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Transcript of Félix´s briefcase - Readings
2010
First Edition
EMQUE
20/05/2010
Félix’s Portafolio
Félix´s Portafolio
2
Unit 5
Tie the knot
How will you plan a wedding reception for tourists who want to get
married while visiting Costa Rica?
Once you‟ve settled in to your hotel, you‟ll have the chance to catch up with
your Wedding Planner. You‟re in expert hands – dedicated to making sure
everything runs smoothly on the big day. They‟ll take care of all the little bits and
pieces so you can concentrate on enjoying the experience. Your wedding
planner is there to:
Make sure you‟ve got all the documents and arrange exactly when you‟d like to
get married. Walk through all the finer details and arrangements for your
wedding day.
Make sure witnesses are available, whether friends, other hotel guests or staff.
Arrange your bouquet, table arrangement and cake decoration flowers.
Offer you any help you need to arrange your wedding reception.
What do you need to be aware of while planning a wedding reception?
You can plan your wedding exactly as you‟d like it of course. But most Thomson
weddings include all these essential ingredients you‟ll need to plan your perfect
day:
A Thomson Weddings Representative who will take care of all the
arrangements.
The all important ceremony, marriage license, certificate and registrar
fees. A bouquet for the bride, and a buttonhole for the groom.
Wedding cake and a sparkling wine toast.
Some free packages may not include things like the cake or flowers – so please
check all the details with us before you book.
Félix´s Portafolio
3
What kind of music, food, and drinks will you offer during the reception?
Everything will depend on the client's taste
Considering ecological impact, would you allow tourists to get married
and have a reception inside a protected area?
In Costa Rica we must enforce laws and environmental issues exist in large
numbers. Which we must respect and enforce. Living in a society of law and
democracy can not hope to gain advantage in the tourism sector jumping
regulations and regulatory guidelines. For this reason the performance of any
activity within a protected area must situate the expeditious and specific
guidelines exist and which will depend on the site for example:
The creation, maintenance, administration, development and monitoring of
protected areas, will aim to:
a. Conserve natural environments representative of the different biogeography
regions and most fragile ecosystems, to ensure balance and continuity of
evolutionary and ecological processes.
b. Safeguard the genetic diversity of wild species from which depends the
evolutionary continuity, particularly the endemic, threatened and endangered
species.
c. Ensure sustainable use of ecosystems and their components, actively
promoting anticipation from neighboring communities.
d. Promote scientific research, the study of ecosystems and balance, as well as
knowledge and technology to enable sustainable use of natural resources and
conservation of the country.
Félix´s Portafolio
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e. Protect and improve water areas and watersheds, to reduce and avoid the
negative impact which may result in poor management.
f. Protect the natural environment and landscape of the sites and historical and
architectural sites, national monuments, archaeological sites Ecoturism and
places of historic and artistic importance for culture and national identity.
We are beings and the impact that tourism is a social activity that involves us
impacted is at once an agent environment, we can not deny our impact but we
can control it with regulations that exist in protected areas.
http://www.sinac.go.c
But, One of the important points for the protection of resources in protected
areas says: Regular special interest anthropogenic activities in the country's
protected wilderness areas, to protect both ecosystems and cultural-historical
elements, geological and archaeological present in them.
If all the above conditions cooperation could be the wedding. However, so now
it is difficult for an activity as such achievements in a protected forest area by
type of activity.
Costa Rica currently not ready for this kind of activities in a protected area in
fact, all the 11 types of protected areas are not self-sustaining by the state
bureaucracy.
Besides wedding receptions, what are some other uncommon services
may ask for?
Package holidays.
Flights.
Hotels
City Breaks
Villas.
Félix´s Portafolio
5
Deals
Destinations
In general our site as most others provide greater access to the coast, indeed
the majority of activities promoting the beach. In the near future could be
analyzed to establish centers for these activities, but following the protocols of
protection.
Tsunami Geology - What Causes a Tsunami?
What causes a tsunami?
A tsunami is a large ocean wave that is caused by sudden motion on the
ocean floor. This sudden motion could be an earthquake, a powerful volcanic
eruption, or an underwater landslide. The impact of a large meteorite could
also cause a tsunami. Tsunamis travel across the open ocean at great speeds
and build into large deadly waves in the shallow water of a shoreline.
Subduction Zones are Potential Tsunami Locations
Most tsunamis are caused by earthquakes generated in a subduction
zone, an area where an oceanic plate is being forced down into the mantle by
plate tectonic forces. The friction between the subducting plate and the
overriding plate is enormous. This friction prevents a slow and steady rate of
subduction and instead the two plates become "stuck".
Image by USGS
Félix´s Portafolio
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Accumulated Seismic Energy
As the stuck plate continues to descend into the mantle the motion causes a
slow distortion of the overriding plage. The result is an accumulation of energy
very similar to the energy stored in a compressed spring. Energy can
accumulate in the overriding plate over a long period of time - decades or
even centuries.
Image by USGS
Earthquake Causes Tsunami
Energy accumulates in the overriding plate until it exceeds the frictional
forces between the two stuck plates. When this happens, the overriding plate
snaps back into an unrestrained position. This sudden motion is the cause of
the tsunami - because it gives an enormous shove to the overlying water. At
the same time, inland areas of the overriding plate are suddenly lowered.
Félix´s Portafolio
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Image by USGS
Tsunami Races Away From the Epicenter
The moving wave begins travelling out from where the earthquake has
occurred. Some of the water travels out and across the ocean basin, and, at
the same time, water rushes landward to flood the recently lowered shoreline.
Image by USGS
Tsunamis Travel Rapidly Across Ocean Basis
Tsunamis travel swiftly across the open ocean. The map below shows how
Félix´s Portafolio
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a tsunami produced by an earthquake along the coast of Chile in 1960
traveled across the Pacific Ocean, reaching Hawaii in about 15 hours and
Japan in less than 24 hours.
Image by USGS
Tsunami "Wave Train"
Many people have the mistaken belief that tsunamis are single waves.
They are not. Instead tsunamis are "wave trains" consisting of multiple waves.
The chart below is a tidal gauge record from Onagawa, Japan beginning at
the time of the 1960 Chile earthquake. Time is plotted along the horizontal
axis and water level is plotted on the vertical axis. Note the normal rise and fall
of the ocean surface, caused by tides, during the early part of this record.
Then recorded are a few waves a little larger than normal followed by several
much larger waves. In many tsunami events the shoreline is pounded by
repeated large waves.
Félix´s Portafolio
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Image by USGS
The material above describes how tsunamis are generated and how they
travel rapidly across an ocean basin. For more detailed information on this
topic the following websites are recommended.
Félix´s Portafolio
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Published on YaleGlobal Online Magazine (http://www.yaleglobal.yale.edu)
Home > Trouble for Palm Oil
Trouble for Palm Oil
Once thought unhealthy and a contributor to deforestation, palm plantations
meant to produce vegetable oil have long faced many critics. Though the health
concerns have been dispelled, worries over deforestation remain. Unilever, one
of the largest consumers of palm oil, has withdrawn a contract with a large
Indonesian producer precisely over concerns that palm plantations are
destroying the rain forest. This “voting with its feet” is all the more damning
because the governments in both Malaysia and Indonesia – the largest palm oil
producers in the world – certified that plantations in their countries were not
contributing to deforestation. A soon-to-be-released UN reports estimates that
up 25% of anthropogenic emissions are caused by deforestation. Rain forests
absorb large amounts of greenhouse gases, most notably carbon. On the other
hand, critics argue that a drop in palm plantations would severely harm the
prospects for betterment among villagers all across Southeast Asia. Therein lies
the paradox of sustainable development – is it possible to avert environmental
degradation while lifting people out of poverty? – YaleGlobal
The west grows more skeptical of the palm oil growers' promises of
environmental sustainability
Félix´s Portafolio
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The Asia Sentinel
14 January 2010
Palm oil, the world's cheapest cooking oil and a versatile product that is
used in everything from biofuels to chocolate chip cookies, has always been
under fire from various quarters, first allegedly because of its adverse effect on
cholesterol – since disproven – or because of concerns over tropical
deforestation to plant oil palm plantations.
However, in recent months the ante has been raised considerably. The
oil palm industry beat back an attempt in December at the United Nations
Conference on Climate Change in Copenhagen to curb additional planting
under a World Bank proposal called Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
and Forest Degradation in Developing countries (REDD).
But the industry's relief has been tempered by the fact that in Dec. 11,
Unilever, the world's biggest user of the oil, suspended a US$32 million contract
with subsidiary of the giant Sinar Mas Group until the Indonesian conglomerate
proves its plantations aren't contributing to deforestation. Also, just three days
before, in a program called "The End of the Jungle," the BBC accused the
Malaysian government and the palm oil industry of "laying waste to last
remaining rainforests of Borneo in what has been described as a corporate land
grab."
Now the plantation companies are concerned that other major European
Union and US importers, particularly Procter & Gamble and Nestle, may follow
Unilever, especially as the global warming debate heats up and also that
concerns grow over the destruction of the habitat of the orangutan, a cuddly ally
of the environmentalists whose habitat is being destroyed at an alarming rate.
Scientific American recently quoted Richard Zimmerman, director of Orangutan
Outreach in New York, as saying Indonesian tropical forests are wiped out at a
rate of six football pitches a minute for palm oil planting. As many as 20,000
orangutan have been killed, according to the report. A recent Jakarta Globe
article called attention to massive deforestation of ostensibly federally protected
forest areas on the island of Riau, with 2,000 hectares of forest leveled in 2008.
"When you fly over Borneo today, all you see is mile after mile of oil palm
plantations where only a few years ago you would have seen pristine tropical
Félix´s Portafolio
12
rainforest," Zimmerman told the publication. "The forest is simply gone. And
every creature living in it has been slaughtered." Some 85 percent of the forest
on the island of Sumatra has been wiped out. Kalimantan, the Indonesian
portion of Borneo island, is now the focus of massive oil palm planting.
On the Malaysian side of Borneo, according to the BBC, IOI Group, which sells
palm oil in more than 65 countries, is bulldozing vast tracts of rainforest for oil
palm plantations.
"…from a distance, the plantations look quite green and lush, in reality they are
barren: the life has basically gone," the report found. "It's estimated that only 3
percent of the primary rainforest of Malaysian Borneo remains. Logging has
devastated much of the land, but now campaigners say the palm oil plantations
have taken over. And it's not just the forest that's gone. Since the early 1990s
whole communities have left - driven, they say, from their farms."
Between them, Malaysia and Indonesia produce 90 percent of the world's palm
oil – with world demand at 48 million metric tons annually and growing. Virtually
all of the major plantation companies belong to the Roundtable on Sustainable
Palm Oil, an alliance between consumers and producers which ostensibly
subscribes to best environmental practices. Unilever was a founding member.
But both the Unilever decision on the Sinar Mas subsidiary and the BBC show
on IOI have exposed vast differences between promise and practice. In
addition, both the Malaysian and Indonesian governments fully backed the two
companies, attesting that they were protecting the environment. In effect, those
events make the Roundtable look like an utter sham and make it questionable
whether it has the credibility to allow importers to work together with exporters
in concert to bring up environmental standards.
As environmental groups have raised awareness of concerns about the
loss of primary forest and carbon sinks, the palm oil industry has become
increasingly concerned. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
estimates in a new report that preventing carbon release from deforestation is
"the climate change mitigation option with the globally largest and most
immediate carbon stock impact per hectare in the short term." Deforestation, the
body said, "may account for up to 25 percent of global total anthropogenic
Félix´s Portafolio
13
emissions and is said to be the largest single source category in the developing
world."
An industry group, World Growth, headed by Alan Oxley, an Australian
lecturer and skeptic about climate change, has been established and is bitterly
disputing Greenpeace's efforts, saying environmental groups, by their actions
against palm oil producers, are themselves potentially devastating to the poor,
with tens of thousands of jobs that could be lost in palm oil plantation. Palm oil,
the industry group said, can generate returns of more than US$3,000 per
hectare while village farming generates less than US$100 per hectare.
Malaysia's oil palm plantations alone, which directly employ 580,000 jobs,
support two million livelihoods, World Growth argues.
Oxley has aggressively sought to contradict environmentalists, arguing
that development and forestry experts have shown that two-thirds of forest
clearance is driven by low income people in poor countries searching for land,
habitation and food production. He describes environmentalists as "Europe-
based activists who don't provide data that can be verified," peddling science
that "cannot be substantiated or severely exaggerated."
World Growth calls oil palm plantations "very effective carbon sinks - a stark
contrast to the propaganda by Greenpeace, Wetlands and Friends of the Earth."
The question is what happens next. As a Reuters analysis pointed out, if
European buyers of palm oil get stickier about requiring Indonesian companies
to observe strict environmental standards, there are roughly 2.5 billion people in
India and China alone who have no qualms whatsoever about buying
Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil, by far the largest staple oil in Asia. It is far
cheaper to produce than either soybean or corn oil and requires virtually no
fertilizer. According to the Reuters analysis, the EU accounts for only 14 percent
of consumption, down by 20 percent over 1999 because of environmental
concerns.
Not only is palm oil by far the most popular cooking oil in Asia, just-
auto.com, the automotive industry's online analytical publication, says that
"Rising energy consumption and environmental issues has now shifted the
focus towards biofuel use, particularly in transportation. Though the biofuel
industry is in its initial stages in Asia-Pacific, there is a huge potential for its
Félix´s Portafolio
14
development in the region." Any downshifting of oil demand in the west appears
to be matched with an upshift of demand in Asia.
The world biofuels market, the publication forecasts, is likely to grow by
1.47 percent on a compounded annual basis through 2015, with global ethanol
production reaching 25.07 million gallons by 2014. Consumption in China, the
report says, "is likely to move faster than the production and expected to attain
a CAGR of 2.51 percent from 2007 to 2015.Ethanol consumption in India is
anticipated to move at a CAGR of over 2 percent during 2007 -2015. "
One thing is certain, however. The credibility of the Roundtable on Sustainable
Palm Oil has been severely damaged, perhaps fatally. The credibility of the
Malaysian and Indonesian governments, as regards protection of their tropical
rainforests, is equally at risk.
Source url:
http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=222
7&Itemid=229
Rights: Copyright © 2005 - 2010 Asia Sentinel.
Félix´s Portafolio
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THE PASSIVE (use & practice)
USE: Study the following example.
Ancient Egyptians and Greeks used carrier pigeons in ancient times.
==> Carrier pigeons were used in ancient times by ancient Egyptians and
Greeks.
(thing done) (doer)
So, when do we use the passive? We use the passive in the following cases:
Case 1: The thing done is more important than the doer.
e.g. A new supermarket was opened in our district last week.
Case 2: Both the thing done and the doer are important.
e.g. Algeria was colonized by the French.
Case 3: The doer is unknown.
e.g. A lot of articles are stolen in the supermarket every day.
Case 4: We don‟t want to mention the doer.
e.g. I was told that you had broken my glasses.
PRACTICE:
Now change the following sentences into the passive. Mention the doer (the
by phrase) only where necessary.
HOW? WHY? 1. They probably
recycle some of the solid wastes regularly.
2. The hurricane Gustav severely damaged the houses on the shore.
3. Someone has stolen my watch.
4. The horror film affected my little brother badly.
Félix´s Portafolio
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5. The milkman will deliver two bottles of milk to your door.
6. They are going to deliver our new washing machine tomorrow.
7. Johnny Ball is training our local football team.
8. Anyone can do this activity very easily.
9. They haven't released the exam results yet.
10. Someone has told me that you still go out with Billy.
Félix´s Portafolio
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The Haiti Earthquake
Felix Eduardo Montoya Quesada Answers
Why do more people die long after the earthquake than during it?
This happens for two reasons first by the lack of disaster and emergency plan,
qe is to know how to act if any of these. This plan must be comprehensive and
well known for citizenship and which should also include the design of the
buildings and the national and international support for financing housing for the
economically disadvantaged.
What are the five main sectors that need to be targeted or improved in
order to recover this nation?
The text mentions d that‟s five main sectors:
Smallholder or peasant.
Agriculture.
Reconstruction port services and light manufacturing.
Local small-scale trade.
Public services, including health care and education.
Based on the reading, what would be a priority in the recovery of Haiti,
agricultural production or
environmental protection? Explain why.
Obviously agricultural production will be essential to provide the
nutritional needs of the Haitian population. For this reason Haiti people and the
government should be given more importance to agricultural production that to
other activities at this time. However shouldn‟t forget that the country's
development depends not only on agriculture and must make significant efforts
to support from other sectors.
Félix´s Portafolio
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How can a natural disaster, like the Haiti Earthquake, affect the tourism
industry? List 5 possible negative consequences.
Earthquakes fears.
Health problems such as lack of water and contamination.
Unstable infrastructure.
Natural landscape change.
Reservations canceled at the last minute
What is the author´s position about Haiti´s recovery? Is he optimistic or
pessimistic? Does he seem interested or indifferent?
―This time, it must be done right.‖
I think it has a positive but realistic situation with this phrase the author wants
once and for all of Haiti is supported by the world in an orderly fashion and
which created an economic, political and social for Haitian people. That balance
would be to provide economic support disinterested technical and logistical
services to not only shovel the aftermath of an earthquake but the
consequences of a country abandoned by the world.
Today's definitely time for the world will change the way to a prosperous country
that once was forgotten by world capitalism.
The author refers to a key challenge in Haiti´s recovery. What is it? And
what are other challenges does he refer to?
Quote the author says,
" The key challenge is to support these five sectors in order to combine short-
term relief with long-term reconstruction and development."
This is to support the lifting of the town with support from the day with a
constant support to provide short and long term logistical support necessary to
rebuild a society from all the edges so necessary and so the Haitian people will
have been helped a better way than in the recent past.The hope is the
harbinger of better times for Haiti.
Félix´s Portafolio
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The Haiti Earthquake
Posted by Editor | Jan 15, 2010
The quake in Haiti came suddenly—but the results were predictable. At
the moment it struck, scientists from the Earth Institute and other parts of
Columbia University were in Port-au-Prince with a UN-sponsored project
assessing how to reduce the nation’s obvious vulnerability to natural
disasters. It is clear that the extreme toll came as much from poverty [...]
Read More...
Posted by Jeffrey Sachs | Jan 26, 2010 | Comments
Rebuilding Haiti: The 10-Year Plan
Credit: Liana Razafindrazay/CIESIN
The horrors of Haiti’s earthquake continue to unfold. The quake itself
killed perhaps 100,000 people. The inability to organize rapid relief is
killing tens of thousands more. More than 1 million people are exposed to
hunger and disease and, with the rain and hurricane seasons
approaching, are vulnerable to further hazards.
Even an economy as impoverished as Haiti’s is a complex system
dependent on trade between rural and urban areas, transport, electricity,
port services, and government functions. Haiti’s economy worked badly in
the past, and was still reeling from four hurricanes in 2008 when the
earthquake struck. When the quake hit the capital, it demolished every
center of social activity and destroyed the systems upon which daily
urban life depends. Millions of people are now without livelihoods and the
means for survival.
The first stage in an effective response–the first three or four weeks–must
focus on rescuing survivors and stabilizing supplies of food, water,
Félix´s Portafolio
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medical services, and shelter for the population. Neither Haiti nor the
world was properly equipped for this, and tens of thousands will die
needlessly. The world’s emergency-response systems – especially for
impoverished countries in zones that are vulnerable to earthquakes,
volcanoes, droughts, hurricanes and floods – needs upgrading.
After a month or so, the emergency phase will give way to a decades-long
struggle for recovery and long-term development. Haiti must avoid a
prolonged period of tent cities in which people are mere refugees. But
where should displaced people – numbering hundreds of thousands, and
perhaps more than a million – live? How should they be provided with
food, water, health care and shelter? And how can they begin to
contribute to the revival of basic economic life?
The economy will have a simple structure in the coming years, with most
economic activities focused in five sectors: smallholder, or peasant,
agriculture; reconstruction; port services and light manufacturing; local
small-scale trade; and public services, including health care and
education. The key challenge is to support these five sectors in order to
combine short-term relief with long-term reconstruction and development.
First, special efforts should be made to boost peasant agriculture and
rural communities. This will enable hundreds of thousands of displaced
people to return to their village communities and live from farming. With
fertilizer, improved seeds, small-scale irrigation, rapid training and
extension services, and low-cost storage silos, Haiti’s food production
could double or triple in the next few years, sustaining the country and
building a new rural economy.
Reconstruction – of roads, buildings, and water and sanitation systems –
will employ tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of Haitian
construction workers, and boost the regeneration of towns. The World
Food Program can help peasant farmers to produce more food in the
countryside and then purchase the food to use in food-for-work programs
oriented to construction projects.
Haiti’s infrastructure was meager before the earthquake (hence the
shocking mortality rate), and most of that is now rubble. Large-scale
Félix´s Portafolio
21
capital investment will also be needed to re-equip the ports and to re-
establish a power grid.
Recovery will also require re-establishing at least a small-scale
manufacturing sector. Haiti, like its next-door neighbor, the Dominican
Republic, once created jobs in port facilities, including production of
clothing, baseballs, and other light-manufacturing items. Those jobs
disappeared in the 1990s, when the United States imposed a trade
embargo on Haiti as part of an effort to re-establish democracy.
Democracy returned, but the economy was destroyed.
Other countries have risen from the rubble of natural disaster and war,
and Haiti can do the same over the next five to ten years. For the next
decade, however, and especially for the next five years, there will be no
escape from the need to rely on international financing, and mainly grant
assistance, to finance the rebuilding effort. The world has spent heavily in
Haiti before, but very ineffectively. This time, it must be done right.
A clear strategy is needed to bolster the key sectors discussed above.
Each sector requires a five-year recovery strategy with a clear budget and
clear lines of partnership and responsibility linking the Haitian
government, nongovernmental organizations and institutional donors,
especially governments and international agencies.
The second key to successful reconstruction is to harmonize the
international response. There are probably 40 or more official
organizations from abroad, if not more, already engaged in the recovery
effort. In addition, there are hundreds, if not thousands, of native Haitian
NGOs. The Haitian government itself has been reduced to paralysis by
death and destruction.
There should be one overarching framework. There should be one major
multi-donor bank account to finance the heavy outlays required for Haiti’s
recovery. There should be a highly professional executive team
coordinating the international support efforts. And all of this should be
put in place very soon, while there is international interest. The world will
move on to the next crisis very soon, well before Haiti has even started to
recover.
Félix´s Portafolio
22
I have watched the problems of international cooperation for a quarter-
century. Each agency has its role, but they also tend to squabble over turf
rather than cooperate. International financial promises are made for
headlines and photo opportunities, but end up undelivered. We therefore
need money in the bank, and clear leadership.
My nominee to guide the process is the Inter-American Development
Bank. The IDB’s deep, long-term commitments in Haiti and professional
expertise in agriculture, health, education and infrastructure qualify it to
coordinate the multitude of agencies that will be involved. It should work
closely with a professional executive team made up of native and
diaspora Haitian professionals with relevant expertise.
Rebuilding Haiti will cost perhaps $10 billion to $20 billion, and will take
much of the coming decade. Getting started now will save countless lives
and prevent a further tragic downward spiral of a society that stands on
the brink of survival.
Jeffrey D. Sachs is director of the Earth Institute, Columbia University.
Copyright 2010, Project Syndicate.
Peasant Politics: Critical Perspectives on Rural Development
28 May 2009
'Peasant question'; central to study of rural
development
As agrarian systems the world over undergo massive
change, the role of the smallholder within wider economic and political relations
remains a key focus for academic study and policy debate.
Since the days of Lenin and Chayanov, „the peasant question‟ has been central
to the study of rural development. But today, there is not just one question, but
many. The analytical and theoretical perspectives required to make sense of
dramatic changes in rural settings due to globalisation, financial crises, land
grabs and radical economic change have also shifted. No longer is there a
standard Marxist critique, but a range of other perspectives, drawing on a more
plural set of insights, knowledges and conceptual frames.
Félix´s Portafolio
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But the basic questions at the heart of this long tradition in studies of rural
development remain important. For any setting, we must ask who owns what,
who gets what and what do they do with it? Social relations – notably class and
gender - and politics – both of the state and wider social movements - inevitably
govern the distribution of assets, patterns of work and divisions of labour, the
distribution of income and the dynamics of consumption and accumulation in
rural societies.
Leading Journal on Peasant Studies Re-launched
The Journal of Peasant Studies was established in 1973 to explore these
questions, and for over nearly four decades has provided a focus for debate.
Over this period, it has become one of the leading journals in the field of rural
development, aiming to provoke and promote multidisciplinary, critical thinking
about social structures, institutions, actors and processes of change in and in
relation to the rural world.
This year the Journal has been re-launched. A new editor and editorial team
have been appointed and the journal‟s orientation and editorial policy have been
revised.
The new editor, Jun Borras – Professor at St Mary‟s University, Canada, is
actively involved in rural social movements internationally and has contributed
substantially to scholarship on land reform and agrarian change, particularly in
the context of the Philippines. He is supported by an Editorial Collective, which
includes IDS Fellow, Ian Scoones.
Highlighting contemporary controversies and policy issues in rural
development
The opening editorial of the new issue states that the journal will: „…encourage
further inquiry into how agrarian power relations between classes and other
social groups are created, understood, contested and transformed. The journal
will pay special attention to questions of agency of marginalised groups in
agrarian societies, particularly their autonomy and capacity to interpret – and
change – their conditions. It will promote contributions that question mainstream
prescriptions or interrogate orthodoxies in radical thinking. We encourage
contributions about a wide range of contemporary and historical questions and
perspectives related to rural politics and development.‟
Félix´s Portafolio
24
The latest issue is now available free to download and includes an array of
articles defining a new focus for the study of rural politics and development. The
opening article by Jun Borras sets the scene, locating contemporary debates
about peasant societies in context. An article by Ian Scoones reviews rural
livelihoods perspectives, and particularly the past decade‟s experience of using
„sustainable livelihoods‟ approaches. Shahra Razavi explores the gendered
dimensions of agrarian change, while Marc Edelman looks at the interactions
between social movements and professional researchers. A series of articles
also reflect on the longer-term history of „peasant studies‟, including Teodor
Shanin on Chayanov, Henry Bernstein on Lenin and Chayanov and Terence
Byres on the comparative historical experiences of agrarian transition in Britain,
France and Prussia.
In a forthcoming issue, a new „Grassroots Voices‟ section presents a collection
of reflections on 'Everyday Forms of Political Expression' from a range of social
movement activists, while a future book reviews section will contain a review
essay on critical responses to the World Bank‟s World Development Report on
agriculture by IDS Fellow Stephen Devereux and colleagues.
The revamped journal aims to become the focus for debate and discussion
about rural politics and development, and seeks to generate informed debate,
comment and analysis – particularly encouraging contributions from younger
scholars from the global south.
The Journal aims to highlight contemporary controversies and policy issues,
and explore them through a lens focused on agrarian politics and change. For
example, a forthcoming conference, convened by the Journal, focuses on
biofuels, land and agrarian change (pdf) and will examine how the transfer of
land to use by biofuels has affected livelihoods, tenure security and agrarian
relations, and the political economy of policies underlying such rural
transformation. Future journal issues will include special sections of food
sovereignty, agro-ecology movements and human rights and agrarian struggles.
http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/news/peasant-politics-critical-perspectives-on-rural-
development
Félix´s Portafolio
25
International perspectives on tourism-led development: some lessons for the
SDIs
Abstract
The concept of tourism-led socio-economic development is neither new nor
peculiar to South Africa. This study draws on the international experience of the
Malindi-Mombasa coastal development corridor in Kenya, the Goa Coast of
India, the Kulu Valley and Bhutan in the Himalayas, the Gambia, Dominica,
Belize and the Maldives. It assesses the results achieved in these tourism
programmes against the strategic objectives of those South African SDIs that
place a heavy emphasis on the country's tourism potential. The SDIs, as
described elsewhere in this collection, represent a new paradigm adopted by
the South African government, aimed at moving away from a protected and
isolated approach to economic development, towards one in which international
competitiveness, regional cooperation and a more diversified ownership base
are paramount. The key objectives of the tourism-led development corridors,
including the Wild Coast and Lubombo SDIs, are to generate sustainable
economic growth and development; generate sustainable long-term
employment creation; maximise the extent to which private sector investment
and lending can be mobilised into the process; change the ownership base of
the industry so that people previously excluded from the mainstream of the
economy by discriminatory practices can play a meaningful role as workers,
managers and owners of new tourism enterprises; and to exploit the
opportunities that arise from new tourism and ecotourism developments for the
creation of upstream and downstream business opportunities, especially small
businesses owned by previously marginalised groups.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a790995355&db=all
Félix´s Portafolio
26
Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives Summary
Tourism development provides an avenue for overall economic
development and a boost for local entrepreneurship activities. As a
result, the encouragement of entrepreneurship and sustainable
tourism development has emerged as core areas for policy
support and donor-assisted funding across both developed and
the developing world. 'Tourism and Entrepreneurship:international
perspectives' provides an innovative, fresh approach reflecting on
the most recent trends in tourism development. The central stage
of the book is the role of entrepreneurship in the context of
regional/local tourism development. With contributions from key
thinkers in the tourism and entrepreneurship area, it:* explains the
impact of tourism entrepreneurship on places and overall regional
/destination development; * examines the role of public sector in
facilitating the need of sustainable tourism development;*
examines the effects and implications of funding schemes and
support programmes beyond the immediate interest in the success
or failure of the firm to encourage entrepreneurship; *explores
specific issues, from the perspective of the owner / manager /
entrepreneur; * contextualises developments in a tourism context
against both their structural backdrop and against the dynamics of
sustainable tourism development in other economic and cultural
environments. Main features include:* Synthesis of tourism and
entrepreneurship* Institutional and collective entrepreneurship in
tourism development * Comprehensive analysis of tourism
environment * Integrated international case studies based on real-
life firms and tourism developments, from Uganda and Serbia to
Slovenia and Australasia.
http://ebooks.ebookmall.com/title/tourism-and-entrepreneurship-international-
perspectives-page-ateljevic-ebooks.htm
Félix´s Portafolio
27
Perspectives on Social Development
Development is a function of society‟s capacity to organize human energies and
productive resources to respond to opportunities and challenges. The paper
traces the emergence of higher, more complex, more productive levels of social
organization through the stages of nomadic hunting, rural agrarian, urban,
commercial, industrial and post-industrial societies. It examines the process by
which new activities are introduced by pioneers, imitated, resisted, accepted,
organized, institutionalized and assimilated into the culture. Why does a society
develop the way it does? by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin Liu and George (Xun)
Wang
"Why does a society develop the way it does?" by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin
Liu and George (Xun) Wang" and "Summary of theories of change" is now at
http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/summary2.htm
Also see reports on global change at http://gsociology.icaap.org/reports.html
Comprehensive Theory of Social Development
"Democracy raises human aspirations. It encourages individuals to take active
initiative for their own advancement. It facilitates freer and wider social
interactions. It releases greater social energy. It vastly increases the
dissemination of information and the multiplication of new organizations. As the
transition from monarchy to democracy was a catalyst for rapid economic
advancement of Western countries over the past three centuries, the spread of
democratic institutions today opens up greater possibilities for global expansion.
Development theory needs to explain the dynamics of the process by which
political and social conditions impact economic performance."
Félix´s Portafolio
28
Peasant Politics: Critical Perspectives on Rural Development
28 May 2009
'Peasant question'; central to study of rural development
As agrarian systems the world over undergo massive change, the role of the smallholder within wider economic and political relations remains a key focus for academic study and policy debate.
Since the days of Lenin and Chayanov, „the peasant question‟ has been central to the study of rural development. But today, there is not just one question, but many. The analytical and theoretical perspectives required to make sense of dramatic changes in rural settings due to globalisation, financial crises, land grabs and radical economic change have also shifted. No longer is there a standard Marxist critique, but a range of other perspectives, drawing on a more plural set of insights, knowledges and conceptual frames.
But the basic questions at the heart of this long tradition in studies of rural development remain important. For any setting, we must ask who owns what, who gets what and what do they do with it? Social relations – notably class and gender - and politics – both of the state and wider social movements - inevitably govern the distribution of assets, patterns of work and divisions of labour, the distribution of income and the dynamics of consumption and accumulation in rural societies.
Leading Journal on Peasant Studies Re-launched
The Journal of Peasant Studies was established in 1973 to explore these questions, and for over nearly four decades has provided a focus for debate. Over this period, it has become one of the leading journals in the field of rural development, aiming to provoke and promote multidisciplinary, critical thinking about social structures, institutions, actors and processes of change in and in relation to the rural world.
This year the Journal has been re-launched. A new editor and editorial team have been appointed and the journal‟s orientation and editorial policy have been revised.
The new editor, Jun Borras – Professor at St Mary‟s University, Canada, is actively involved in rural social movements internationally and has contributed substantially to scholarship on land reform and agrarian change, particularly in the context of the Philippines. He is supported by an Editorial Collective, which includes IDS Fellow, Ian Scoones.
Highlighting contemporary controversies and policy issues in rural development
Félix´s Portafolio
29
The opening editorial of the new issue states that the journal will: „…encourage further inquiry into how agrarian power relations between classes and other social groups are created, understood, contested and transformed. The journal will pay special attention to questions of agency of marginalised groups in agrarian societies, particularly their autonomy and capacity to interpret – and change – their conditions. It will promote contributions that question mainstream prescriptions or interrogate orthodoxies in radical thinking. We encourage contributions about a wide range of contemporary and historical questions and perspectives related to rural politics and development.‟
The latest issue is now available free to download and includes an array of articles defining a new focus for the study of rural politics and development. The opening article by Jun Borras sets the scene, locating contemporary debates about peasant societies in context. An article by Ian Scoones reviews rural livelihoods perspectives, and particularly the past decade‟s experience of using „sustainable livelihoods‟ approaches. Shahra Razavi explores the gendered dimensions of agrarian change, while Marc Edelman looks at the interactions between social movements and professional researchers. A series of articles also reflect on the longer-term history of „peasant studies‟, including Teodor Shanin on Chayanov, Henry Bernstein on Lenin and Chayanov and Terence Byres on the comparative historical experiences of agrarian transition in Britain, France and Prussia.
In a forthcoming issue, a new „Grassroots Voices‟ section presents a collection of reflections on 'Everyday Forms of Political Expression' from a range of social movement activists, while a future book reviews section will contain a review essay on critical responses to the World Bank‟s World Development Report on agriculture by IDS Fellow Stephen Devereux and colleagues. The revamped journal aims to become the focus for debate and discussion about rural politics and development, and seeks to generate informed debate, comment and analysis – particularly encouraging contributions from younger scholars from the global south.
The Journal aims to highlight contemporary controversies and policy issues, and explore them through a lens focused on agrarian politics and change. For example, a forthcoming conference, convened by the Journal, focuses on biofuels, land and agrarian change (pdf) and will examine how the transfer of land to use by biofuels has affected livelihoods, tenure security and agrarian relations, and the political economy of policies underlying such rural transformation. Future journal issues will include special sections of food sovereignty, agro-ecology movements and human rights and agrarian struggles.
http://www.ids.ac.uk/go/news/peasant-politics-critical-perspectives-on-rural-
development
Félix´s Portafolio
30
International perspectives on tourism-led development: some lessons for
the SDIs
Abstract
The concept of tourism-led socio-economic development is neither new nor peculiar to South Africa. This study draws on the international experience of the Malindi-Mombasa coastal development corridor in Kenya, the Goa Coast of India, the Kulu Valley and Bhutan in the Himalayas, the Gambia, Dominica, Belize and the Maldives. It assesses the results achieved in these tourism programmes against the strategic objectives of those South African SDIs that place a heavy emphasis on the country's tourism potential. The SDIs, as described elsewhere in this collection, represent a new paradigm adopted by the South African government, aimed at moving away from a protected and isolated approach to economic development, towards one in which international competitiveness, regional cooperation and a more diversified ownership base are paramount. The key objectives of the tourism-led development corridors, including the Wild Coast and Lubombo SDIs, are to generate sustainable economic growth and development; generate sustainable long-term employment creation; maximise the extent to which private sector investment and lending can be mobilised into the process; change the ownership base of the industry so that people previously excluded from the mainstream of the economy by discriminatory practices can play a meaningful role as workers, managers and owners of new tourism enterprises; and to exploit the opportunities that arise from new tourism and ecotourism developments for the creation of upstream and downstream business opportunities, especially small businesses owned by previously marginalised groups.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a790995355&db=all
Félix´s Portafolio
31
Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives
Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives Summary
Tourism development provides an avenue for overall
economic development and a boost for local
entrepreneurship activities. As a result, the
encouragement of entrepreneurship and sustainable
tourism development has emerged as core areas for
policy support and donor-assisted funding across both
developed and the developing world. 'Tourism and
Entrepreneurship:international perspectives' provides an
innovative, fresh approach reflecting on the most recent
trends in tourism development. The central stage of the
book is the role of entrepreneurship in the context of
regional/local tourism development. With contributions
from key thinkers in the tourism and entrepreneurship
area, it:* explains the impact of tourism entrepreneurship
on places and overall regional /destination development; *
examines the role of public sector in facilitating the need of
sustainable tourism development;* examines the effects
and implications of funding schemes and support
programmes beyond the immediate interest in the success
or failure of the firm to encourage entrepreneurship;
*explores specific issues, from the perspective of the
owner / manager / entrepreneur; * contextualises
developments in a tourism context against both their
structural backdrop and against the dynamics of
sustainable tourism development in other economic and
cultural environments. Main features include:* Synthesis of
tourism and entrepreneurship* Institutional and collective
entrepreneurship in tourism development *
Comprehensive analysis of tourism environment *
Integrated international case studies based on real-life
firms and tourism developments, from Uganda and Serbia
to Slovenia and Australasia.
http://ebooks.ebookmall.com/title/tourism-and-entrepreneurship-international-
perspectives-page-ateljevic-ebooks.htm
Félix´s Portafolio
32
Perspectives on Social Development
Development is a function of society‟s capacity to organize human energies and productive resources to respond to opportunities and challenges. The paper traces the emergence of higher, more complex, more productive levels of social organization through the stages of nomadic hunting, rural agrarian, urban, commercial, industrial and post-industrial societies. It examines the process by which new activities are introduced by pioneers, imitated, resisted, accepted, organized, institutionalized and assimilated into the culture. Why does a society develop the way it does? by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin Liu and George (Xun) Wang
"Why does a society develop the way it does?" by Gene Shackman, Ya-Lin Liu and George (Xun) Wang" and "Summary of theories of change" is now at
http://gsociology.icaap.org/report/summary2.htm Also see reports on global change at http://gsociology.icaap.org/reports.html
Comprehensive Theory of Social Development
"Democracy raises human aspirations. It encourages individuals to take active initiative for their own advancement. It facilitates freer and wider social interactions. It releases greater social energy. It vastly increases the dissemination of information and the multiplication of new organizations. As the transition from monarchy to democracy was a catalyst for rapid economic advancement of Western countries over the past three centuries, the spread of democratic institutions today opens up greater possibilities for global expansion. Development theory needs to explain the dynamics of the process by which political and social conditions impact economic performance."
Félix´s Portafolio
33
Local and international perspectives on development of tourism
The arrival of tourists to Costa Rica in the first two months of 2010 exceeded the 9.5% recorded during the same period of 2009, which officials called today (18/03) as a "good omen" for the recovery sector after the international economic crisis. Data released today (18/03) by the Costa Rican Tourism Institute (ICT) indicate that between January and February this year the country was visited by a total of 428,233 tourists, 9.5% more than the 390,828 recorded in the same period of 2009 .
Costa Rican Minister of Tourism, Allan Flores, told reporters that "these figures are similar to those recorded in early 2008, when tourism is still in the country had not suffered the impact of international economic crisis." Flores said that "these numbers bode well", but said that despite the recovery, "there are still regions and businesses affected by the drop in visitation recorded in 2009." The minister said that during the peak visitation is carburizing quite well "and said the country will establish its efforts in the coming months to promote not only international but also in local tourism.
According to official data, visited Costa Rica last year 1.92 million tourists, 8% less than the 2.08 million who did so in 2008, when it set a record of visits to the Central American nation. Although no official growth projection for 2010, employers grouped in the National Chamber of Tourism (Canatur) estimate that the figure could be around 5%. Tourism is one of the main engines of the economy of Costa Rica, a country with 4.5 million inhabitants, employing 400,000 people directly and indirectly. This activity generates foreign exchange annually close to 2,000 billion, equivalent to 6.6% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Travel: great challenge for Laura Chinchilla
We are awaiting the proposal of Laura Chinchilla to revive tourism When Dona Laura take control of the country, we are starting a new season low, putting to tico, scary. The new government takes a problem in the field of tourism, in fact, is not the fault of any government official or the projection, or the next. The tourism problem is reduced to a simple matter of market forces: imbalance between supply and demand. Recently a meeting between a group of hoteliers Fortuna / Arenal with members of the executive and the National Bank.
Area Employers demand that the government action before the crisis we face. However, we see the reality of the region: while the demand for tourist services fell by almost 10% in 2009, and probably not significantly increase by the year 2010, the supply of hotel rooms of 3 or more stars rose over 25% during the same period.
Félix´s Portafolio
34
In other words, the cake was made smaller and more we eat. The logical outcome is that the amount of cake for each is much smaller, and some went hungry. Seeing the reality in the field, presumably similar numbers in regions such as San Jose and Guanacaste. Until 2008 the demand for tourist services in Costa Rica exceeded supply, and the boom was between business partners. For 2010 we "turned the tables, and supply far exceeds demand. The solutions are logical but not easy to increase demand and / or reduce supply.
There is no miracle solution. Laura would be amazing if you donate can move his wand and grow the number of visitors immediately, by 20% to 25%. The outgoing ICT and tourism group surrounding Ms. Chinchilla are highly competent and knowledgeable in the subject and its problems, but we know that nobody has the miraculous potion. Opening new markets, attract new segments, and generate more tourists are a complicated business that requires time and investment. It is impossible to generate demand when it does not exist. The issue is not sent to minister to Beijing and expected 2 million Chinese visited a month later.
One must take into account that we live in a dynamic market and our competition is not idly watching their hotels empty. The fact that the ICT will increase the promotion does not mean that Mexico, the Caribbean or the rest of Central America are not doing likewise. If our source markets with economies remain weak, even increased advertising and marketing, we will not make up the numbers of visitors in the quantities we need. Again, fewer tourists looking for attractive offers worldwide.
The supply of hotel rooms and tourist services is steadily increasing, to join several factors. The Government and the market encouraged the construction of hotels during the decade of 2000, seeing a peak in the years 2007 to 2009. One must add to this effect lot of condominiums and residential projects on the beaches, which, by failing to buyers, were converted into hotel products, thus competing with established companies.
Legally there is no mechanism to reduce the number of rooms available, the only way to achieve this reduction would be forcing some hotels and condominiums to bankruptcy for failing to meet their bank obligations. The political and social cost of this proposal is high, and is a solution that any incoming government would take. In short, neither is easy to increase demand, nor is it feasible to supply reduction. The despair of finding a solution sector has led to price wars without quarter. There are important studies from prestigious institutions such as Cornell University show that the drop in prices did not increase demand. So,
Félix´s Portafolio
35
after sticks, horns. We not only have fewer tourists now have less overall income.
The table is set for Dona Laura and competent group of experts. The task is not enviable: revive a sector in crisis facing oversupply and stagnant demand. We must fight against market forces. A formidable challenge for a new group of rulers. However, inaction is no solution. The issue affects the national economy and tourism remains the main source of employment, especially in rural areas. We were, then, pending the Administration proposal Chinchilla, hopefully creative, expeditious and dynamic.
Send me by Miss Evelyn Benavides
Félix´s Portafolio
36
Ministers of Tourism CA: good prospect in 2010
Tourism Ministers from Central displayed good prospects for this sector next year,
which is one of the main ratings on completion on Friday in Managua, the Meeting of
Central American Tourism Council (CCT).
The Nicaragua Tourism Minister Mario Salinas, described as positive his meeting with
his colleagues in the region and the meeting of the Ad-hoc work for the creation of the
Association of Caribbean Cruise Destinations (ADCC), the attended by representatives
from 13 countries.
Salvadoran Tourism Minister Napoleon Duarte, said that at present the prospects for
next year are positive, despite that 2009 "has not been an easy year, it has been
difficult for our industry and markets, which have been impacted by the global
economic crisis, which occurred initially in the United States. "
He said the tourism industry to Central America recorded 5.3 million tourists and
average income by the 3000 order of $ 219 million.
"In regional terms compared with 2007 there are good news, because 2007 was a
different condition to 2008 and if we compare the figures in the last three years and
averages, we have a six percent growth," noted the minister Salvadoran .
"This is good for our countries, but especially when we begin to see everyday
expenses, foreign exchange and average stays (from visitors), each of these indicators
tell us that the industry has remained reasonably the last three years, "he said.
He also said that there are interesting investment projects and cooperation in
interaction between the private and public sector, which promises good dividend for
next year.
Achievements in the region
Among the achievements of this year, citing the truism of Central Fair, held in El
Salvador, which was described as successful in investigations and evaluations to be
Félix´s Portafolio
37
made later, which encouraged them to do another edition in Guatemala in 2010.
"We will have the opportunity to collect all these fruits to Central America," Duarte said,
stressing that the benefits to all sectors involved in tourism.
He stressed that the dissemination of tourism resources of Central America will have a
big impact with the Amadeus project, which he described some interesting project
information that will lead to benefits for all countries.
Duarte said market research shows that tourism will have a great power in the areas of
adventure tourism, with regard to the culture and history and also the activity which can
preserve the environment.
Cruise with great potential
For his part, Michael Singh, representative of the Belize Tourism Minister, highlighted
the great potential that represents Cruise Tourism in Central America and highlighted
the creation of the Association of Caribbean Cruise Destinations.
"It is important, because the cruises are new to this region, that tourism growth will be
positive. This area is new for such visitors, offers many different interesting things, and
we think that in the future will increase, "he said.
He felt that cruise tourism will generate a million and half visitors this year and
highlighted major investments have been made in Honduras and Panama, to
encourage this activity.
Reported on the island of Roatan in Honduras's two main cruise companies in the
world have invested a little under a million dollars in infrastructure and this investment
has attracted some 500 000 visitors. He has created many jobs in the area of tourism,
services and attractions as well as direct taxes to Honduras.
At the end of this year, Belize will have received approximately 700 000 visitors from
cruise tourists, he said.
He emphasized that in Nicaragua there are many opportunities for tourism
development potential Cruises on both coasts, Pacific and Caribbean
Félix´s Portafolio
38
The destinations around the world recorded a total of 600 million arrivals,
International tourist arrivals in the whole world fell by 7% between January and August
2009, but the rate of decline has eased in recent months. These results and recent
economic data, confirm earlier prediction of OMT decreased by 5% international tourist
arrivals over the year 2009. For 2010, the WTO expects moderate growth.
The destinations around the world recorded a total of 600 million arrivals, down from
643 million in the same period in 2008. Arrivals in the two months of high season of
July and August decreased by 3% compared with a decrease of 8% in the first half of
the year, and available data for September point to a continuation of this upward trend.
The confidence index of the WTO also is improving after two periods in a historically
low level. The experts surveyed more than 330 worldwide by the WTO confirmed that
the trust is to collect. In the most recent survey, the percentage of experts with a
negative prognosis for the next four months has fallen from 62% to 42% while 30% of
the experts, the prospects are 'equal' and 28% are "best "or" much better. "
"Throughout this year, the tourism industry worldwide is facing many challenges, from
the global economic crisis, the credit crisis and rising unemployment, not to mention
the flu pandemic. Rarely in the history of recorded tourism industry had to deal with so
many different issues at once, "said UNWTO Secretary-General Taleb Rifai interim.
"However, the negative trend that emerged during the second half of 2008 and
intensified in 2009 is beginning to show signs of shrinking," he added.
Tourism earnings suffer a little more arrivals in order to provide closer monitoring of the
market during these difficult times, OMT is the first time gives an estimate on
international tourism receipts for the year.
As experience in previous crises, tourism earnings have been a little more arrivals and
consumers tend to trade closer to home stay and travel for shorter periods of time.
International tourism receipts are estimated to have shrunk in real terms by 9 to 10% in
the first half of 2009, ie 1-2 percentage points below the decline in international arrivals
during that period (-8%).
Regional overview
The results for the first eight months of 2009 show that international tourist arrivals
declined in all regions, except Africa, which tighten the global trend. Europe, Middle
East and the Americas were the hardest hit: in Europe (8%) were the most affected
destinations in Central and Eastern Europe, but the results of all other subregions were
close to the Media.
Asia and the Pacific (-5%) shows the clearest signs of improvement and positive
growth in August, driven by the encouraging results of Northeast Asia.
Félix´s Portafolio
39
In the Americas (-7%) there is still no clear indications of an investment in the current
trend of decline. Growth is still quite negative during the second quarter as well as in
the months of July and August. South America has so far shown the best performance
(-1%).
The Middle East (-8%), although still well below the growth levels of previous years,
saw a change to the positive growth between June and September (data for the region
are quite volatile due to the influence of major religious events tourism flows).
Growth in Africa (+4%) was very positive, given the current difficult environment.
Moderate recovery
The projections for 2010 the softening in the rate of decline in recent months is
expected to continue for the remainder of the year. As this is in line with the WTO's
initial projection for the entire year forecast for international tourist arrivals is
maintained at between-6% a-4%.
Given the high level of correlation between growth in arrivals and receipts for the whole
of 2009 receipts are expected to decline by 6-8%.
OMT Initial projections for 2010 indicate that international tourist arrivals are likely to
witness a modest recovery next year, with growth at + 1% + 3%. This perspective
reflects the gradual improvement of international tourism numbers in recent months
and economic indicators in some markets of the main sources of better than expected.
sia show the strongest rebound, while Europe and America will likely take longer to
recover. Africa is expected to remain in positive territory as in 2009, with an additional
boost to the FIFA World Cup 2010 in South Africa. Growth is also expected to return to
the region.
The end of the recession in a number of key markets is good news. But 2010 will be a
difficult year. The risks associated with influenza virus A (H1N1) remain on the horizon
and it is expected that the pace of economic recovery would be modest. The IMF
projects world economic growth to +3.1%, but this will be fairly slow in the advanced
economies (+1.3%) and stronger for emerging markets (+5.1%). Unemployment, a
lagging indicator, is expected to increase further in many countries this year and
throughout 2010. They are likely to progressively stimulus measures, and in a number
of advanced economies, possible tax increases may put additional pressure on
household budgets. On the positive side, consumer confidence is showing signs of
picking and interest rates and inflation expected to remain low.
Tourist arrivals in the world and each region is the best indicator of trend, the numbers
indicate that increased from
800 to 900 million in two years. In 2007, it is estimated that international tourist arrivals
Félix´s Portafolio
40
increased by 6%, which has achieved a new record: nearly 900 million arrivals (an
impressive result given that only two years before he had reached maximum historic
800 million). That amounts to 52 million arrivals in 2006, significantly higher than the
total volume of the Middle East or Africa. In fact, world tourism enjoyed in 2007 the
fourth consecutive year of growth above the average expected long-term (4.1%) with
an amazing growth rate higher than those recorded in 2005 and
2006 (5.5%).
The growth of the economy and tourism are being driven by emerging markets. While
markets continue to mature as the first worldwide destinations, the faster increase of
new markets confirms the UNWTO's central message about the potential of tourism to
the developing world ", refers the investigation.
Visits by leading countries of our region and Mexico with Argentina 21.353 million:
4.156 million Dominican Republic: 3.965 million Puerto Rico: 3722. Chile: 2.276 million
Cuba: 2.150.000 Uruguay: 1.749 million (based on 2006 statistics)
That is the barometer of the WTO?
The UNWTO World Tourism Barometer is an activity undertaken by the World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO). By doing regular monitoring of tourism trends in the short
term, WTO aims to provide adequate and updated information to all those involved
directly or indirectly in the tourism sector. The UNWTO World Tourism Barometer is
published three times a year (January, June and October). Each issue contains three
permanent elements: an overview of the data on the statistical trends of tourism in the
short period of receiving and sending countries and air transport, the results of the
latest survey by the Expert Group on Tourism UNWTO providing an evaluation and a
prospective analysis of the results of short-term tourism and economic data selected
for their relevance to tourism. The aim of future editions of the UNWTO World Tourism
Barometer will be to expand and improve coverage gradually. The development of the
UNWTO World Tourism Barometer is carried out by the Department of Market
Intelligence and Promotion of the WTO, with the assistance of the consultant Nancy
Cockerell. The WTO Secretariat wishes to express its sincere gratitude to all those who
participated in drafting the WTO World Tourism Barometer, in particular all institutions
that have provided data and members of the Group of Experts on Tourism of the WTO,
for their valuable contribution. For more information and previous issues, see the
section "Facts and Figures" on the WTO website at the address.