FEMA Region 4 - Kentucky

Produced by Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Cybersecurity, Energy Security, and Emergency Response (CESER) MARCH 2021 PAGE 1

Region 3

This Energy Risk Profile examines the relative magnitude of the risks that Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Region 4’s energy infrastructure routinely encounters in comparison with the probable impacts. FEMA Region 4 includes Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.

Natural and man-made hazards with the potential to cause disruption of the energy infrastructure are identified. Certain natural and adversarial threats, such as cybersecurity, electromagnetic pulse, geomagnetic disturbance, pandemics, or impacts caused by infrastructure interdependencies, are ill-suited to location-based probabilistic risk assessment as they may not adhere to geographic boundaries, have limited occurrence, or have limited historic data. Cybersecurity and other threats not included in these profiles are ever present and should be included in state energy security planning. A complete list of data sources and national level comparisons can be found in the Data Sources document.

FEMA Region 4ENERGY SECTOR RISK PROFILE

• The natural hazard that caused the greatest overall property loss between 2009 and 2019 was Hurricanes at $1.2 billion per year (leading cause nationwide at $12 billion per year).

• Region 4 had 1,588 Major Disaster Declarations, 1,288 Emergency Declarations, and 24 Fire Management Assistance Declarations for 105 events between 2013 and 2019.

• The FEMA Region 4 office is located in Atlanta, GA.

Region 4 Facts

Region 4 Risks and Hazards Overview

Data Sources: NOAA and USGS

Annualized Frequency of and Property DamageDue to Natural Hazards, 2009 – 2019

Thunderstorm& Lightning

Flood

Tornado

Earthquake (≥ 3.5 M)

Winter Storm & Extreme Cold

Extreme Heat

Landslide

Wild�re

Drought 39

2

68

379

10

24

1,147

144

22

234

$0

$0

$0

$1,031

$1,230

$3

$171

$785

$9

$51

PROPERTY DAMAGE – Annualized ($Million per year)

HAZARDFREQUENCY – Annualized

Hurricane

ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTIONELECTRIC POWER: 919,140 GWh COAL: 116,800 MSTNNATURAL GAS: 5,109 BcfMOTOR GASOLINE: 684,100 MbblDISTILLATE FUEL: 253,800 Mbbl

ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTIONELECTRIC POWER GENERATION: 1,572 plants, 968.3 TWh, 227.8 GW total capacity

Coal: 51 plants, 193.5 TWh, 61.0 GW total capacityHydro: 164 plants, 39.1 TWh, 12.2 GW total capacityNatural Gas: 226 plants, 444.0 TWh, 131.3 GW total capacityNuclear: 16 plants, 251.1 TWh, 32.0 GW total capacityPetroleum: 115 plants, 2.3 TWh, 6.5 GW total capacity Wind & Solar: 819 plants, 16.0 TWh, 9.7 GW total capacityOther sources: 181 plants, 22.4 TWh, 11.6 GW total capacity

COAL: 57,700 MSTNNATURAL GAS: 250 BcfCRUDE OIL: 26,400 MbblETHANOL: 10,500 MbblData from EIA (2018, 2019).

ENERGY EMPLOYMENT: 473,887 jobs

POPULATION-WEIGHTED AVERAGE ELECTRICITY TARIFF: 9.69 cents/kWh

POPULATION-WEIGHTED ENERGY EXPENDITURES: $3,282/capita

POPULATION-WEIGHTED ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA: 275 MMBtu

GDP: $3,337.8 billion

Data from 2020 or most recent year available. For more information, see the Data Sources document.

HOUSINGUNITS29.47 M

BUSINESS ESTABLISHMENTS1.49 M

POPULATION

66.4 M

KY

MS AL

TN

GA

SC

NC

FL

ELEC TRIC


Region 4 | ENERGY SECTOR RISK PROFILE



• Region 4 has 573 electric utilities: – 19 Investor owned – 201 Cooperative – 320 Municipal – 33 Other utilities

• Plant retirements scheduled by 2025: 59 electric generating units totaling 12,272 MW of installed capacity.

• In 2018, the average Region 4 electric customer experienced 1.6 service interruptions that lasted an average of 9.3 hours.

• Between 2008 and 2017: – In Region 4, the greatest number of electric outages occurred in July (leading month for outages nationwide)

– The leading cause of electric outages in Region 4 was Weather or Falling Trees (leading cause nationwide)

– Electric outages affected 4,707,886 customers on average

Electric Infrastructure

Data Source: Eaton

Electric Utility-Reported Outages by Cause, 2008 – 2017

TOTAL NUMBER OF INCIDENTS

Animal 215

Faulty Equipment / Human Error 737

Overdemand 9

Planned 224

Theft / Vandalism 33

Unknown 480

Vehicle Accident 400

Weather / Falling Trees 1,305

6%

22%

7%

14%

12%

38%

1%<1%

Electric Utility Distruption Causes Category-COLORS

Animal XX

Faulty Equipment / Human Error XX

Overdemand XX

Planned XX

Theft / Vandalism XX

Unknown XX

Vehicle Accident XX

Weather / Falling Trees XX

Electric Utility Outage Data, 2008 – 2017

8,037,352

2,514,030

1,507,991

3,585,197

1,254,368

1,284,588

2,648,320

2,181,411

4,616,079

19,449,523

758

417

405

129

107

252

282

406

353

1,1732017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

1 10 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

TOTAL NUMBER OF PEOPLE AFFECTED BY OUTAGESTOTAL DURATION OF OUTAGES Hours

Note: This chart uses a logarithmic scale to display a very wide range of values.Data Source: Eaton

Electric Customers and Consumption by Sector, 2018

Data Source: EIA

CUSTOMERS CONSUMPTION

Residential 87% 44%

Commercial 13% 34%

Industrial <1% 22%

Transportation <1% <1%

NATUR AL GAS





• As of 2018, Region 4 had: – 46,180 miles of natural gas transmission pipelines

– 237,893 miles of natural gas distribution pipelines

• 57% of Region 4’s natural gas transmission system and 30% of the distribution system were constructed prior to 1970 or in an unknown year.

• Between 1984 and 2019, Region 4’s natural gas supply was most impacted by:

– Miscellaneous or Unknown events when transported by transmission pipelines (5th leading cause nationwide at $16.77M per year)

– Outside Forces when transported by distribution pipelines (leading cause nationwide at $76.59M per year)

Natural Gas Transport

• Region 4 has 16 natural gas processing facilities.

• Region 4 has 19 liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities with a total storage capacity of 8,078,063 barrels.

Natural Gas Processing and Liquefied Natural Gas

Top Events Affecting Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution, 1984 – 2019TransmissionDistribution

FREQUENCY – Annualized Frequency Average incidents per year

ECONOMIC LOSS – Annualized Loss $Thousands per year

$0

$216

$0

$20

$1,060

$4,410

$2,806

$699

$1,218

$0

$2,124

$1,176

$56

$5,830

$2,461

$9,117

0.56

0.11

1.92

1.25

0.17

3.11

1.33

5.31

1.08

1.61

0.89

0.22

2.08

1.81

0.78

2.06

Data Source: DOT PHMSA

Outside Force

Natural Force

Miscellaneous / Unknown

Material / Weld Failure

Incorrect Operation

Excavation Damage

Equipment Failure

Corrosion

Data Source: EIA

CUSTOMERS CONSUMPTION

Residential 91% 7%

Commercial 9% 7%

Industrial <1% 20%

Transportation <1% <1%

Electric Power <1% 66%

Other <1% <1%

Natural Gas Customers and Consumption by Sector, 2018

PE TROLEUM





• Region 4 is part of Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs) 1, 2, and 3.

• As of 2018, Region 4 had: – 3,144 miles of crude oil pipelines – 7,524 miles of refined product pipelines

– 0 miles of biofuels pipelines

• 57% of Region 4’s petroleum pipeline systems were constructed prior to 1970 or in an unknown year.

• Between 1986 and 2019, Region 4’s petroleum supply was most impacted by:

– Outside Forces when transported by truck (2nd leading cause nationwide at $60.45M per year)

– Derailments, Collisions, or Rollovers when transported by rail (leading cause nationwide at $19.71M per year)

– Natural Forces when transported by crude pipelines (2nd leading cause nationwide at $15.24M per year)

– Natural Forces when transported by product pipelines (8th leading cause nationwide at $2.12M per year)

• Disruptions in other states may impact supply.

Petroleum Transport


Top Events Affecting Petroleum Transport by Truck and Rail, 1986 – 2019

TruckRail


ECONOMIC LOSS – Annualized Loss $Thousands per year

$16

$16,213

$17

$4,481

$701

$10,832

$5,848

$17,959

$5

$4,236

$2

$1,516

$2

$368

$0

$0

0.03

1.24

0.06

6.76

1.71

1.26

0.03

0.06

0.56

13.74

1.29

60.94

10.38

42.50

2.18

17Outside Force

Natural Force



Incorrect Operation

Equipment Failure

Derailment or Collision / Rollover

Corrosion

Crude PipelinesProduct Pipelines

Top Events Affecting Crude Oil and Refined Product Pipelines, 1986 – 2019


ECONOMIC LOSS – Annualized Loss $Thousands per year$12

$628

$71

$57

$24

$311

$685

$381

$300

$2,066

$252

$433

$689

$830

$3,194

$31

. 0.65

1.41

2.76

0.32

1.18

0.82

1.53

0.26

0.21

1

1.03

0.12

0.26

0.24

0.32

0.21Outside Force

Natural Force



Incorrect Operation

Excavation Damage

Equipment Failure

Corrosion


• Region 4 has 9 petroleum refineries with a total operable capacity of 998.1 Mb/d.

Petroleum Refineries

Causes and Frequency of Petroleum Refinery Disruptions, 2009 – 2019

Petroleum Re�nery Distruption Causes Category-COLORS

Cause Not Speci�ed XX

Equipment Failure / Damage / Interruption XX

Fire and / or Explosion XX

Fuel Supply Problem XX

General Outage / Repair / Closure XX

Loss of Containment / Flaring XX

Loss of Electric Power or Other Utility Service XX

Maintenance / Turnaround XX

Re�nery Shutdown / Conversion XX

Weather or Natural Disaster XX

All Other Causes XX

Equipment Failure / Damage / Interruption 8

Fire and / or Explosion 12

Fuel Supply Problem 1

General Outage / Repair / Closure 40

Loss of Containment / Flaring 35

Loss of Electric Power or Other Utility Service 19

Maintenance / Turnaround 70

Re�nery Shutdown / Conversion 7

Weather or Natural Disaster 120

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Num

ber o

f Ins

tanc

es

Data Source: Hydrocarbon Publishing

FEMA Region 4 - Kentucky

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