit
The benefit of fertilization experiment are the students can:
1. Know and learn how to breed Mus musculus and take care them.
2. Have a good understanding about fertilization process at mammalian.
CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE
In animals, fertilization is the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell. The
penetration of the egg cell by the chromosome-containing part of the sperm cell
causes a reaction, which prevents additional sperm cells from entering the egg. The
egg and sperm each contribute half of the new organism's genetic material. A
fertilized egg cell is known as a zygote. The zygote undergoes continuous cell
division, which eventually produces a new multicellular organism (Anonyma, 2009).
Fertilization is step that start animal development process after gametogenesis.
This process meeting both of kind gamete and defense amount of child chromosome
so there is diploid like mother. At mammalian fertilization occurs as internal.
Meeting both of gamete happened in female reproduction duct. In this relation male
gamete (spermatozoa) is moved into female reproduction duct through cotus for meet
with egg cells. Married process at mammalian involve specific sexual attitude that is
controlled by sex hormone. Beside that, sex hormone undergo reproduction cycle at
female (Adnan, Asmawati, and Halifah, 2009: 23).
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm, usually occurring
in the ampulla of the uterine tube. It is also the initiation of prenatal development.
Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.
Fertilization (also known as conception, fecundation and syngamy), is the fusion of
gametes to produce a new organism. The process involves a sperm fusing with an
ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo (Anonymb, 2009).
In the process of fertilization, organization of spermatids should be adjusted in
order to reach the ovum. Sperm are generally composed of the head, middle piece and
tail. Anterior end of the differentiation head that serves as achrosome penetrating the
egg membranes to the sperm cytoplasm may be associated with the ovum. The bulk
of the head of a core role in the paternal genes transmition. The posterior part of the
head contains important centrioles in the zygote cleavage. Keeping the flagellum and
the surrounding contain there contents of mitochondrial oxidative enzymes and other
enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, to provide energy. The tail is the
longest part of the sperm and by the movement, the sperm can move with the head in
front (Sugiyanto, 1996: 59-60).
Kind of reproduction that happened in the vertebrate is sexual reproduction.
Generally reproduction system consists of sex glands, reproduction duct, and
accessory gland. Animal that do internal fertilization is completed with copulatoris
organ at male. The main organ that is composed reproduction system is gonad. At
male that is called testis and in the female is ovary. At male is completed by
accessory gland that produce liquid as sperm medium, while in the female there is
uterus (Syahrum, 1994: 34).
Fertilization may or may not involve sexual intercourse. In vitro fertilization
(IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in
vitro. Sperm is propelled through the female reproductive tract by flagellation and
may get through the jelly coat through a process called sperm activation. The oocyte
and sperm fuse once the sperm is through the corona radiata and the zona pellucida;
two layers covering and protecting the oocyte from fertilization by more than one
sperm (Anonymb, 2009).
Place of fertilization at various of animal is different, but sure in each animal.
At kind of animal, fertilization occurs in the posterior tuba fallopian, example
urodela. gymnophona, and some of kinds anura, in the anterior tuba fallopian, like
reptilian, aves, elasmobranchii, and mammalian, in the peritoneum cavity between
ovary and infundibulum, like at kinds of urodela and aves, in the ovary follicle, like
cork fish, and in the water, like frog (Adnan, 2008: 117).
Fertilization in humans occurs in oviducts (fallopian tubes) of the female
reproductive tract and takes place within hours following sexual intercourse. Only
one of the approximately 300 million sperm released into a female's vagina during
intercourse can fertilize the single female egg cell. The successful sperm cell must
enter the uterus and swim up the fallopian tube to meet the egg cell, where it passes
through the thick coating surrounding the egg. This coating, consisting of sugars and
proteins, is known as the zona pellucid (Anonyma, 2009).
According to Adnan (2008), function of fertilization are:
1. Stimulate egg cells to develop continuely
2. Produce that happened sygami that is fusion genetic paternal and maternal
characteristic.
3. Defense diploiditas condition a species
4. Determine kind os sex genetically.
At animal that do internal fertilization, sperm moving in outer of body isn’t
happened because sperm is brought directly into female sex duct through specific
organ. At pisces, anal fin or pelvis fin change its form as tool that go into sperm in the
female body. At cloaca female there are diverticulum that is called spermatheca that
has role as sperm storage. At mammalian, sperm is brought into female reproduction
duct through specific sex that is specialized that is called penis (Adnan, 2008: 115).
CHAPTER IIIEXPERIMENT METHODE
A. Time and Place
Day/Date : Saturday/December 5th, 2009
Time : At 03.00 pm until 05.00 pm
Place of experiment : The 3rd floor of Biology laboratory, the east part
Mathematic and Science Faculty, Makassar State
University.
B. Tool and Material
1. Tools:
a. Mus musculus cage
b. Scale
c. Surgery tools
d. Pipette
e. Magnifying glass
2. Materials:
a. Female and male Mus musculus
b. Mus musculus food
c. Freshwater
d. Chaff
C. Work Procedure
1. Made vaginal smear of female Mus musculus to know reproductive cycle
condition of the female animal.
2. Looked after the female and male Mus musculus in one cage so the coitus
could occur.
3. Watched over the female Mus musculus condition everyday. Especially
whether the female Mus musculus had pregnant or not.
4. Weighed the female Mus musculus weight everyday to made certain that the
animal had pregnant.
5. Gave food and water just enough, and changed the chaff to keep the sanitation
of the house mouse that was pregnant.
6. Killed a female of Mus musculus that is pregnant by neck dislocation, then
surgeried the abdomen until look uterus.
7. Count amount of fetus at uterus and wrote down each others of uterus horn.
Look that fetus what is life or died by touching.
8. Opened uterus and looked for implantation that is resorosied. Count of each
uterus horn.
9. Took both of ovary and count of corpus luteum from each ovary (right ovary
and left ovary). Corpus luteum has yellow reddish color and has shaped that is
bigger than tertier follicle.
CHAPTER IVRESULT OF OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Observation
Ovary of Mus musculus (Group VII)
Notes :
1. Ovary
2. Uterus
3. Corpus adiposum
B. Discussion
At this observation we observed about fertilization of Mus musculus.
Before that we breed between male of Mus musculus and female of Mus musculus
and we learn about how to take care Mus musculus. After that we could do surgery
at Mus musculus that has been pregnant to observed directly its fertilization.
Every day we measured the weight of Mus musculus to know adding of
weight from female of Mus musculus by using Ohaus scale. This measured also is
done to help us ascertain happened pregnant at Mus musculus. Taking of data is
done at 17th days. Day to day there are adding of weight of Mus musculus, but
sometimes there are decreasing of weight or it has same weight.
We can know pregnancy of Mus musculus by seeing vagina stopper that is
when there are lump liquid that is closed vagina hole. There are vagina stopper is
sign zero pregnancy day. Our group observed until 17 th day of pregnancy. But Mus
msuculus that we are took care didn’t pregnant. This is caused Mus musculus
undergo frustration and didn’t get food regularly. But from its environment there
isn’t problem because we took care their cage so there isn’t smell.
Because that problem, we take the data from group VII. When it is
operated, we don’t know day of Mus musculus pregnant. From the operated result
there are 7 implantation at group VII. But their fetus is different. At group VII has
life fetus is 2 and died fetus is 5. Their corpus luteum is 0. Percentage of
implantation is 0. Percentage of gestation losing is 100%. Percentage of died fetus
is 71,43% and percentage of life fetus is 28, 57%.
CHAPTER VCONCLUSSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclussion
Based on observation that we is done, we can conclude that:
1. Coitus of Mus musculus can be happened if female and male of Mus musculus
in the same cage and female of Mus musculus is in the estrous phase. From
aspect maintenance we always pay attention their food and their cage so that
Mus musculus didn’t do frustration that will influence reproduction ability.
2. Fertilization is fusion between male sex gamete and female sex gamete that
occurs in the female reproduction duct. At Mus musculus fertilization is done
as internal.
B. Suggestion
1. I hope laboratory equipment can be completed, thus practicant can do
observation well.
2. Assistant can give more again information about observation.
3. Practicants don’t play at observation take place rightly.
BIBLIOGRAPH
Adnan. 2008. Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Adnan, Asmawati, and Halifah. 2009. Penuntun Praktikum Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.
Anonyma. 2009. Fertilization. http://www.harunyahya.com. Accessed on December 11th 2009 in Makassar.
Anonymb. 2009. Human Fertilization. http://www.healthsquared.com. Accessed on December 11th 2009 in Makassar.
Sugiyanto. 1996. Perkembangan Hewan. Jogjakarta: Universitas Gajah Mada.
Syahrum, M.H. 1994. Reproduksi dan Embriologi. Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia.
Anonyma
Fertilization
In animals, fertilization is the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell. The
penetration of the egg cell by the chromosome-containing part of the sperm cell
causes a reaction, which prevents additional sperm cells from entering the egg. The
egg and sperm each contribute half of the new organism's genetic material. A
fertilized egg cell is known as a zygote. The zygote undergoes continuous cell
division , which eventually produces a new multicellular organism .
Fertilization in humans occurs in oviducts ( fallopian tubes ) of the female
reproductive tract and takes place within hours following sexual intercourse. Only
one of the approximately 300 million sperm released into a female's vagina during
intercourse can fertilize the single female egg cell. The successful sperm cell must
enter the uterus and swim up the fallopian tube to meet the egg cell, where it passes
through the thick coating surrounding the egg. This coating, consisting of sugars and
proteins , is known as the zona pellucida . The tip of the head of the sperm cell
contains enzymes which break through the zona pellucida and aid the penetration
of the sperm into the egg. The sperm and the egg each contain only half the normal
number of chromosomes, a condition known as haploid. In humans, a number of
variables affect whether or not fertilization occurs following intercourse. One factor
is a woman's ovulatory cycle. Human eggs can only be fertilized a few days after
ovulation, which usually occurs only once every 28 days.
In other species, fertilization occurs either internally (as above) or externally,
depending on the species involved. Fertilization outside of the animal's body occurs
in aquatic animals such as sea urchins, fish, and frogs. In sea urchins, several billion
sperm are released into the water and swim towards eggs released in the same area.
Fertilization occurs within seconds of sperm release in the vicinity of the eggs. Sea
urchins have been used greatly in research on fertilization.
Anonymb
Human fertilization
Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the uterine tube . It is also the initiation of prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century.
Fertilization (also known as conception, fecundation and syngamy), is the fusion of gametes to produce a new organism. The process involves a sperm fusing with an ovum, which eventually leads to the development of an embryo.
It is when first of all the acrosome at the head tip produces enzymes, which cuts through the outer jelly coat of the egg. After that has happened, the sperm plasma fuses with the egg’s plasma membrane. Finally, the Head disconnects with the body, and the egg can now travel down the Fallopian tube to reach the womb, where the baby grows.
Fertilization may or may not involve sexual intercourse . In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb, in vitro. Sperm is propelled through the female reproductive tract by flagellation and may get through the jelly coat through a process called sperm activation. The oocyte and sperm fuse once the sperm is through the corona radiata and the zona pellucida; two layers covering and protecting the oocyte from fertilization by more than one sperm.