FEMT 101 DENDROLOGY

Species’ Characteristics Lab

Aceraceae – Maple Family Acer ginnala – Amur maple (exotic)

Size and Form – small shrubby tree, less than 5m tall

Bud – opposite arrangement small with reddish-brown lateral buds, terminal bud blunt with lateral bud beside it

Twig – stiff and shiny reddish-brown, with light coloured lenticels

Leaf –simple, 8 -10cm long, narrowly triangular, distinct lobes (basal lobes), serrated, brilliant red fall colours

Fruit – drooping clusters, paired samara (parallel wings)

Site – possible landscape tree

Aceraceae – Maple Family

Acer negundo – Manitoba maple (native)

Size and Form – medium sized tree (up to 20m tall), 75cm diameter, 60 year lifespan

Bud – opposite arrangement with blunt terminal bud, covered with fine hairs

Twig – stout, thick and hairless, covered with a glaucous (white) bloom on older twigs

Leaf – odd-pinnately compound, 3-9 leaflets

Fruit –paired samara (45 degree angle), 30-50mm long

Bark – furrowed, narrow ridges Site –lakeshores, riverbanks, flood

plains

AceraceaeAcer saccharium – Silver Maple

Size and Form – medium to large tree up to 35m tall, 100cm in diameter at 130 years old

Bud – opposite arrangement, terminal bud 3-4mm long, blunt, twice as long as wide, shiny, reddish, smooth, usually 4 pairs of scales

Twig – shiny red to grayish-brown, hairless, dwarf shoots will have clusters of flower buds, unpleasant odor when bruised

Leaf –simple, 15-20cm long, 5-7 lobes that are widest above the base, coarse, sharp irregular teeth, central lobe is separated by deep narrow notches, upper surface is light green silvery white underside

Fruit – paired samara, 40-70mm long, 90º angle between the wings

Bark – smooth, gray when young, older trunk bark is dark reddish brown with long thin narrow flakes giving it a shaggy look

Site – rich, moist lowlands bordering streams and lake shores

Betulaceae – Birch FamilyAlnus incana – Speckled alder (native)

Size and Form – tall shrub, up to 8m tall

Bud – alternate arrangement, stalked, blunt, reddish-brown, often 3 ranked

Twig – lenticels, reddish-brown, moderately slender

Leaf – elliptical, double-serrated, simple

Fruit –pollen and seed catkins, mature cone-like catkin with very narrow winged nutlet

Site – found along water ways

Betulaceae – Birch Family Alnus viridis – Green alder (native)

Size and Form – large shrub (up to 3m tall), multi-stemmed

Bud – alternate arrangement, un-stalked, sharp-pointed, brownish-red, 3 ranked

Twig – lenticels, moderately slender

Leaf – oval, double-serrated (fine teeth), simple

Fruit – pollen and seed catkins, mature cone-like catkin with wide winged nutlet

Site – dry with jack pine

Betulaceae – Birch Family Betula glandulosa – Bog birch (native)

Size and Form – spreading shrub, up to 2m tall

Bud – alternate arrangement, small and pointed

Twig – resinous, tiny/fine hairs Leaf – simple, almost circular (1-

2cm), thick and leathery, 6-10 teeth per side

Fruit – pollen and seed catkins (upright), mature cigar shaped catkin with small winged nutlet

Site – forested bogs and wetlands

Betulaceae – Birch Family Betula papyrifera – White or Paper birch (native)

Size and form – medium sized tree Bud – alternate arrangement,

pointed, slender Twig – slender, somewhat

sparsely resinous, greyish-brown (greenish), dwarf twigs

Leaf – simple, triangle tip, ovate (egg-shaped), double-serrated,

Fruit – pollen and seed catkins up to 5cm long, hang down, mature cigar shaped catkin with wings are wider than nutlet

Site – forest edges, lakeshores

Betulaceae – Birch Family Betula pendula – Weeping birch (exotic)

Size and Form – small tree (up to 15m tall), weeping fashion

Bud – alternate arrangement, do not hug twig, blunt tip

Twig – slender, flexible, no resin glands

Leaf – simple, ovate, tapered tip, serrated

Fruit – pollen and seed catkins (2-4cm long), mature catkin cigar shaped with wings wider than nutlet

Bark – darkish white/grey Site – landscape tree

Betulaceae – Birch Family Corylus cornuta – Beaked hazelnut (native)

Size and form – large shrub (up to 3m)

Bud – alternate arrangement, darker than twig, rounded, pointed, heart-shaped, overlapping bud scales, edge of bud side has white hairs

Twig – light brown, hairless Leaf – simple, elliptical, pointed

tip, double-serrated Fruit – thin-shelled nut,

enclosed in tubular husk covered with stiff prickly hairs, clusters of 2 or 3

Site – upland w/aspen, moist/well drained

Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle Family Lonicera dioica – Twining honeysuckle (native)

Size and Form – semi-erect, vine-like shrub, climbs up to 5m in height

Bud – opposite arrangement, straw colour, small and pointed, no true terminal bud

Twig – twisting, woody vine, hollow stem, straw colour

Leaf – simple, end leaves form a cup around stem, oblong, rounded on the end

Fruit – small red berry, inedible (bitter), cluster of 7-8 berries in leaf cup

Site – upland w/aspen, forest edges

Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle Family Sambucus pubens – Red elderberry (exotic)

Size and Form – multi-stemmed shrub

Bud – opposite arrangement, plump, reddish-purplish, pair of scales, typically no terminal bud

Twig – orange pith, olive green, lenticels (yellow/brown), predominant leaf scars

Leaf – odd-pinnately compound, 5-7 leaflets, tapered & pointed tip

Fruit – large clusters of red berries, bright white flowers

Site – moist

Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle Family Symphoricarpos occidentalis – Western Snowberry (native)

Size and Form – short shrub, multi-branched, grows in large patches

Bud – opposite arrangement, small Twig – thin, orangey-brown,

orange pith, sometimes hollow Leaf – simple, small, paper thin, 2-

4cm long, wavy margin (large), smooth margin (small)

Fruit – greenish/white berries in dense clusters

Bark – shredding Site – upland, open forest

Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle Family Viburnum edule – Lowbush cranberry (native)

Size and Form – medium size shrub

Bud – opposite arrangement, bright red, pointed, true terminal bud

Twig – reddish-brown, slightly grooved

Leaf – simple, 3-lobed, long petiole

Fruit – red berries, clusters of 2-5, drupe (flat stone )

Bark – thin bark, reddish-grey brown

Site – open forest

Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle Family Viburnum trilobum – Highbush cranberry (native)

Size and Form – upright shrub (up to 4m)

Bud – opposite arrangement, reddish/orange, no terminal bud, 2 bud scales

Twig – straw like, large white pith Leaf – simple, 3 long pointed lobes,

smooth toothed margins Fruit – red to orange, forms on

terminal end of branch, drupe (flat stone), functioning flowers are surrounded by sterile white flowers

Bark – smooth grey bark Site – riparian areas

Cornaceae – Dogwood Family Cornus stolonifera – Red-osier dogwood (native)

Size and Form – medium sized shrub, spreading shrub

Bud – opposite arrangement, long/slender, pointed, 2 pairs of scales, laterals appressed

Twig – reddish-purple, moderately slender, lenticels

Leaf – simple, smooth margins, long petioles, tips curve off to one side

Fruit – whitish berries, small stones, form in clusters

Bark – reddish, greyish in older wood Site – under open canopy, moist

woods

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family Juniperus communis – Low Juniper (native)

Size and Form – evergreen, prostrate or spreading shrub up to 1m tall, trunkless

Bud – Twig – Leaf – needle-like to narrowly lance-

shaped, 5-12mm long, very prickly, whitish above, dark green below, in 3s

Fruit – berry-like, 6-10mm in diameter, bluish with white-grey bloom, fleshy

Bark – thin, reddish brown, shredding, scaly

Site – dry open, gravelly ridges or outcrops

Cupressaceae – Cypress Juniperus sp – Juniper (exotic)

Size and Form – evergreen shrub, various heightsl, upright or spreading

Bud – bud-like immature cones at the tips of some branches, hidden buds

Twig – many short side branches, rounded cross-section

Leaf – evergreen, scale-like, overlapping, close to stem, greenish brown purple in colour

Fruit – conelets, one or more seeds, dark blue powdery coating

Site – dry site, shade intolerant

Cupressaceae – Cypress Family Thuja sp – Cedar species (ornamental)

Size and Form – various heights, symmetrical in form, pyramid or globe shaped

Bud – budlike immature cones at the end of some branches

Twig – flexible, has a flat cross-section

Leaf – evergreen scale-like overlapping, close to stem, lime green in colour

Fruit – 10mm long, short flat seeds, leathery brown texture and colour

Site – landscape uses, shade intolerant

Elaeagnaceae – Oleaster Family Elaeagnus angustifolia – Russian Olive

(exotic)

Size and Form – small tree, tolerant to salty and calcium soils

Bud – alternate arrangement, small/ovid, same colour as branch (whitish/grey)

Twig – weak/slender, often a thorn on older wood

Leaf – simple ,narrow and oblong, dull green on top, silver underneath (small greyish scales), 4-8cm long, stay on throughout winter

Fruit – small olive like grey/silver, up to 2cm long, watermelon shaped seed, small yellow flowers

Site – cities, parks, and landscape

Elaeagnaceae – Oleaster Family Elaeagnus commutata – Silverberry (native)

Size and Form – upright shrub (up to 4m)

Bud – alternate arrangement, light brown, terminal bud pointed

Twig – greyish brown, covered with rusty chalk (velvety), may have thorns

Leaf – simple, grey/silver, (longer than broad)

Fruit – small yellow flowers, small olive like grey/silver, watermelon shaped seed

Bark – scaly, silver in colour Site – alkaline soils, open sites

Elaeagnaceae – Oleaster Family Shepherdia canadensis – Buffaloberry (native)

Size and Form – small shrub (up to 2m), spreading

Bud – opposite arrangement, pronounce terminal bud (long and slender), cluster of round flower buds around most longitudinal buds, rusty colour

Twig – grey (older), soft brown (new), velvety texture, orange pith

Leaf – simple, small (up to 3cm), rusty on underside

Fruit – bright red to yellow berries, juicy, soapy texture

Bark – scaly, brownish Site – dry, upland w/jack pine, open

woods and as far north as the arctic coast

Ericaceae – Heath Family Ledum groenlandicum – Labrador tea (native)

Size and Form – low lying shrub, less than half meter tall

Bud – definite terminal bud, no lateral buds

Twig – densely orange coloured hair

Leaf –simple, linear and revolute in shape, deep green above, rusty below with dense wooly hairs

Fruit – flowers are in white clusters Site – moist woodlands, typically

bogs

Ericaceae – Heath Family Vaccinium myrtilloides – Blueberry (native)

Size and Form – small shrub less than half a meter tall, grows in dense colonies

Bud – alternate arrangement, small, pointed, reddish-brown, terminal bud

Twig – velvety hairs, slender, new growth, reddish

Leaf – simple, thin and hairy, up to 4cm long, smooth margins

Fruit – blueberry, pale blue bloom

Site – dry upland

Fabaceae – Bean Family Caragana arborescens - Caragana (exotic, naturalized)

Size and Form – small tree/shrub, live up to 80 yrs, 4-5m tall

Bud – alternate arrangement, large terminal bud, chaff like scales

Twig – green/yellow, curved/windy Leaf – even-pinnately compound,

no terminal leaflet, up to 12 leaflets, spine-like stipules

Fruit – pod, burst when ripe, flowers are bright yellow (pea like)

Site – shelterbelts, wind breaks

Fagaceae – Beech Family Quercus macrocarpa – Bur oak(native)

Size and Form – small tree (up to 15m tall), 60cm diameter, straight stem, can live up to 200 years

Bud – alternate arrangement, terminal bud wide and pointed, brown and hairy, terminal bud is surrounded by cluster of small buds

Twig – stout, yellowish-brown, scaly, rigid edges

Leaf –simple, lobes (soft and rounded), variable in shape, up to 30cm long, smooth on top, hairy underneath

Fruit – acorn (sits in cup with fury collar around top)

Bark – thick grey scales, rough looking bark

Site – bottom lands, flood plain, drought tolerant

Oleaceae – Olive Family Fraxinus pennsylvanica – Green ash (native)

Size and Form –up to 25m tall, fast growing, and single stem

Bud – opposite arrangement, terminal bud is reddish/brown, somewhat hairy, first lateral buds close to terminal bud

Twig – stout, greyish/brown and hairless

Leaf – odd-pinnately compound, leaflets are very large and pointed, up to 20cm long, leaflet up to 15cm long

Fruit – single samara, seed covers over ½ the wing, up to 3-6cm

Bark –mature tree has narrow ridges (diamond shape)

Site – river valleys, flood plains

Oleaceae – Olive Family Syringa sp – Lilac (exotic)

Size and Form – clumpy shrub (up to 4m tall)

Bud – opposite arrangement, large, typically no terminal bud, pair of buds on end (spade shaped)

Twig – stout, green/yellow Leaf – simple, 5-12cm long,

cordate (heart) shaped, smooth margin (entire)

Fruit – flattened 2 seeded capsule, flowers are pink/yellow/white/purple (10mm long, cluster up to 20cm long)

Site - shelterbelts

Pinaceae – Pine Family Abies balsamea – Balsam fir (native)

Size and Form – 25 meters tall, 75cm in diameter, up to 150 years old

Bud – 5mm long, resinous terminal of 3 clusters

Twig – greyish green colour, lengthy hairs

Leaf – needle-like, flat cross-section, 12-25mm long, shiny above, two rows of silvery stomata on the underside

Fruit – erect cones are 5-10cm long, resinous, greenish brown to purple in colour, seeds, bracts and scales fall from the tree leaving the erect axil

Bark – Smooth-raised resinous blisters

Site – rich sites with spruce and aspen, found across boreal forest, shade tolerant climax species

Pinaceae – Pine Family Larix laricina – Tamarack larch (native)

Size and Form – up to 25 meters tall, 40cm in diameter, 150 years old

Bud – dark reddish to brown, tiny hairs on dwarfed shoots, smooth buds

Twig – hairless, orange/brown to pink in colour

Leaf – needle-like, flat on top, keel below, 2-5cm long, 15-60 needles per dwarf shoot (peg) on the older growth, single on current wood, deciduous

Fruit – 10-20mm long, egg shaped, dark red when new, leathery brown on older

Bark – scaly reddish brown, purple inner bark

Site – commonly found in bog areas

Pinaceae – Pine Family Larix sibirica – Siberian larch (exotic)

Size and Form – up to 30 meters tall, conical top

Bud – ovoid or round shaped buds, brown coloured, resinous

Twig yellowish to light brown, hairy in the spring, smooth and shiny in the summer

Leaf – needle-like has a keel on the bottom, green coloured top, stomata on the bottom, 15-30 needles per dwarf shoot (peg) on older wood and single on current wood

Fruit – cones are ovoid in shape, tapered towards the tip, 2.5-4cm long, short stalks, 2 seeds with each scale, has wavy margins

Bark – scaly, grey to brown in colour Site – commonly found on shelterbelts

Pinaceae – Pine Family Picea abies – Norway spruce (exotic)

Size and Form – drooping secondary branches

Buds – reddish to light orange/brown, blunt pointed, scales tight fitting

Twig – creamy green to light orange/brown

Leaf – needle-like, 12-24mm long, sharp pointed, dark green on all sides, directed towards the upper side

Fruit – cones 10-18cm, pendulous Site – wide variety of sites

Pinaceae – Pine FamilyPicea glauca – White spruce(native)

Size and Form – 25 meters tall, 60cm in diameter, up to 200 years old

Bud – 6mm long, blunt pointed, non-resinous, outer scales are shorter than the bud

Twig – shiny, light greyish green in colour, hairless

Leaf – needle-like, four sided leaf, 1-2.5cm long, pointed stiff, bluish green in colour, glaucous

Fruit – cones are slender, cylindrical, 3-6cm long, blunt tipped, stalk less, light brown scales, thin and flexible

Bark – smooth, becomes scaly with age, salmon pink inner bark on mature trunks

Site – the white spruce is shade tolerant and is found on well drained moist soils

Pinaceae – Pine Family Picea mariana – Black spruce (native)

Size and Form – 20 meters tall, 30cm diameter, up to 200 years old, has a distinct clubbed top where squirrels removed the cones

Bud – conical, blunt tipped, 3-5mm long, hairy, has outer scales longer than the bud

Twig – bark is orange-brown, soft brownish hairs

Leaf – needles-like, blunt, 4 sided, white row of stomata

Fruit –cone 1.5-3cm long, egg shaped, purplish and has tight fitting scales, semi-serotinous

Bark – reddish to greyish brown, scaly, olive green inner bark on mature trunk

Site – often on poorly drained, poor cold nutrient site

Pinaceae – Pine Family Picea pungens – Blue spruce (exotic)

Size and Form – 30 meters tall, 90cm diameter, up to 600 years old

Bud – rounded to blunt pointed, 10mm long, bud scales are papery

Twig – stout, shiny, yellowish brown, hairless

Leaf – needle like, 15-30mm long, stiff, sharp pointed, blue-green in colour, needles are curved

Fruit – cones are 5-12cm long, flexible scales, loose fitting, light brown colour

Bark – purplish grey to brown, flakey

Site – drought tolerant exotic and ornamental

Pinaceae – Pine FamilyPinus banksiana – Jack pine(native)

Size and Form – 30 meters tall, 30cm diameter, 150 years old, crown is flat topped

Bud – blunt pointed, less than 10mm, pale reddish brown, resinous

Twig – slender, yellowish green on new growth

Leaf – needle-like, fascicle of 2, 2-4cm long, straight or slightly curved, stiff, sharp-pointed, yellowish green, spread apart

Fruit – cones are 3-7cm long, tan coloured, curved and pointed toward the branch ends, serotinous

Bark – thin, reddish brown to grey, flakey Site – found on well drained sites

Pinaceae – Pine FamilyPinus contorta – Lodgepole pine(native)

Size and Form – 30 meters tall, 60cm diameter, up to 200 years old, short branches, narrow trunk and straight taper

Bud – reddish brown, resinous, 15mm long, blunt pointed

Twig – dark brown in the second season, orange and brown in the first season, has loose whorls

Leaf – needle-like, 3-7cm long, fascicles of two, fine tooth margins, dark green to yellowish green, slightly twisted

Fruit – cones, short cylindrical, 3-6cm, purple and brown stalks, points away from tip, cone scales have prickles

Bark – thin fine scales, orange and brown, smooth trunk

Site – native to Cypress Hills

Pinaceae – Pine FamilyPinus resinosa – Red pine(exotic)

Size and Form – 25 meters tall, 75cm diameter, up to 200 years old, flat top crown

Bud – sharply pointed, large terminal bud, reddish brown resinous bud, loose hairy scales

Twig – stout, orange to reddish brown

Leaf – needle-like, fascicle’s of two, 10-16cm long, straight and brittle

Fruit – cones are ovoid, 4-7cm long Bark – reddish pink, flat scaly plates Site – is shade intolerant

Pinaceae – Pine FamilyPinus strobus – Eastern white pine(exotic)

Size and Form – 30 meters tall, 100cm in diameter, up to 200 years old

Bud – slender, up to 15mm long, sharply pointed, reddish brown terminal and sub-terminal buds

Twig – green with hairs in the first season, orange brown bark in the following seasons

Leaf – needle like, fascicles of five, 5-15cm long, flexible

Fruit – cones, 8-20cm long, 50-80-scales in rows of five

Bark – thin smooth, grey to green in colour

Site – variable

Pinaceae – Pine FamilyPinus sylvestris – Scots pine(exotic and naturalized)

Size and Form – 30 meters tall, varied trunk and branch sizes

Bud – ovoid, sharply pointed, 6-12mm, non-resinous

Twig – greenish brown, hairless Leaf – needle-like, fascicle’s of two, 4-

8cm long, sharply pointed, and finely toothed margins, bluish green

Fruit – conical ovoid, 2.5-7cm long, clusters of 2 or 3 point back towards tree, woody scales with four sides and raised tips

Bark – orange papery strips on the upper part of the tree, lower part of the tree is more greyish

Site – shade intolerant and drought tolerant

Rosaceae – Rose FamilyAmelanchier alnifolia – Saskatoon(native)

Size and Form – 4m tall, dense patches

Bud – alternate arrangement, purple with white lines on edge of scales

Twig – slender on new growth, red wine colour, turns grey when older

Leaf –simple, 2-4cm long, smooth rounded base with serrated rounded apex, elliptic to obovate

Fruit – berry, purple to nearly black, clusters

Site – open, dry to moist areas

Rosaceae – Rose FamilyCrataegus sp – Hawthorn(native)

Size and Form – small shrub up to 4m,low crown, flat top and rounded

Bud – alternate arrangement, terminal bud is broad, shiny reddish/brown, cluster of 2-3 buds at each location, one for thorn, one for the leaf and one for the twig elongation

Twig – sharp thorn (can be 3cm long), smooth, shiny, reddish in colour

Leaf – simple, variable in shape, 2-8cm long, serrated, wide as is long

Fruit – pome (less than 1cm), reddish, fleshy

Site – calcium rich soils, and abandoned farm yards

Rosaceae – Rose FamilyMalus sp – Apple(exotic)

Size and Form – small sprawling crown tree

Bud – alternate arrangement, white hairs, hug twig, larger terminal bud

Twig – stout, hairy (fuzzy), dwarf twigs produce fruit

Leaf – simple, ovate, round base, pointed tip

Fruit – pome, white or red flowers, arranged in clusters on dwarf shoots

Site – landscape uses

Rosaceae – Rose FamilyPotentilla fruticosa – Shrubby cinquefoil(native)

Size and Form – spreading shrub, up to 1m tall, multiple branching

Bud – alternate arrangement, covered with silky hairs

Twig – silky hairs, scruffy Leaf –odd-pinnately compound,

3-5 leaflets, greyish/green Fruit – densely hairy achenes

in clusters, flowers are buttercup-like

Site – open to partly wooded areas, fairly widespread

Rosaceae – Rose FamilyPrunus pensylvanica – Pin cherry(native)

Size and Form – small tree (up to 5m tall)

Bud – alternate arrangement, small, rounded, diverging cluster of buds at the terminal

Twig – slender, reddish/brown, has a waxy coating

Leaf – simple, lance-like, long and pointed, tiny serrated teeth, up to 10cm long

Fruit – bright red drupe, flowers are white in open clusters

Site – found in small patches in forest openings

Rosaceae – Rose FamilyPrunus virginiana – Choke cherry(native)

Size and Form – small tree (up to 6m tall)

Bud – alternate arrangement, sharp pointed, two-tone brown

Twig – slender to moderately stout, smooth, greyish/brown, waxy stem

Leaf – simple, elliptical to obovate, up to 10cm long, fine sharp teeth

Fruit – red to almost black drupe, up to 15mm across, flower clusters up to 15cm

Site – dry wooded clearings

Rosaceae – Rose FamilyRosa acicularis – Prickly rose(native)

Size and Form – small bushy shrub (1.5m)

Bud – alternate arrangement, small, red to purple in colour

Twig – stout, covered in straight prickles

Leaf – odd-pinnately compound, 3-9 leaflets, up to 3cm long, leaflets are sharp, double toothed with hair underneath (pubescent)

Fruit – spherical to pear shape, berry or hip

Site – open forest, clearings, and river banks

Rosaceae - Rose FamilyRubus idaeus – Raspberry(native)

Size and Form – erect shrub (up to 2m tall)

Bud – alternate arrangement, small Twig – slender, soft prickle, reddish Leaf –odd-pinnately compound, 3-5

leaflets, sharp pointed, double serrated

Fruit – aggregate fruit, red in colour, white flowers in singles or small clusters

Site – open wooded areas, clear landings

Rosaceae – Rose familySorbus sp – Mountain ash(exotic)

Size and Form – small tree, lots of branches at base, rounded crown

Bud – alternate arrangement, large and pointed terminal bud, lateral buds are smaller, white and hairy, purplish in colour

Twig – stout, greyish (older), purple/red (younger)

Leaf –odd-pinnately compound, 7-19 leaflets (serrated), up to 20cm long

Fruit – apple like, 6-12mm, orange/reddish, flower made up of small white petals (flat topped cluster)

Bark – reddish (younger), smooth, light grey (older)

Site – cool moist sites, also found in some drier sites

Salicaceae – Willow FamilyPopulus balsamifera – Balsam poplar(native)

Size and Form – deciduous tree (up to 20m tall), 50cm diameter, 70yr life span

Bud – alternate arrangement, large and sticky, can be 25mm long, has terminal bud, yellow/green

Twig – reddish/brown, grey on older wood, 5 sided pith

Leaf – simple, long petiole, up to 10cm long, rounded/heart-shaped at base, sharp tip, finely toothed

Fruit – catkins up to 10cm long, capsules, seeds with cottony hairs

Bark – greenish/brown on young, older bark is greyish and deeply furrowed

Site – moist sites, along streams and floodplains

Salicaceae – Willow familyPopulus X – Hybrid poplar(exotic)

Size and Form – medium-large tree (up to 30m tall), 1m diameter, 50yr lifespan

Bud – alternate arrangement, long pointed, yellow/brown/green, resinous and hairless

Twig – 5 sided pith, yellow/brown Leaf –simple, triangular shaped,

tapered tip, smooth round teeth (none at tip), shiny green above, pale green below

Fruit – catkin, capsule, seeds with cottony hairs.

Bark – yellowish/grey, smooth Site – moist rich sites, urban parks, is

fast growing

Salicaceae – Willow FamilyPopulus tremuloides – Trembling aspen(native)

Size and Form – deciduous tree (up to 25m tall), 40cm diameter

Bud – alternate arrangement, pointed, conical in shape, clasping the branch, tips curve inward, dark reddish/brown, shiny

Twig – slender, shiny, dark green to brownish/grey, lenticels

Leaf – simple, oval to circular, sharp pointed tip w/flat or square base, flat petiole

Fruit –catkin, capsule, seed with cottony hairs

Bark – smooth, waxy appearance, pale green/white when young, darker and lightly furrowed when older with white powder on the side most exposed to light

Site – moist and well drained

Salicaceae – Willow familySalix sp – Willow(native)

Size and Form – varied form, prostrate to upright shrubs

Bud – alternate arrangement, single bud scale, pointed, pseudo-terminal, hugs the stem

Twig – slender, tinted colours Leaf – simple, 2 to 10cm, at

least three times longer than wide, tapered tip, finely to smooth teeth, short petiole, stipules

Fruit – catkin, capsules Site – wide variety, needs

sufficient moisture and nutrients

Saxifragaceae – Saxifrage FamilyRibes sp – Currants/Gooseberry(native)

Size and Form – erect to spreading shrub, ascending less than 1m

Bud – alternate arrangement, small in size

Twig - straw colour, slender, prickles with spines at nodes

Leaf –simple, maple leaf like shape

Fruit – dark purple to black berries, also may be red

Site – stream banks and moist woods

Tiliaceae – Linden FamilyTilia americana – Basswood(exotic)

Size and Form – medium sized tree (up to 20m tall), 60cm diameter, up to 200yr lifespan

Bud – alternate arrangement, rounded and plump, reddish/orange, 5-7mm long

Twig – orange/brown, round Leaf – simple, heart-shaped,

sharply toothed, thick, asymmetrical

Fruit – nut like capsule, round, woody, brown tiny hairs, grow out of long bracts (5-8cm)

Site – shade tolerant

Ulmaceae – Elm FamilyUlmus americana – White elm(native)

Size and Form – large tree (up to 35m tall), 175cm diameter, flat top, 200yr lifespan

Bud – alternate arrangement, sharp-pointed, reddish/brown, flattened, terminal bud points to one side

Twig – zig-zags, smooth, greyish /brown Leaf – simple, large, oval, small tip,

asymmetrical, lots of sharp teeth, upper is dark green and rough, up to 15cm

Fruit – flat samara, round and fuzzy with a notched tip

Bark – ridges (intersecting), somewhat scaling

Site – river valleys bottom, high moisture with good drainage

Ulmaceae – Elm FamilyUlmus pumila – Siberian elm(exotic)

Size and Form – medium sized tree, lots of branching, short lived (30yr)

Bud – alternate arrangement, small, dark and round

Twig – olive colour, slender Leaf – simple, narrow,

asymmetrical, 2-7cm long, dark green, smooth

Fruit – hairless, flat samara, has a closed notch

Bark – rough and grey (older) Site – dry soils, farm belts and

hedges

Images Used

Brand, Mark. University of Connecticut. UConn Plant Database. http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/a/a.html (December 2005).

Dunlop, Andrew. Trees of Ottawa. 1999. http://ca.geocities.com/treesofottawa/ (December 2005).

Herman, D.E. et al. 1996. North Dakota Tree Handbook. USDA NRCD ND State Soil Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Admin., Bismarck, ND. http://plants.usda.gov (December 2005).

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