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FIELD MANUAL

TILLERY TARGET

ft> y ? ?

FELD

WEAPONS ANALYSIS A

EMPLOYMENT: NONN fl or-iV VISUAL

VKASii'NGtUH( P-' »

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE A R\M Y MAY 197\5

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1

I

L

*FM 6-141-1

FIELD MANUAL

No.6-141-1

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON, T)C,23May 1975

FIELD ARTILLERY TARGET ANALYSIS

AND WEAPONS EMPLOYMENT: NONNUCLEAR

Paragraph Pago

CHAPTER 1.-GENERAL 1-1 —1-4

2. CONCEPTS OF EMPLOYMENT Section I. Target Analysis 2-1 —2-7

II. Fundamentals of Effective Weapons Employment 2-8—2-14

CHAPTER 3. EMPLOYMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICAL AMMUNITION Section I. General 3-1 — 3-3

II. Chemical Agents . 3T4 — 3-6 III. Chemical Effects and Analysis .... 3-7 —3-9 IV. Chemical Ammunition, Delivery Systems and Effects 3-1C.3-11

CHAPTER 4. EMPLOYMENT OF STANDARD HIGH EXPLOSIVE AND SELECTED AMMUNITION Section I. General 4-1 — 4-4

II. Tactical Employment 4-5—4-9 III. Attach of Targets 4-10—4-12 IV. General Effects Against Typical Target 4-13 — 4-18 V. Troop Safety 4-19—4-22

VI. Destruction of Selected Ammunition to Prevent Enemy Use __ 4-23 — 4-26

CHAPTER 5. CANNON WEAPON SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTIVENESS Section 1. General 5-1 — 5-2

II. 105mm Howitzer 5-3 — 5-15 III. 155mm Howitzer • 5-16—5-28 IV. 8-lnch Howitzer 5-29—5-41 V. 175mm Gun 5-42 — 5-53

VI. 107mm (4.2-Inch) Mortar 5-54 — 5-65

CHAPTER 6. ROCKET AND MISSILE WEAPONS SYSTEMS Section I. General 6-1 —6-3

II. Tactical Employment 6-4 —6-5 HI. Target Analysis 6-6—6-7 IV. Honest John 6-8—6-15 V. Lance 6-16—6-19

CHAPTER 7. COMPARISON OF HIGH EXPLOSIVE AND SELECTED AMMUNITION 7-1 —7-9

8. AERIAL FIELD ARTILLERY Section I. Introduction 8-1—8-3

II. Employment 8-4—8-7

APPENDIX A. REFERENCES

INDEX

*This manual, together with (C)FM 6-141-2, 23 May 1975, supersedes (C)FM 6-141-1, 9 January 1967; <S)FM 6-I4I-2/3I January 1968; (S)FM 6-99, 8 August 1962; (C)FM 6-99-1,»'s August 1964; (S)FM 6-155, 1 August 1962; and (C)FM 6-155-1,/5 August 1964; including all changes.

1-1

2-1 2-4

3-1 3-1 3-2 3-4

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4' 4-5

4-10

5-1 5-1 5-6

5-13 5-17 5-20

6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-2

7-1

8-1 8-2

A-l

Index-1

f

FM 6-141-1

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL

1-1. Purpose This manual provides guidance to commanders and staff officers in the nonnuclear employment of field artillery weapons systems and target effects of the selected artillery weapon systems. Within the scope of current security regulations and policies governing ammunition effects, this manual is intended to provide the user with as much unclassified material as possible. To gain a thorough understanding of the material discussed and the capabilities and limitations of various ammunition against typical targets, this manual must be used in conjunction with FM 6-141-2.

1-2. Scope

a. This manual comprises data for optimum nonnuclear employment of field artillery weapons using high explosive and selected ammunition fimproved conventional munition (ICM)] in combat. Only general guidelines are discussed for the employment of chemical ammunition. Specific information concerning chemical effects may be found in FM 3-10. Data are derived from past and current test firings and analytical studies. All material presented is applicable, without modification, to both nuclear and nonnuclear warfare. The field artillery fire planner must normally consider the effects and employment of the 107mm (4.2-inch) mortar in fire support planning: therefore, effects data for the 107mm (4.2-inch) mortar have been included in this manual. The scope of the FM 6-141-Series (-1, -2.) includes—

(1) Comparative effects of weapons systems. (2) Characteristics and capabilities of field

artillery weapons. (3) Characteristics and capabilities of high

explosive, chemical, and selected ammunition. (4) Typical targets and suggested methods of

attack. (5) Target coverage. (6) Casualty effectiveness. (7) Lethality. (8) Single round hit probabilities, delivery

and dispersion errors. (9) Miscellaneous effectiveness data on

various techniques. b. Doctrine and techniques for the tactical

employment of field artillery weapon systems are set forth in FM 6-20 and FM é-140.

c. Doctrine for the tactical employment of chemical ammunition and chemical agents effects data are contained in FM 3-10-1 and FM 3-10-2.

d. Effects data on some developmental selected ammunition is contained in FM 6-141-2.

e. Nothing contained herein will preclude the furnishing of close fire support to the maneuver elements.

1-3. Changes

a. Owing to the nature of the material covered in this manual, additions and changes will be required as new data are developed. Changes and revisions will incorporate this new data as it becomes available.

b. Users of this manual are encouraged to submit recommended changes or comments to improve the manual. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the jchange is recommended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to ensure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be prepared using DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and forwarded direct to Com- mandant, US Army Field Artillery School, ATTN: ATSF-DOC-DL, Fort SU1, Oklahoma 73503. Originators of proposed changes that would constitute a significant modification of approved Army doctrine may send an information copy, through command channels, to Com- mander, US Army Training and Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, Virginia 23651, to expedite review and follow-up.

c. Staff planners at tactical echelons, and Service Schools providing target analysis and effects data instructions, may be provided JMEM documents (FM 101-60 Series) listed in appendix A upon specific request to Commander HQ, US Army Materiel Command (AMCRD-T) Alexandria, Virginia 22333.

1-4. Organization of the Manuals

a. This manual (Unclassified), and FM 6-141-2 (Confidential) are paragraphically organized in order to provide a repository once the material discussed therein becomes downgraded; to reduce

1-1

FM 6-141-1

administrative problems when material is declassified; and to assist in cross-referencing.

6. The above referenced manuals cover the concepts of employment and effectiveness of nonnuclear field artillery weapon systems. FM 6- 141-2 contains classified data on the comparative effects of selected and high explosive ammunition with the 105mm howitzer, 155mm howitzer, 8- inch.howitzer, 175mm gun, and 107mm (4.2-inch) mortar. A discussion of chemical ammunition for the 105mm howitzer, 155mm howitzer, 8-inch howitzer, 107mm (4.2-inch) mortar, and Honest John Rocket is contained in chapters 3 of this manual and FM 6-141-2! Detailed material concerning high explosive and selected am-

munition is presented in chapter 4. The characteristics and effectiveness data of cahhon weapons systems are discussed in detail in chapters 5 of these two manuals according to degree classification. Accuracies afforded by some weapon systems (155mm howitzer, 8-inch howitzer) result in relatively insignificant variance in effects throughout the range capability of the weapon. Unclassified material concerning selected ammunition is discussed in chapters 4 and 5. Classified effects data are provided for all field artillery weapon systems in FM 6-141-2. Consult FM 6-141-2 for a classified discussion on subjects not covered in this manual.

1-2

FM 6-141-1

CHAPTER 2

CONCEPTS OF EMPLOYMENT

Section I. TARGET ANALYSIS • r

2-1. General a. Concepts and Analyses. The commander’s

concept of operation to accomplish the mission is the pfimáry consideration in fire planning. Proper fire planning requires detailed target analysis and a thorough understanding of the capabilities and limitations of the weapon system at his disposal. The commander must also be thoroughly familiar will all types of ammunition including high explosive [including rocket-assisted], chemical, and selected ammunition. The initial decision to employ toxic chemical ammunition rests solely with the President of the United States. Field commanders will receive implementing directives relating to the initial employment of chemical agents through command channels.

b. Target Analysis. A military judgmental evaluation of an enemy target situation, based on both military factors and analytical data, such as type enemy unit, friendly weapons and ammunition available, range, target priority, and probable amount of ammunition required to defeat, neutralize, or otherwise disrupt activity of the target. Target analysis is, therefore, not simply a technical exercise to determine amounts and types of ammunition required to inflict a given damage (or casualty) level on a particular target. It is more than this; it is a continuous process of consultation and cooperation between the commander (decision maker) and the analyst (e.g., fire direction officer) involving tactical perspective, available units and materiel, and technical capability.

c. Techniques and Decisions. Techniques reflected in this manual should not replace tactical judgment based on sound experience. However, analysis can provide guidance that will allow the commander to make decisions when he is considering all aspects of the tactical situation.

d. Principles and Policies. The principles, policies, and concepts applicable to the employment of toxic chemical ammunition are contained in FM 101-40.

2-2. Target Analysis Factors

a. The most important consideration in target analysis is the damage inflicted on the enemy (desired effects on the target) as a function of friendly weapon capabilities. Some of the im-

portant factors that should be considered' in target analysis include—

(1) Types and quantities of ammunition available '

(2) Target location error (3) Type and posture of target (4) Size of target (5) Weapon system delivery accuracy, range,

and rate of fire (6) Ammunition effectiveness (lethality) (7) Probability of target moving (8) Method of engagement (9) Meteorological conditions (10) Protection available

b. Combinations of these factors result in varying degrees of overall tactical effectiveness and efficiency. The most difficult task for the analyst is that of determining the significance of these relationships. Data and processes described in this manual are provided as tools for a thorough and detailed planning and execution of fire support.

2-3. Target Analysis Terms

An understnading of the following terms and definitions is necessary to use this manual properly:

a. Unit Effects Patterns. A unit effects pattern is that area designated on the ground within which damage (casualties) normally can be expected to occur. The unit may be a single piece, battery, or battalion. However, a small percentage of damage may also occur outside the normal effects pattern; for example, at a point 300 meters from the point of detonation the probability of a hit is 10 -5 . For the 105mm Howitzer Ml (Comp B loaded) the maximum fragment travel range is approximately 563 meters. Unit effects patterns vary in shape, but in this manual the high explosive ammunition patterns, have been limited to a circle in order to simplify procedures.

b. Radius of Effects. The radius of a unit effects the pattern.

c. Fraction of Coverage. The portion of a target area covered by a specific unit effects pattern is called the fraction of coverage (sometimes expressed as fractional coverage). The amount of coverage (percentage) attained depends on the

2-1

FM 6-141-1

type of ammunition and the accuracy of the delivery system. If half of a platoon area is covered by a unit effects pattern, fractional coverage is 0.50.

d. Expected Fraction of Casualties. Fraction of casualties is the fraction, or percentage, of the total number of personnel in a target area which are expected to become casualties.

e. Expected Fraction of Damage. Fraction of damage is the fraction, or percentage, of the total number of items of materiel in a target area which are expected to become damaged or destroyed.

f. Average Coverage. Average coverage is the coverage expected on a target, or target area, and is obtained by totaling the coverages of all missions fired and dividing by the number of missions.

g. Delivery Accuracy. A measure of the ability to place rounds on or about an aimpoint. In this manual, delivery accuracy is assumed to have two components —precision (dispersion) and MPI error.

h. Mean Point of Impact (MPI). The point which has coordinates in range, in deflection, and in height that are the arithmetic means of the range coordinates, deflection coordinates, and burst heights of a set of burst points.

i. Precision (Dispersion). A measure of the scatter of burst points about the MPI of a group of rounds fired from a single weapon on any single occasion. In this manual, precision (dispersion) is assumed to have three components —a range component, a deflection component, and a height component. It is further assumed that each of these components is distributed normally about the MPI.

j. MPI Error. A measure of the scatter of MPI’s about an aimpoint. In this manual, it is assumed that the mean of the MPI’s is at the aimpoint and the MPI’s are distributed normally about the aimpoint.

2-4. Critical Casualty Levels

Critical casualty levels will vary for a given target or target area. There is no known analytical method for calculating the exact casualty level or damage level required to defeat the target. However, as casualties mount, a critical casualty or damage level may be achieved after which the affected unit is no longer able to accomplish its mission. This casualty level is based on unit casualties and materiel losses. However, other less tangible factors such as troop experience, esprit, morale, and leadership will influence unit effectiveness. Studies indicate that a 30 percent casualty level will normally disrupt and disorganize an attacking infantry or mechanized

unit to such an extent as to render it ineffective for an extended period of time. The length of this time period is dependent on the ability of the unit to reorganize and receive reinforcements. Figure 2-1 illustrates the probability that a unit suffering the indicated percent of casualties will be forced to break off an attack for 2 to 24 hours (curve A) and for at least 48 hours (curve B). A defending infantry or mechanized unit, on the other hand, can absorb higher casualty levels before being forced to withdraw and abandon its position, as shown in figure 2-2. The damage level required to render armored units ineffective will be somewhat higher however, at approximately 50-percent damage.

2-5. Target Classification

a. General. Targets encountered on the battlefield vary considerably in composition, degree of protection (shielding), and size of area. The targets of prime importance to field artillery in close support maneuver elements are hostile infantry or armored combat formations, and hostile mortar/artillery and rocket firing batteries. The effect of surprise fire against such targets cannot be overemphasized, particularly when nuclear weapons are not available, Although the dimensions of a target area are influenced by many factors, the area occupied by a specific tactical formation will not generally vary from established demensions, which are based on the strength, mission, and tactical doctrine of the force involved.

b. Categories of Targets. To simplify the comparison of effectiveness of a particular weapon, or round, to another, targets have been divided into four categories (table 2-1). Several examples are listed in each category. Under certain conditions, some examples could be listed in more than one category. For example, a motorized rifle battalion could be both a category 1 and a category 4 target.

c. Posture Sequences. A posture sequence is the relative position and/or the degree of protection afforded by terrain or by manmade objects. An attacking maneuver unit may have no protection; conversely, irregularities in the terrain may furnish a certain degree of protection. Numerous posture sequences can be applied in combat situations. Three posture sequences are used in this manual to describe the degree of protection acquired by personnel against fragmentation. These posture sequences are:

(1) A —Standing (2) B —Prone (3) C —Foxhole

2-2

FM 6-141-1

.99

90-

A 80-

.70- >- b .60-

m .50- < co

.40 - O OC a. .30-

.20-

.10-

00 10 20 30

PERCENT CASUALTIES

Figure 2-1. Probability-of-an-attack break.

.99-1

90-

.80-

.70- >- I- .60-

“ .50- < œ

40- O cc 0. .30-

.20-

00 40 10 20 30

PERCENT CASUALTIES

Figure 2-2. Probability-of-a-defense break.

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FM 6-141-1

Although the posture sequences depict specific positions of personnel on the ground, the sequences are established for use in any situation having equivalent protection. (For example, attacking troops traversing very irregular terrain may have protection, equivalent to that of prone personnel.)

Table 2-1. Categories of Targets

Categories of Targets Examples

1. Area Personnel Targets

2. Small Personnel Targets

3. Small Materiel (Point) Targets

4. Area Materiel Targets

Squad Platoon Battery Company

Observation post Small patrol Command post

Tank Armored Personnel Carriers Bunker, machinegun

Armored formation Truck park Ammo dump POL dump Communication center

2-6. Target Size

a. The size of the area to be attacked normally is determined by the reported dimension of the target or the size of the area in which the target is known or suspected to be located. This information is obtained from target acquisition sources. Large targets may be subdivided and more than one target center be selected. Subareas should be tailored to the specific target complex.

b. The combination of a suitable posture sequence and a target size constitutes a classification useful to the fire direction officer. For example, suppose a platoon is dug in, in an approximately circular area of 200 meter radius. The fact that personnel are in foxholes combined with the fact that the target area has a radius of approximately 200 meters assists the analyst in determining amounts and types of ammunition needed to neutralize or destroy the target.

2-7. Lethality

See paragraph 4-4.

Section II. FUNDAMENTALS OF EFFECTIVE WEAPONS EMPLOYMENT

2-8. General This section represents general fundamental guidelines that must be considered in order to achieve optimum weapons employment when firing high explosive and chemical ammunition.

2-9. High Explosive Ammunition

a. Employment Concepts. High explosive ammunition can be employed against all categories of targets. It is very effective against personnel targets (categories 1 and 2 in table 2-1), except when personnel have a high degree of protection. Only marginal effects can be achieved against categories 3 and 4 in table 2-1 when the target is tanks, armored personnel carriers or fortifications.

b. Effectiveness of Surprise Fire. See paragraph 2-9 6, FM 6-141-2.

c. Lethality. See paragraph 2-9 c, FM 6-141-2.

2-10. Toxic Chemical Ammunition

a. Employment Concepts. Toxic chemical agents can be employed in support of both defensive and offensive operations, under nuclear or nonnuclear conditions, and in limited or general wars. Toxic chemical agents are effective against targets in categories 1 and 2 in table 2-1. In categories 3 and 4 (table 2-1), toxic chemical agents are effective against the personnel in the

materiel or fortifications, but will not destroy the materiel or fortifications. Chemical agents may be used in conjunction with high explosive and nuclear fire, or alone, depending on the tactical situation.

6. In Conjunction With HE or Nuclear Fires. See paragraph 2-10 6, FM 6-141-2.

c. Nonpersistent or Persistent Effects. See paragraph 2-10c, FM 6-141-2.

d. Effectiveness of Surprise Fire. Surprise fire should be exploited to the maximum when employing nonpersistent chemical agents (agent GB) against well equipped enemy personnel. Exposure is accomplished before the personnel become aware of the agents presence and before they can react to take protective measures. Surprise fire is not required when employing persistent agents VX and HD.

2-11. Selected Ammunition

а. Employment Concepts. Selected ammunition is primarily an area target weapon extremely effective against category (1) targets. Ammunition effects are degraded relative to the degree of protection the target attains.

б. Effectiveness of Surprise. Surprise fire is approximately ten times more effective than fire against warned personnel when employing selected ammunition.

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FM 6-141-1

2-12. Effectiveness of Beehive Round In Direct Fire

This ammunition is extremely effective in direct fire against standing personnel in open terrain. Table 2-2 show recommended direct fire fuze settings for Beehive rounds (Charge 7). For a complete discussion as to the capabilities and limitations of this ammunition, see paragraph 2- 12, FM 6-141-2.

2-13. Target Dispersion The greater the dispersion of personnel or vehicles, the less damage or destruction can be expected from field artillery and mortar fires. This is valid whether dispersion applies to distances between units or to distances between

\elements within a unit. Throughout the manual, it is assumed that personnel are uniformly distributed within each target area.

2-14. Ammunition—Fuze Combination a. High Explosive Ammunition. High ex-

plosive ammunition with the point-detonating (PD) fuze is more effective against standing personnel than HE ammunition fuzed with the M514A1 proximity fuze. When consideration is given to the variation in burst heights, and when HE ammunition is employed with the M728. (M514A1E1) proximity fuze, it is more effective against standing personnel than HE ammunition employed with the PD fuze. When personnel have a degree of protection equivalent to prone or foxholes, proximity fuzed ammunition is more effective.

b. Toxic Chemical Ammunition. Point- detonating (PD) fuzes are used when agents GB and HD are employed. Proximity and PD fuzes are used when agent VX is employed.

c. Selected Ammunition. Cse Mechanical time fuzes.

d. APERS-T (Bee-hive) Ammunition. Use Mechanical time fuzes.

Table 2-2. Fuze Settings for Beehive Round (Charge 7 )

Range

meters

Elevation

mils

Fuze setting

XM563

E2 E3 E4

0-400 500 600 700 800 900

1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000

20 20 20 23 24 25 27 29 30 32 34 37 39 41 44 46 49 52 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 76 79

* MA 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.9

MA MA 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 4.7 5.0 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.7

* MA 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.7 6.0 6.2 6.5 6.8

* MA—Projectile will function al the muzzle.

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FM 6-141-1

CHAPTER 3

EMPLOYMENT OF TOXIC CHEMICAL AMMUNITION

Section I. GENERAL

3-1. General This chapter provides general guidance in the employment of chemical ammunition by field artillery weapon systems. A brief description of the chemical agents available, including their characteristics, factors that influence their effects, and general guidelines for their employment are presented. Antipersonnel chemical agents available for use in field artillery weapon systems are: nerve agent GB, nerve agent VX, and blister agent HD. For specific details concerning the effectiveness of chemical agents and chemical ammunition, see FM 3-10-1, FM 3-10-2, and FM 3-10-3 (when published); for specific details on other chemical ammunition fires, see FM 6-40.

3-2. Employment Policies

The initial decision to employ chemical agents rests solely with the President of the United States. The Unites States will not implement the

first use of chemical agents. Field commanders will receive implementing directives relating to the employment of chemical ammunition through command channels. The possibility of the usage of chemical ammunition places on commanders the responsibility to be thoroughly familiar with the characteristics, capabilities, and limitations of chemical agents, ammunition, and delivery systems at his disposal. It is imperative that training emphasis be placed on tactics and techniques peculiar to the field artillery employment of chemical ammunition.

3-3. Employment Concepts The general concepts of employment outlined in paragraph 2-10 are applicable to this section. Reference to specific agents are included in the Field Manual, FM 3-10-2/NWIP 36-4/AFM 355- 9/FM 11-3B, Chemical Agent Effects Data (when published).

Section II. CHEMICAL AGENTS

3-4. Agent GB

Agent GB is a highly volatile liquid nerve agent which is disseminated as an aerosol or vapor. It is employed primarily to attack personnel through the respiratory system. Against unprotected personnel, GB has the capability to produce casualties within minutes. Under most conditions, the duration of effectiveness of GB vapor is short, and is dependent upon the meteorological conditions and the type of ammunition used to disseminate the GB agent. The agent cloud will remain for longer periods of time in wooded areas or where there is little wind to move and dissipate the cloud. The walls of a shell crater, produced by an exploding GB round, will be slightly contaminated with liquid GB. Because of the accumulative effect of the agent, this will constitute a vapor hazard for several hours after detonation. T 3-215 contains detailed information on the effects of GB. See FM 3-10-1 and 3-10-2 for Chemical Tactical Employment and GB Target Análysis.

3-5. Agent HD

Agent HD (mustard) is a persistent slow-acting agent that produces delayed casualties through both vapor and liquid effects. It can be used for on-target casualty effects or to contaminate terrain and materiel. HD causes delayed casualties among unmasked troops through the effects of vapor and liquid on the respiratory track, skin, and eyes; and among masked troops, by effects on the skin. It acts slowly and produces delayed casualties from burn-like blisters within 8 to 24 hours after contact. Under most conditions, HD liquid has a long duration of effectiveness, usually from several days to several weeks. HD evaporates to cause a downwind vapor hazard. The effectiveness depends on the initial contamination, and upon meteorological conditions. See FM’s 3-10-1 and 3-10-2 for Chemical Tactical Employment and HD Target Analysis.

3-6. Agent VX

Agent VX is a low volatile agent that produces

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FM 6-141-1

casualties primarily by absorption of droplets through the skin (percutaneously). When inhaled as a vapor or aerosol, VX like agent GB, produces incapacitation or death in a few minutes; however, little inhalable vapor or aerosol is produced by current dissemination methods. The most important characteristic of this agent is its ability (when in liquid form) to cause casualties among masked personnel by absorption through the skin. Depending on the amount, extent, and location of agent on the body, and on prophylactic measures taken, VX on sensitive bare skin can cause death in minutes. When the agent acts on the skin through clothing, the time required for casualties to develop may vary from about one-

half hour to more than 24 hours, depending on the number of layers, thickness, and composition of clothing. The effects of VX on the body are similar to those of GB. Because VX is absorbed mto vegetation and materiel, it will remain effective in the target area for several hours to a week (even weeks) depending on temperature, weather, and terrain. When disseminated by field artillery, meteorological conditions have little effect on the employment. The downwind vapor hazard from VX contamination is insignificant because of the low volatility of the agent. See FM s 3-10-1 and 3-10-2 for Chemical Tactical Employment and VX Target Analysis.

Section) ODD. CHEMDCÂL ÂGEWTS EFFECTS AMD ANALYSIS

3-7. General

a. FM 3-10-1 is the basic manual for employment doctrine describing the use of chemical effects tables, how the effects tables are organized, definition of terms applying to chemical target analysis, and target analysis procedures.

b. FM 3-10-2, Chemical Agent Effects Data is for use by the Chemical Agent Casualty and Effects Analyst. The data contained in FM 3-10-2 is based on laboratory tests and field tests. Additional testing may cause the basic data to change; however, the target analysis procedures, employment techniques and casualty estimates are provided and effective for use in the field. The manual includes all effects data, both classified and unclassified.

3-8. Variables Considered in Computing Casualty Effects (FM 3-10-2)

a. Variables considered in computing casualty data and reflected in table headings are: protective posture or protection category; breathing rate (workrate); masking time; windspeed; atmospheric stability for GB artillery systems and downwind hazard distance tables; target size; and range to target. Figure 3-1 provides a quick reference for descriptions of these variables.

b. Although not actually reflected on the tables, acquisition errors, system errors (except for HD and BZ), piece errors, ammunition reliability, ammunition signature, temperature, delivery mode (for air-delivered ammunition), and orientation of firing units were considered in the mathematical model used to compute tabular data in the tables.

3-9. Points to Consider (FM 3-10-2)

a. Special delivery techniques must be used to obtain the fractional casualties given in the tables. For example, artillery-delivered GB and VX must be fired at specific aim points as described on the tabs at the beginning of each weapon system section.

b. Data in the GB bomb and dispenser tables represent the casualties that can be expected for the most favorable and the least favorable delivery modes. Since the most favorable delivery mode will not always be possible, target analysts can use these data as a guide for estimating casualties under varying conditions.

c. Fire unit integrity is maintained with the minimum level of fire being one collocated battery. Split batteries fire at the same aim point using the same sheaf as a collocated battery; however, split-battery fire may result in casualty levels different from those shown in the tables. HD may be employed without regard for fire unit integrity (zone fire).

d. When using multibattery fires, more than one battery will fire at the same point.

e. In multibattery fires, the range at which the majority of the fire units is located is used as the base range to target. In a situation where fire units are located at more than one range, use casualties computed for the longest range. Even though aim points are the same for weapons firing on one target from different ranges, dispersion of rounds will be greater from the farthest range. This increased dispersion could enhance overall target effects.

f. Casualties cannot be predicted accurately when using more than one type of weapon on the

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FM 6-141-1

SB PROTECTIVE POSTURES

TROOPS IN: OPEN

OPEN FOXHOLES COVERED FOXHOLES

BUNKERS

WORKRATES

(Breathing rate)

LOW SLEEPING MODERATE-.-NORMAL ACTIVITY

HIGH ACCELERATED ACTIVITY

MASKING TIME

9 SECONDS

RANGES

IOS MM HOW/GB 1,000; 3,000; 5,000; 7,000; 9,000; 10,000 METERS

I55MM HOW/GB 2,000; 4,000; 7,000; 10,000; 12,000; 14,000 METERS

8-INCH HOW/GB 3,000; 5,000; 7,000; 10,000; 12,000; 14,000; 16,000 METERS

HONEST JOHN RKT/GB-- . MIN -10 KM >10 KM-16 KM

> 16 KM -24 KM >24 KM - MAX

II5MM RKT/GB and VX )

I55MM HOW/VX ) ALL RANGES 8-INCH HOW/VX )

GB RESPONSE, TIME

5 MINUTES

COUNTED FROM TIME OF EXPOSURE

DELIVERY MODES

(Air-delivered munitions )

Delivery mode is a combination of variables such as dive angle, release height, and aircraft speed. It influences area coverage, delivery accuracy and, consequently, the number of casualties on target.

Data in the GB bomb and dispenser tables represent the fractional casualties that can be expected under the most favorable and the least favorable delivery modes.

VX PROTECTION CATEGORIES

A —UNMASKED, ANY UNIFORM OR CLOTHING

B MASKED, SUMMER UNIFORM

C MASKED, HOODED, GLOVED, SUMMER UNIFORM; OR MASKED AND WINTER UNIFORM-

D MASKED, HOODED, GLOVED, TWO- LAYERED WINTER UNIFORM

VX RESPONSE TIMES

PROTECTION CATEGORY RESPONSE TIMÉ (HOURS)

A 1/2 I 3 ULT

B 2 4 10 ULT C 12 18 24 ULT

D 12 18 24 ULT

WINDSPEEDS

105 MM HOW/GB )

I55MM HOW/GB ) I, 2, 5, 12, and 18 KNOTS

8-INCH HOW/GB

OTHER GB ) LIGHT WINDS 0-4 KNOTS DELIVERY )—MODERATE WINDS-->4-ll KNOTS

SYSTEMS ) STRONG WINDS >11-20 KNOTS

ALL VX ) DELIVERY' („LIGHT WINDS 0-11 KNOTS

SYSTEMS ) STRONG WINDS >11 KNOTS

HD SYSTEMS 2, 5, 8," 10, 15, and 20 KNOTS

BZ SYSTEMS 5 KNOTS OR LESS

TARGET SIZES

(Target radius in meters)

I05MM HOW/GB 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300

I55MM HOW/GB )_ 50, 100,150, 200, 250, 300,

8-INCH HOW/GB ) " 400, 500

MASSIVE BOMBS/GB

DISPENSERS /GB _50, 100, 200, 300, 400,

4.2-INCH MORTAR/HD ) 500

II5MM RKT/GB )_ and VX )

-200,300, 400, 500, 750, 1000

HONEST JOHN RKT/GB 100, 200,400, 600

AER0-I4B SPRAY TANK/VX-.-250,500; 1000,1500

TMU-28/B SPRAY TANK/VX 500,1000,1500

I55MM HOW/VX ) 8-INCH HOW/VX )

50, 100, 200,300, 400,500

Figure 3-1. Target analysis aid. Toxic chemical ammunition.

3-3

FM 6-141-1

same target. If 155mm howitzers and 8-inch howitzers are fired on the same target, use the casualty estimate for the 155mm or the 8-inch, but not for both. When it is desirable or necessary to use more than one type of weapon on a single target, the analyst must subdivide the target and engage each segment with a different weapon. In this way, he can make a more accurate casualty estimate.

g. If mixed fires—chemical and HE —are to be used on a single target, casualties must be computed for chemical or HE, but not for both, because chemical casualties cannot be added to HE or nuclear casualties.

A. If more than one agent is to be delivered on a single target, the agent producing the most immediate effects should be fired first, and it is the only agent for which casualties can be determined.

i. On targets where troops are in more than one

defensive posture, select the posture used by the majority of the troops as a table entry value.

j. Upwind delivery of chemical agents was not considered in writing this manual because the 9- second masking time precludes troops being exposed to agents within the time required for an agent cloud to travel across .the target. Fur- thermore, windspeed and direction cannot be predicted accurately enough in the target area to insure that the agent cloud will cross the target.

k. Zeros in the tables indicate that no casualties can be expected, or that the casualty level will be insignificant. For weapon systems having very large delivery errors, “zero” casualties, may result because the ammunition does not hit the target.

l. A blank space as in the bomb tables or a dash as in the VX spray tables indicates that casualties were not computed for that particular level of fire.

Section IV. CHEMICAL AMMUNITION, DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND EFFECTS

3-10. Weapon Systems Characteristics See table 3-1, FM 6-141-2 for information on chemical ammunition and delivery systems.

3-11. Toxic Chemical Ammunition Effects Data

a. Agent GB, Artillery. See chapter 2, FM 3- 10-2.

b. Agent GB, Rocket Systems. See chapter 3, FM 3-10-2.

c. Agent VX, Artillery. See chapter 7, FM 3- 10-2.

d. Agent VX, Rocket Systems. See chapter 7, FM 3-10-2.

e. Agent HD, Ammunition. See chapter 9, FM 3-10-2.

3-4

FM 6-141-1

CHAPTER 4

EMPLOYMENT OF STANDARD HIGH

EXPLOSIVE AND SELECTED AMMUNITION

Section I. GENERAL

4-1. Purpose and Scope This chapter provides general guidance to commanders for the employment of standard high explosive and selected ammunition. Tactical employment, attack "of targets, general effects against typical targets, troop safety and the need for destruction of selected ammunition will also be discussed.

4-2. Description of Ammunition

a. General. Although TNT filled projectiles are still part of the Army’s inventory, this manual considers standard high explosive ammunition to be composition B filled projectiles. Selected ammunition consists of projectiles containing subammunition (grenades) which are designed to base eject from the projectile and burst in the air, or on ground contact. The two types of selected ammunition are discussed in paragraph 4-2 b, of FM 6-141-2.

b. Types of Selected Ammunition. (1) Antipersonnel. See paragraph 4-2 6(1),

FM 6-141-2. (2) Dual purpose. See paragraph 4-2 6 (2),

FM 6-141-2.

4-3. Unit Effects Patterns

a. Standard HE Ammunition. Table 4-1 shows unit effects patterns for standard high explosive ammunition and weapons indicated. The figures in table 4-1 depict an area or radius within which casualties or damage can be expected to occur. This concept should not be confused with effectiveness. Effectiveness within a given pattern area is a function of the density of fragmentation within that pattern. It should be noted that unlike high explosive ammunition, selected ammunition distributes its subammunition (grenades) almost uniformly throughout the pattern area. Thus the density of fragmentation from selected ammunition is more uniform than high explosive. In the case of area personnel targets, selected ammunition will prove to be more effective. The following assumptions were the basis for computing the tables found within this manual.

Table 4-1.. Unit Effects Patterns Standard HE Ammunition

Firing unit

Area covered (square meters)

Radius of

effects (meters)

4.2-'Jnch Mortar Platoon (4 pcs) 105mm Howitzer Btry (6 pcs) 105mm Howitzer Bn (18 pcs) 155mm Howitzer Btry (6 pcs) . . 155mm Howitzer Bn (18 pcs) . . 8-lnch Howitzer Btry (4 pcs) 8-lnch Howitzer Bn (12 pcs) 175mm Gun Btry (4 pcs) 175mm Gun Bn (12 pcs) . . .

61,575 ' 61,550 145,150 75,475

151,950 57,255

101,800 159,040 282,744

140 140 215 155 220 135 180 225 300

(1) Grenades are considered to be uniformly distributed throughout the pattern area.

(2) Pattern areas are considered to be circular in shape.

6. Selected Ammunition. See paragraph 4-3b and table 4-5, FM 6-141-2.

c. Effects Patterns, (Grenades). See paragraph 4-3c, FM 6-141-2.

d. Effectiveness Against Materiel Targets. See paragraph 4-3d, FM 6-141-2.

4-4. Lethality

а. General. Lethal area is a measure of damage or casualty potential of an individual ammunition, projectile, or warhead. It is a mathematical measure, not a physical area in the sense of a specific geometrical configuration. To determine the lethal area, the effects area is divided into small subareas. Each subarea is multiplied by the probability of a casualty within the subarea and the products are summed. This sum is the lethal area in square units for the ammunition-target posture combination. Such items as fragment distribution, amount of protection (shielding), troop attitudes, and fragment velocity affect the magnitude of the lethal area. See tables 4-6 and 4-7, FM 6-141-2 for lethal areas, expressed in square meters, and lethality comparisons.

б. Computation of Casualties. Given the lethal area and the nature of the target, it is possible to

4-1

FM 6-141-1

compute the expected fraction of casualties within a given target area. Such a computation has been done and the results are in the referenced Joint Munition Effectiveness Manuals for Surface-to- Surface Weapons (JMEM/SS) (FM 101-60-2, -3, -4, -5, -7, and -8). The following information should be known for such a computation:

(1) Appropriate dispersion errors. (2) Number of rounds per volley. (3) Target posture. (4) Dud rates. (5) Probable errors. (6) Weapon system.

c. Lethal Areas (Dimensions) for Special Ammunition. There is a probability that a hit by a dual purpose grenade on certain exposed sur- faces of tanks and armored personnel carriers

(APC’s) will immobilize the vehicle or destroy its firepower. An example of such an exposed surface is the engine compartment of a tank. If each exposed area (surface) is multiplied by the kill probability of the exposed area and these products are summed, the resulting figure represents the total area of a particular type vehicle that is vulnerable to one dual purpose grenade. Vulnerable areas for vehicles and lethal areas for personnel are analogous. See table 4-6 for single round lethal areas (square meters) against personnel in standing, prone and foxhole postures; table 4-7 for lethality comparisons and relative values of HE and selected ammunitions; and table 4-9 for single round lethal areas (square meters) against tanks, APC’s and trucks (FM 6- 141-2).

Section II. TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT

4-5. General

The procedures and techniques for tactical employment of field artillery, as set forth in FM 6-20 and FM 6-140, apply to cannon units when using both standard high explosive and selected ammunition. Procedures and techniques for the tactical employment of 107MM (4.2 inch) mortars are found in the FM 23-series.

4-6. The Field Artillery Fire Planning

The procedures and techniques used in preparing the artillery fire plan when selected ammunition is available are essentially the same as when planning other field artillery fires. Careful consideration is given to the most effective employment of available ammunition with particular attention to the integration with other nonnuclear fires. The commander or his fire direction officer must consider certain factors when deciding to attack a target or by planning fires using selected ammunition. Conformity to the scheme of maneuver of supported troops and evaluation of the enemy are factors of primary concern. In general, these considerations are discussed in FM 6-20.

4-7. Area to be Attacked a. The size of the area to be attacked is nor-

mally determined by the size of the target or the size of the area in which the target is known or suspected to be located. This information is obtained from intelligence sources. Large target areas of irregular shape may require that more than one target center be selected (chap 30, FM 6- 40).

b. It is difficult to specifically state the size of many targets, i.e., squad, platoon, company, or battalion assembly areas. Every attempt must be made to designate the area to be attacked by determining as best as possible the size of the target (i.e., 10m x 10m fortification) or the ap- proximate area the target is occupying (i.e., a tank platoon, radius of the target area = 100m).

c. Proximity of the target center(s) to friendly elements is an additional consideration. Troop safety is discussed in section V, FM 6-141-2.

4-8. Results Desired a. General. The two terms most commonly

used to describe desired results (effects) of fires are:

(1) Destroy (destruction). (a) Fire delivered for the sole purpose of

destroying materiel objects. Expected results are usually expressed as a percentage of the target covered. For example, if 30 percent of the target is covered, it is assumed that 30 percent of the target will receive the specified level of damage. See paragraph 2-4 for criterion to render armored units ineffective (destroyed).

(b) A ‘destroyed unit’ is a unit that has been rendered completely ineffective. The unit will have lost its command facilities, materiel, and many key personnel. Generally, 30 percent coverage (casualty level) inflicted during a short time frame is sufficient to destroy the unit. However, care must be exercised in the use of the 30 percent figure, because the posture of the unit, its mission, and other variables may dictate higher or lower casualty figures for destruction.

4-2

FM 6-141-1

(2) Neutralize (neutralization). Those fires which are delivered to hamper or interrupt movement and/or the firing of weapons, and to render personnel or material incapable of inter- fering with a particular operation. Generally, coverage of 10 percent or more (casualty level), of a unit, inflicted during a short time frame will be sufficient criterion to consider the unit neutralized, provided other factors are not overpowering.

. b. Other Fires. (1) Harassing fire is fire of lesser intensity

than neutralization fire designed to inflict losses, to disturb enemy forces, to curtail movement, and in general to lower morale. Any coverage of less than 10 percent (casualty level) is considered adequate to achieve the results of harassing fire.

(2) Suppressive fires are those fires, direct or indirect, brought to bear on known or likely enemy locations to degrade the enemy’s ability to place effective fires on friendly maneuver elements. These fires are categorized as immediate or planned. These fires may approach the casualty level coverage of neutralization fire on one hand, or harassing fire on the other.

4-9. Effects of Weather and Terrain

In addition to the size and type of projectile fires, the effectiveness of the fragments is also related to the type of vegetation in the target area, and the existing weather conditions. See paragraph 4- 9 FM 6-141-2 for a detailed discussion.

Section III. ATTACK OF TARGETS

4-10. General

a. Concept of Operation. The commander’s concept of operation to accomplish the mission is the primary consideration in the attack of targets. An analysis of targets is required to ensure that the expenditure of ammunition is used to its best advantage.

b. Target Analysis. Target analysis is the examination of potential targets to determine their military importance, priority of attack, and capabilities of attack by available weapons. Targets of opportunity as well as targets for prearranged fires are analyzed.

c. Target Capability. Target capability is the ability, actual or potential, of a target to influence the accomplishment of the supported unit’s mission. Target capability is an essential consideration in determining the priority assigned to the attack of a target and the amount of fire delivered on a target.

d. Decision. The decision is made after determining the optimum means, method of attack, time of attack, and ammunition to be expended. The decision sets forth the type and amount of ammunition to be employed, the units of fire, the grid reference (desired center of impact), the time of attack, and where applicable, safety instructions to friendly troops, and the method of conducting post attack analysis.

4-11. Sequence of Analysis

a. An analysis of factors bearing on the attack of a specific target, or target complex, is made to determine the most efficient method of attack.

The target is normally analyzed in the following sequence:

(1) Selection of target area centers. (2) Weapon capability and availability. (3) Ammunition capability and availability. (4) Troop safety. (5) Amount of ammunition required to

attain the desired results, i.e., neutralization or harassment for the type of target and terrain.

b. Each successive step in the analysis is made considering the data obtained in the preceding steps. The explicit purpose of the analysis must continually be kept in mind to determine the most effective method of attack that will best accomplish the mission.

4-12. Effectivenss Tables

o. Effectiveness tables published in Joint Munitions Efiectiveness Manuals for Surface-to- Surface weapons (JMEM/SS) provides guidance for determining expected fraction of casualties. FM’s 101-60-2 (105mm); 101-60-3 (155mm); 101-60-4 (8-Inch); 101-60-5 (175mm); 101-60-7 (4- 2-Inch) and 101-60-8 (Honest John) provide guidance for determining the expected fraction of casualties, based on the weapon and target radius. Current predicted delivery errors were used in determining the expected fraction for both coverage and casualties.

b. The data contained in the tables provide expected results for fractional casualties expressed as a decimal fraction. Firing of a limited number of rounds against representative target arrays were averaged as a mathematical sam-

4-3

r*’

FM 6-141-1

pling. The tables do not include assured damage or a probability of achieving at least a given fraction of damage.

Caution: There is no assurance that the exact percentage for either “expected” fraction of casualties will be provided by one given volley or even that the listed value for six volleys will be obtained in a given situation. Although not precisely within the mathematical definition, the method of averaging data used for the tables will result in less damage being realized for approximately 50 percent of the rounds and conversely, greater damage for the other 50 percent of the rounds.

c. The essential entry data are the target radius and the expected fraction of casualties required. Once the target radius is determined, the columns are compared by checking values

from left to right. In comparing columns, the initial value (lowest number of rounds) which exceeds the desired expected casualty fraction is selected. If troop safety is not a factor, the reduction of combat effectiveness of the enemy is the primary basis for selection. A concentrated loss inflicted on a limited portion of the target has less overall effect on the recuperability of an enemy unit than the same number of casualties distributed over all, or most, of the target area. Greater coverage will be more likely to disrupt a greater number of key elements with more impact on unit effectiveness.

d. Completion of the analysis ( c above) results in the recommendation and decision. The decision is transmitted as a fire mission to the unit or units to fire.

Section IV. GENERAL EFFECTS AGAINST TYPICAL TARGETS

4-13. Area Personnel Targets

The effectiveness of fire against area personnel targets (category 1) is discussed in paragraph 4-

.13, FM 6-141-2.

4-14. Small Personnel Targets

The effectiveness of fire against small personnel targets (category 2) of each weapon system is discussed in chapter 5.

4-15. Small Materiel (Point) Targets

a. The number of HE rounds required to obtain at least one, two, or three hits, after adjustment, for three different targets are shown in the single shot hit probability tables of chapter 5. Fire is observed and adjusted on the center of the target. In developing the single shot hit probability tables the following assumptions were made:

(1) The target is located at random in the target area. However, it is assumed to be facing the weapon on the weapon target line, thus revealing the smallest target profile to the weapon.

(2) Angle of fall was considered in computing single shot hit probabilities.

(3) The vertical dimensions of fortifications cannot be approximated and an impact on the top of the fortifications is assumed necessary to hit the targets.

(4) Probable errors in range and deflection were chosen for range with an elevation of approximately 300 mils.

(5) Assault fire techniques of maximum charge may be used against targets with a ver-

tical surface and would decrease the number of rounds required to hit the target. This technique as opposed to firing quadrants of approximatly 300 mils would, in many cases, reduce the range and deflection probable errors thereby reducing the number of rounds required to hit the target.

b. In considering the effectiveness of a weapon system it should be noted that the larger the caliber weapon, the greater the damage from a direct hit. Chemical ammunition is not effective against small materiel (point) targets, when the destruction of materiel is desired. However, chemical ammunition is effective against materiel and fortified targets when the criteria is personnel casualties.

c. The effectiveness of the 155mm howitzer and 8-inch howitzer dual purpose ammunition against small materiel targets (category 3) is shown in table 4-10, FM 6-141-2. A representative target (parked tank) is depicted at six different ranges. The table shows the number of rounds from one weapon required to achieve an average assurance of a firepower or mobility kill on the target after adjustment. See also figures 5-1 through 5-8, FM 6-141-2 for casualty effectiveness data.

d. The following kill criteria, or damage categories are useful when discussing antimateriel effectiveness of ammunition:

(1) Mobility (M) Damage (Kill): Loss of tactical mobility due to damage which cannot be repaired by the crew on the battlefield. This is usually called an “M” Kill. Thus, an “M” Kill

4-4

FM 6-141-1

means that a vehicle is not capable of controlled movement on the battlefield.

(2) Firepower (F) Damage (Kill): Loss of tactical firepower due to damage which cannot be repaired by the crew on the battlefield. Thus, there is an “F” Kill when controlled fire cannot be directed from the main armament.

(3) Catastrophic (K) Damage {Kill): A vehicle has sustained a “K” Kill when both “M” and “F” Kills occur, and when the damage is not economically repairable.

4-16. Area Materiel Targets

a. Table 4-2 shows the high explosive ammunition requirements (and fraction of hits) against area materiel targets (category 4). The amount of ammunition required to attain fraction of hits on one or more small materiel targets (20 square meters) located at random in 100, 150, and 200 meter target areas is shown. Area fire is directed at the target area and is unobserved. The

20 square meter target is equivalent to a tank or a truck. Three conditions are considered a direct hit, an impact within 5 meters, and an impact within 10 meters. A direct hit is usually required to destroy a hard target (tank). A hit within 10 meters will destroy, or seriously damage a medium target (truck, radar station, missile launcher). Table 4-3 shows typical material damage from high explosive ammunition. Chemical ammunition is not effective against area material targets when the destruction of materiel is desired. However, if the criteria is to defeat personnel within the materiel targets, then chemical agents should be considered. The ammunition requirements are based on the assumption that the materiel targets are stationary; however, if the materiel target is moving, an adjustment in the ammunition requirements may be required.

Table 4-2. High Explosive: Ammunition Requirements, Area Materiel Targets (Category 4 ), Average

Weapon 4.2-inch Morlar

105MM How

155MM How

175MM Gun

8-Inch How

Itange (Motors) 3,000m 8,000m 9,000m 15,000m 9,000m

100:

150:

Tarnol radius (motors)

Direct hit Impact within 5 meters Impact within 10 meters .

Direct hit Impact within 5 meters Impact within 10 meters .

200:

Direct hit Impact within 5 meters . Impact within 10 meters

Rounds required to obtain fraction of hits (in parentheses)

400(. 129) 400(. 419) 128(. 50)

400(. 091) 400(. 316) 183(. 50)

400(. 060) 400(. 217) 285(. 50)

360 (. 114) 360 (. 381) 131(. 50)

360(. 082) 360(. 287) 185(. 50)

360(. 054) 360(. 195) 288(. 50)

180(. 076) 180(. 268) 100(. 50)

180(. 048) 180(. 175) 156(. 50)

180(. 029) 180(. 107) 180(. 362)

60(. 02) 60(. 082) 60(. 290)

60(. 010) 60(. 058) 60(. 213)

60 (. 009) 60(. 036) 60(. 138)

60(. 029) 60(. 110) 60|. 370)

60(. 017) 60(. 064) 60(. 230)

60(. 010) 60(. 037) 60(. 139)

b. See paragraph 4-166, FM 6-141-2. Ad- 4-18. Ammunition Limitations ditional effectiveness data for selected am- gee paragraph 4-18, FM 6-141-2. munition is included in table 4-11 FM 6-141-2 and figures 5-1 through 5-8 of FM 6-141-2.

4-17. Materiel Targets—Calculations

See paragraph 4-17, FM 6-141-2, and figures 4-3 and 4-4.

Section V. TROOP SAFETY

4-19. Safe Distance Factors for Standard High Explosive Ammunition (Air Burst)

Three factors must be considered in determining safe distance information for friendly troops. These are:

а. Distribution of projectile bursts around the targets.

б. Size, travel distance, and the striking velocity of fragments from a bursting projectile.

4-5

FM 6-141-1

c. The number of volleys fired and the number associated risks) for a single battery volley and a of troops in the vicinity of the target.

4-20. Safety Distances (Single Battery Volley, Single Individual)

Table 4-4 contains safety distances (and

Table 4-3. Typical Materiel Damage {From HE Detonations )

single individual. Commanders who use the troop safety risk data provided in table 4-4 should be aware of the applicability of the data.

Materiel Type of damage produced

Artillery pieces, heavy rockets

Artillery or mortar ammunition

Light weapons (machineguns), antitank rocket launchers, etc.).

Electronic and communication equipment (radios, radars, field telephones, etc.).

Wheeled vehicles

Scores recoil or launching slides, dents mechanisms, punctures pneumatic tires, damages optical devices, perforates light metal parts.

Punctures containers, metal shell cases for fixed ammunition, scores rotating bands, starts secondary fires.

Perforates light metal prats or scores critical working parts to produce serious damage.

Perforates and effectively damages all components.

Punctures body, windshields, tires, gas and oil lines, electrical components, radiators, gas tanks, etc., secondary fires.

4-6

9

HH

MIN

lERRORI

l45 SECI

ERROR!

LU. J

TR = 75

¡30 SECI

IERROR!

L JS I

EXPECTED

POSITION

15 SEC

ERROR!

I ■■ I

I 250 M

_J 187 M I25M 62 M OM

Figure 4-3. Forward observer time estimation errors and corresponding distances. Rate of target advance: 15 km/hr.

* t 1

FM

6-1

41-1

I 00

I MIN

¡ERR0RI

LJLJ

I 500M

45 SEC

ERROR

LJLJ

»

375M

ßO SECl

ERROR!

L Ji I

—J 250M

TRs75

nn

115 SEC

¡ERROR

LJLJ

I25M

EXPECTED

POSITION

OM

Figure 4-4. Forward observer time estimation errors and corresponding distances. Rate of target advance: 30 km/hr.

FM

6-141-1

4-9

Table 4-4. Safety Distances for High Explosive Ammunition

Probability (risk) of a casualty-producing hit on troops located ‘X’distance from target

‘X’ distance from

target, m

4.2-inch mortar

Target-Range, m

1,000 5,000

105mm howitzer

Target-Range, m

2,000 10,000

155mm howitzer

Target-Range, m

2,000 14,000

175mm gun

Target-Range, m

4,000 28,000

8-inch howitzer

Target-Range, m

4,000 16,000

100 200 400 600 800 . .

1,000.

1.200.

.05 .002

.0000008 .000000001

.13 .006

.00001 .00000003

.07

.01 .0003

.000008 .0000002

.000000006

.08

.02 .0007

.00003 .000001

.00000005 .000000002.

.13

.02 .0006

.00002 .0000005

.00000002

.05

.01 .0009

.00007 .000005

.0000004 .00000003

.10

.02 .0007

.00002 .0000008

.00000003

.03

.01 .001

.0002 .00003

.000003 .0000004 .

.13

.02 .0005

.00001 .0000003

.000000008

.05

.02 .001

.0001 .000009

.0000007 .00000006

Note : MSD'S for HJ and Lance are secured from the appropriate firing table.

I.

F.M 6-141-1

FM 6-141-1

а. The data were derived specifically for air- burst (20 meters) projectiles fired in a parallel sheaf using the Met + VE technique of fire. The data can also be used for ground or low airbursts. When the projectiles burst on, or very near the ground, the risks will increase in the proximity of the target (less than 200 meters) but will become smaller at distances greater than approximately 200 meters from the target.

б. The safety information is based on fragmentation data for forged steel, TNT loaded projectiles (Comp B for the 175mm). Comp B loaded, or high fragmentation steel projectiles, which break up into smaller fragments, will result in smaller risks at the greater distances from the target and conversely, greater risks may occur at shorter distances.

c. The battery and target locations are assumed to be known accurately. The occurrence of gross errors or mistakes, such as 10 or 100 mil quadrant or deflection error on a weapon are not included in the data.

4-21. Close Fire Support

Nothing contained herein will preclude the furnishing of close fire support to the maneuver combat elements. Request for fire from the maneuver combat elements will be answered when necessary without regard to the minimum safe distances involved. The supported maneuver commander submitting the fire request is responsible for the decision to call for fires when those fires are at less than minimum safe distance to friendly positions. The warning ‘danger close’ is given by the requestor to indicate that friendly troops are within 600 meters of the target. When mortars are firing, the ‘danger close’ warning factor is 400 meters.

4-22. Troop Safety for Selected Ammunition

See paragraph 4-22, FM 6-141-2. See table 4-8, FM 6-141-2 for minimum safe distance (selected ammunition).

Section VI. DESTRUCTION OF SELECTED AMMUNITION TO PREVENT ENEMY USE

4-23. Need for Destruction a. Destruction becomes necessary under con-

ditions where capture is imminent, evacuation is impossible, and the ammunition cannot be fired at the enemy.

b. Preventing any ammunition from falling into enemy hands is of primary importance.

4-24. Authority for Destruction

a. When subject to capture or abandonment, destruction of ammunition described herein, will be undertaken by the using arm only when, in the judgment of the unit commander concerned, such action is necessary in accordance with orders of, or policy established by, the army commander.

b. The conditions under which destruction will be effected are command decisions and may vary in each case, dependent upon a number of factors such as the tactical situation, security classification of ammunition (AR 380-5), quantity, type, and location of ammunition, facilities for accomplishing destruction and time available.

4-25. Method of Destruction

a. General. Effective destruction methods are dependent on prior planning and preparation. Written procedures and SOP’s must be complete and detailed.

b. Detonation of Projectile. Detonation of individual rounds is the most certain method of destroying the projectile and grenade cargo. For detailed procedures, refer to the appropriate operators technical manuals.

c. Burning. If adequate demolition materiel is not available for destruction, all available combustible materiel will be used for burning the ammunition.

4-26. Disposition of Dud Grenades

Warning. A high explosive grenade which has fallen as a dud will not be moved under any circumstances but will be destroyed in place by Explosive Ordnance Disposal personnel only.

4-10

FM 6-141-1

CHAPTER 5

CANNON WEAPON SYSTEMS

CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTIVENESS

Section I. GENERAL

5-1. Purpose This chapter provides data on cannon weapon systems characteristics and effectiveness. The data contained herein is intended to provide general guidance to commanders and staff officers.

5-2. Scope

The chapter will include discussion and present data relative to the following:

a. Types of ammunition and fuzes for the 105mm, 155mm and 8-inch howitzers, the 175mm gun, and 107mm mortar.

Section II. 10

5-3. Characteristics

a. M101A1 (Towed) (1) Weight—4,980 pounds (2) Maximum range:

. (a) 11,000 meters with standard ammunition

(b) 14,500 meters with M548 Rocket Assisted Projectile

(3) Minimum high angle range—2,550 meters (4) Traverse:

Left—400 mils Right—409 mils

(5) Maximum muzzle velocity — (465 meters/sec.)

b. M102 ( Towed ) (1) Weight—3,140 pounds (2) Maximum range:

(a) 11,500 meters with standard ammunition


(3) Minimum high angle range—2,160 meters (4) Traverse—6,400 mils (5) Maximum muzzle velocity — (494

meters/sec.) c. M108 ( Self-Propelled )

b. Selected ammunition grenade data. c. Typical targets and suggested methods of

attack. d. Single shot hit probabilities. e. Singles shot hit probabilities against type

targets. f. Mean Point of Impact (MPI) errors. g. Precision (Dispersion) data. h. Average fraction of casualties against

personnel targets. i. Developmental selected ammunition data.

\ HOWITZER

(1) Weight—46,921 pounds (combat loaded) (2) Maximum range:

(a) 11,600 meters with standard ammunition


(3) Minimum high angle range—2,160 meters (4) Traverse—6,400 mils (5) Maximum muzzle velocity — (494

meters/sec.)

5-4. Rate of Fire

a. Maximum. 10 rounds/minute for first 3 minutes.

b. Sustained. 3 rounds/minute.

5-5. Principal Types of Ammunition and Fuzes a. Table 5-1 shows the types of ammunition and

fuzes for the 105mm howitzer. b. See table 5-2 for selected ammunition

grenade data (M413 and M444). See also paragraph 5-5 6, FM 6-141-2 for discussion of selected ammunition grenade performance data.

c. See table 5-10, FM 6-141-2 for 105MM Howitzer developmental selected ammunition information.

5-1

Table 5-1. Types of Ammunition and Fuzes for the 105mm Howitzer K»

Weapon Ammunition type Model As fired weigh! of projectile (pounds) '

Fuze action

Point detonating

Base detonating

Mechan- ical lime

Prox- imity

105mm Howitzer M101A1, M102, M018

HE APERS-T (Beehive) HEAT HEAT HEP, HEP-T Smoke, HC Smoke, WP Colored smoke, BE

Gas, HD Gas, GB Illuminating HE, RAP Gas, Tactical, C5 ICM ICM

Ml * M546 TP-T M67 XM622 ** M327 M84 M60 M84

M60 M360 M314 Series M548 M629 M413 M444

33.00 28.50 28.80 22.35 23.40 32.86 34.80 (Green) 30.48;

(Red) 30.68; (Yellow) 30.29.

33.00 35.40 34.70 28.50 33.60 33.00 33.00

Yes No Ño No No Yes Yes No

Yes Yes No Yes No No No

No, No No No Yes No No No

No No No No No No No

Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No No No No No No No

No No No Yes No No No

* Uses CP Fuze **Uses point initiating base detonating fuse

« *

FM

6-1

41-1

FM 6141-1

Table 5-2. Selected Ammunition Grenade Data

Weapon Ammunition

Grenade

Model Type Grenade Quantity

105MM 105MM

M413 M444

M35 M39

AP(G) AP(A)

18 18

155MM 155MM 155MM 155MM

8-Inch 8-lnch

107MM

M449 M449A1 M483 M483

M404 M509

M453

M43 M43A1 M42 M46

M43A1 M42

M36

AP(A) APIA) ♦AP/AMIG) ♦AP/AMIG)

APIA) . DP

APIA)

60 60 88 24

104 195

32

*AP / AM(G). The bottom three layers of the subammunition are M46 items with nonembossed sidewalls for strength purposes. The M42 has a controlled fragmentation sidewall.

Table 5-3. Typical Targets and Suggested Methods of Attack. 105mm Howitzer, Direct and Indirect Fire

Indirect Fire

Type of target Unit Shell* Fuze»* action

Cave Bridge Building (frame) Squad (open) Platoon (open) Platoon (dug in) Command post Fortification MG emplacement Supply installation Communication center Radar installation Rocket launchers Personnel carriers Tanks Platoon (open) Company (open) Artillery battery Fortification Mortar battery Supply installation Communication center

Roadblock Personnel carrier(s) Squad (s) Tank(s)

Single Piece do do

Battery do do do do do do do do do do do

Battalion do do do do do do

Direct Fire

HK HE HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE,

HE HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE,

WP CHEM, ICM (AP) CHEM, ICM |AP) WP, CHEM, ICM (AP) WP, CHEM, ICM (AP) CHEM CHEM,' ICM (AP) WP, CHEM WP, CHEM, ICM (AP) CHEM

WP, CHEM WP, CHEM CHEM, ICM (AP) CHEM, ICM (AP) WP, CHEM, ICM (AP) CHEM WP, CHEM, ICM (AP) WP, CHEM WP, CHEM, ICM (AP)

HE HEAT, IIEP, KEPT Beehive HEAT, HEP, HEPT

Q/I) Q/D Q Q/VT/Ti • Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/Q VT/Ti/Q Q/I)/(VT) Q/1)/(VT) Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti VT/Q Q/(VT) Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/(Q) Q/I)/(VT) VT/Ti/IQ) Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti

Q BI) Ti BI)

•Chemical shells are loxic chemical ammunition. * *Fuzes in parentheses are for toxic chemical ammunition.

5-6. Typical Targets and Suggested Methods of Attack Table 5-3 shows typical targets for the 105mm howitzer and suggested methods of attack. Chemical ammunition is effective against personnel. If the criteria is to destroy the materiel, chemical ammunition should not be employed.

5-7. Casualty Effectiveness a. Tables 5-4 and 5-5, FM 6-141-2 give the

expected fraction of casualties against personnel targets for projectiles M413 ahd M444 respectively. Personnel in the offense are considered equivalent to one-half standing and one-half prone for the first volley and all prone for the

5-3

FM 6-141 1

subsequent volleys. Personnel in the defense are considered equivaJent to one-half prone and one- half in foxholes for the first volley and all in foxholes for subsequent volleys.

b. Effectiveness data tables in FM 101-60-2 may be used in determining the number of volleys required to expect a desired percentage of casualties against personnel targets. Ef- fectiveness data for area personnel targets are computed for only those rounds fired during the fire-for-effect phase and are divided according to the delivery techniques employed. The two techniques are observer adjusted and MET + VE. Ml ammunition on three target postures in open terrain or marsh grass is used. Personnel are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout a circular target area. Target radii are for 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 meters. The effectiveness numbers are based on a six howitzer (M101A1) battery firing a parallel sheaf from a “lazy W” or

“star” formation. Data are shown for each range/angle of fall indicated in the tables.

5-8. Lethality

See paragraph 4-4.

5-9. Single Shot Hit Probabilities

Table 5-6 shows observed fire single shot hit probabilities of the 105mm howitzer against two representative targets and against a tank target (3 x 7m) front and side posture. The table shows probabilities after adjustment for both low and high angle fire when a single piece is employed. Table 5-7 shows the number of rounds required to expect an assurance of at least one, two, or three hits when the single shot hit probability is known.

5-10. Precision (Dispersion)

Table 5-8 shows precision (dispersion) data for low and high angle fire for the M101A1 and M102 howitzers respectively.

Table 5-6. Single Shot Hit Probabilities for 105mm Howitzer

M101A1

Range

Low Angle 2,000 4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000

High Angle 2,000 4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000

Charge

Probable error

Range

12 22 17 16 20

10 24 38 17 22

Defl

1 2 4 5 7

4 6 7

12 11

Probability of hiding target

lOxlOM

.223

.112

.093

.083

.049

.158

.048

.026

.035

.029

20X20M

.425

.238

.281

.271

.175

.454

.165

.091

.131

.110

‘Tank 3x7m

Front

.107

.033

.023

.019

.011

.038

.011

.005

.008

.006

Side

.069

.029

.022

.018

.011

.036

.010

.006

.008

.006

Bridge: 10x200m

L - 200

.999

.906

.601

.500

.368

.601

.423

.340

.223

.238

L - 10

.223

.124

.156

.166

.134

.264

.113

.070

.156

.124

M102

Low Angle 2,000 4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000 High Angle 2,000 4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000

14 18 10 14 16

14 24 12 16 19

.192

.150

.264

.174

.151

.142

.037

.112

.070

.070

.368

.294

.500

.368

.329

.359

.134

.349

.24.3

.230

.092

.070

.128

.052

.046

.035

.008

.025

.016

.016

.058

.042

.079

.045

.037

.034

.008

.023

.015

.016

.999

.999

.999

.908

.908

.740

.328

.500

.425

.500

.192

.150

.264

.192

.166

.192

.113

.223

.166

.140

Note : All dimensions are in meters.

-:ix7M 3=Fronl,7=Side

5-4

9

Table 5-7. Single Shot Hit Probabilities Against Type Targets for 105MM Howitzers, M101A1 and M102

Charge Range

M101A1

Single shot hit

probability

Rounds required for 90 % probability

1-Hit 2-Hits 3-Hits Charge Range

M102

Single shot hit

probability

Rounds required for SOçj probability

1-Hil 2-Hits 3-Hits

Bridge 10 x 200* I’illhox 10 x 10 Fortification 20 x 20 Tank 3x7M Front Tank 3x7M Side

6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

.156

.093

.281

.023

.022

13 23

7 >70 >70

24 39 12

>70 >70

32 54 17

>70 >70

6000 6000 6000 6000 6000

.264

.264

.500

.128

.079

7 7 3

17 28

13 13 6

29 46

18 18 9

40 64

1 Perpendicular to direction of fire. All dimensions are in meters.

Table 5-8. Precision (Dispersion ) for 105mm Howitzers, M101A1 and M102

MIDI At How M102 How

Range (meters) Charge Elevation

(mils)

Probable errors

Range (meters)

Deflection (meters)

Angle of fall (mils) Charge

Elevation (mils)

Probable errors

Range (meters)

Deflection (meters)

Angle of fall (mils)

Low Angle Fire 2,000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000

10,000 High Angle Fire 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9,000

10,000

296 411 491 505 452 407 365 444 544

1148 1066 1047 1094 1146 1044 1112 1018

12 18 23 29 33 .22 16 18 20

19 24 31 38 28 32 20 22

1 2 3' 3 4 4 5 6 7

4 5 6 7 9 9

11 11

314 448 546 575 526 490 479 577 697

1207 1134 1126 1181 1239 1152 1221 1152

264 359 413 421 382 376 336 408 495

1197 1136 1122 1154 1166 1195 1132 1057

14 19 22 23 14 11 14 15 16

19 24 28 19 14 16 17 19

1 1 2 2 4 1 2 2 2

6 8

10 10 5 6 6 5

279 388 457 476 442 460 459 550 653

1247 1200 1197 1237 1257 1295 1245 1185

FM 6-141-1

5-11. Mean Point of Impact (MPI) Errors

Table 5-9 shows the MPI errors for the 105mm howitzer.

5- 12. Effects of Protection (Shielding)

o. General. One of the principal uses of the 105mm howitzer is for indirect fire against personnel; however, field artillery fire can be relatively ineffective when enemy personnel are shielded or protected.

b. HE Ammunition. See paragraph 5-12 6, FM 6- 141-2.

5-13. Precision Fire Against Materiel Targets

а. The 105mm howitzer is a reasonably effective precision fire weapon, however, one hit from a large caliber weapon (155mm or 8-inch howitzer) will produce greater damage than one hit from the 105mm howitzer. Various fire direction techniques, such as observer adjusted fire, MET plus VE and K-transfer, may be used when one piece is employed in an indirect fire mission against known materiel targets; observed fire, however, is preferred. Suppose that one M101A1 105mm howitzer is engaged in a fire mission against a bridge 10 meters wide and 200 meters long at a range of 6,000 meters (table 5-7). Upon completion of adjustment by the observer, the center of the dispersion area should be on, or very near, the center of the bridge. Upon commencement of fire for effect, the single round hit probability is .156. The probability of obtaining at least one hit on the bridge with the first 13 rounds is 90 percent.

б. If it is necessary to obtain two hits on the bridge, then approximately 24 rounds are required; to obtain three hits, a minimum of 32 rounds is needed. These numbers are for high assurance. In an observed fire mission, the observer will continue firing until the target has been destroyed.

5-14. Area Fire Against Materiel Targets

a. The effectiveness of the 105mm howitzer

Table 5-9. MPI Errors for 105mm Howitzer, M101A1

Observer Adjusted Delivery Technique

Probable error

Range Charge Range Deflect ion

1,000 3.000 5.000 7.000 9.000

11,000

1,000 3.000 5.000 7.000 9.000

11,000

18.9 .24.3 24.3 24.3 25.6 28.3

MET plus VE Delivery Technique

44.5 51.9 60.0 72.8 95.1

120.7

18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2

22.3 22.3 24.3 29.0 35.1 42.5

Note : Mean burst height for fuze VT M514A1E1 is 4.8 meters with PE of

1.55 meters. All dimensions are in meters.

against materiel targets varies greatly depending upon the hardness of the target (para 4-16 and table 4-2). A direct hit is usually required to destroy a hard target (tank or APC). A hit within 10 meters will destroy, or seriously damage, a medium target, such as a truck, radar station, or a missile launcher.

6. When the 105mm howitzer is employed against an area target, the probability of obtaining a direct hit upon any single target element within the area is low.

5-15. Direct Fire Against Materiel Targets

At least one round normally is required for adjustment on a small target in direct fire. Fire for effect can then commence with the second round. With a trained crew, the single round hit probability in direct fire is high. For example, the single round hit probability on an enemy tank at 1,000 meters is 0.72.

Section III. 155MM HOWITZER


a. M114A1 (Towed) (1) Weight—12,700 pounds (2) Maximum range—14,000 meters (3) Minimum high angle range—2,970 meters (4) Traverse:

Left —418 mils Right—448 mils

(5) Maximum muzzle velocity—1,844 ft/sec. 6. M109 ( Self-Propelled )

(1) Weight—52,461 pounds (combat loaded) (2) Maximum range—14,600 meters with

unassisted (standard) ammunition. 19,400 meters with rocket-assisted (M549) ammunition.

(3) Minimum high angle range—2,500 meters (4) Traverse—6,400 mils

?

FM 6-141-1

(5) Maximum muzzle velocity—1,841 ft/sec. c. M109A1 (Self-Propelled)

(1) Weight—53,000 pounds (combat loaded) (2) Maximum range—18,600 meters with

unassisted (standard) ammunition. See paragraph' 5-16c (2), FM 6-141-2 for maximum range of M549 RAP.

b. M3/M4 Series M114A1/M1Ó9 I-RD/Min/Sustained M109A1 I-RD/Min/Sustained

5-18. Principal Types of Ammunition and Fuzes a. Table 5-11 shows the principal types of

ammunition and fuzes for the 155mm howitzer. b. See table 5-2 for selected ammunition

grenade data (M449, M449A1, and M483). c. See paragraph 5-18c and table 5-18, FM 6-

141-2 for developmental selected ammunition data.

5-19. Typical Targets and Suggested Methods of Attack

Table 5-12 shows typical targets for the 155mm howitzer and suggested methods of attack. Chemical ammunition is effective against per-

(3) M inimum high angle range— 2,500 meters (4) Traverse—6,400 mils (5) Maximum muzzle velocity—2,250 ft./sec.

5-17. Rates of Fire

.a. Maximum. 4 rounds/minute for the first 3 minutes.

M119 Not Compatible I-RD/MIN/60 min, then I-RD/3min/sustained

sonnel. If the criteria is to destroy the materiel or fortifications, chemical agents should not be used.

5-20. Casualty Effectiveness

a. Table 5-17, FM 6-141-2 gives the expected fraction of casualties against personnel targets for projectile M449. Personnel in the offense are considered equivalent to one-half standing and one-half prone for the first volley and all prone for the subsequent volleys. Personnel in the defense are considered equivalent to one-half prone and one-half in foxholes for the first volley and all in foxholes for subsequent volleys.

Table 5-11. Authorized Projectile-Fuze Combinations for Howitzer M114A1/M109/M109A1 with Cannons M126/M185 Series

IMPACT PD MT MTSQ PROX

£ S3

II. Persistent— M109A1

M110 M114A1, Ml09

X

X X X

X 95.00

Agent, HD, Persistent— M109A1

MHO

X X

M114A1, M109 X

95.00

Agent. (¡H, Nonpersistent, M109AI

M 121, M121A1, Ml 14A1, M109

X

X X

101.60

Agent, VX, Persistent, M109A1

M 121. M121A1, M114A1 M109 X

I IK. RAP 549 M109A1

M114 A1, M109

101.60

96.00

HK. M 107 M109A1

(Shallow Cavity) M1J4A1 M109

X

X X

95.00

5-7

FM 6-141-1 Table 5-11. Authorized Projectile-Fuse Combinations for Howitzer Ml 14A1/M109/M109A1

with Cannons M126/M185 Series —Continued

IMPACT PD MT MTSQ PROX

U 3

to . s 8 t-

s

-8 »

£ 3

HE, M107

(Deep Cavity)

M109A1 X

M114A, M109

95.00

HE, M483 M109A1

M114A1, M109

104.00

HE, M449

M449A1

M109A1

M114A1, M109

95.00

'Hum Ml 18 M109A1

M114A1, M109

100.0

Ilium, M485,

M485A1, M485A2,

M109A1

M114A1, M109

90.00

Smoke, HC, BE

M116E1

M109A1 X

M114A1, M109

95.0

Smoke, Green, BE,

M116

M109A1 X

M114A1, M109 X X

86.4

Smoke, Red, BE,

M116B1

M109A1 X

M114A1, M109

95.00

Smoke, Yellow, BE,

M116B1

M109A1

M114A1, M109 X

. 95.00

Smoke, WP, Ml 10 M109A1 X

M114A1, M109 X

97.75

X=Authorized fuze P=Remove supplementary charge before fitting proximity fuze to projectile.

5-8

fl

Table 5-12. Typical Targets and Suggested Methods of Attack, 155mm Howitzer

Indirect Fire

Type of target Unit Shell* Fuze*

Cave Bridge Building (frame) Squad (open) Platoon (open) Platoon (dug in) Command post Fortification MG emplacement Supply installation Communication center Radar installation Rocket launcher Personnel carriers Tanks Platoon (open) Company (open) Artillery battery Fortification Mortar battery Supply installation Communication center

Roadblock Personnel carriers(s) Squad(s) Tank(s)

Single piece do do

Battery do do do do do do do do do do do

Battalion do do do do do do

HE HE HE. WP HE. CHEM, ICM (AP) HE. CHEM. ICM (AP) HE. WP, CHEM. ICM (AP) HE, WP. CHEM, ICM (AP) HE. CHEM HE. CHEM. ICM (AP) HE. WP. CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE, WP, CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE. CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE, ICM (AM/AP) HE, WP, CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE, WP, CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE. CHEM, ICM (AP) HE, CHEM, ICM (AP) HE, WP, CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE, CHEM HE, WP, CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE, WP, CHEM, ICM (AM/AP) HE, WP, CHEM, ICM (AP)

Direct Fire.

HE HE HE HE

Q/D Q/D Q Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti' VT/Ti/Q VT/Ti/Q Q/D/(VT) Q/D/(VT) Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti VT/Q Q/IVT) Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/(Q) Q/D/IVT) VT/Ti/(Q) Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti

Q/D Q Ti

Q

* Chemical shells are loxic chemical ammunition. * * Fuzes in parentheses are for chemical ammunition.

U1 I <o

FM

6-141-1

FM 6-141-1

b. Effectiveness data tables in FM 101-60-3 may be used in determining the number of volleys required to expect a desired percentage of casualties against personnel targets. Ef- fectiveness data for area personnel targets are computed for only those rounds fired during the fire-for-effect phase and are divided according to the delivery techniques employed. The two techniques are observer adjusted and MET + VE. M107 ammunition on three target postures in open terrain or marsh grass is used. Personnel are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout a circular target area. Target radii are for 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 meters. The effectiveness numbers are based on a six howitzer Ml09 battery firing a parallel sheaf from a lazy W or star formation. Data are shown for each range/angle of fall indicated in the tables.

c. Figures 5-1 through 5-4 show the expected casualty effectiveness for the M483 projectile against personnel. Personnel in offense are equivalent to personnel half standing and half prone for the first volley, and all prone for the

Table 5-13. Single Shot Hit Probabilities for 155MM

second and subsequent volleys. Personnel in defense are equivalent to personnel half prone and half in foxholes for the first volley and all in foxholes for the second and subsequent volleys. A 5 percent dud rate was considered in determining the effectiveness of selected ammunition.

5-21. Lethality

i See paragraph 4-4.

5-22. Single Shot Hit Probability

Table 5-13 shows the observed fire, single shot hit probabilities of the 155mm howitzer. The table shows probabilities after adjustment for both low and high angle fire when a single piece is employed against two representative targets. Table 5-14 shows the number rounds required to expect an assurance of at least one, two, or three hits when the single shot hit probability is known.


Table 5-15 shows the precision (dispersion) for low and high angle fire using HE ammunition.

witzers, M109A1, M109, M114, M114A1, and M44A1

M109A1

Probable error Range

Low Angle

4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000 12,000 14.000 16.000 18,000 High Angle 4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000 12,000 14.000 16.000 18,000

Charge

3G 5G 6W 7W 7W 7W 8 8

3G 4G 5G 7W 7W 7W 8 8

Rn.

16 15 23 26 30 34 51 58

15 26 24 25 32 37 57 62

Defl.

4 5 4 5 7 8 9

12

11 12 15 14 13 12

16 14

Probability of hitting target

lOxlOM

.100

.088

.071

.051

.034

.027

.016

.011

.042

.023

.020

.021

.017

.017

.008

.008

20X20M

.299

.287

.207

.166

.117

.093

.059

.039

.160

.086

.078

.078

.066

.062

.032

.032

•Tank 3x7M

Front

.024

.020

.016

.011

.007

.005

.003

.002

.009

.005

.004

.004

.004

.003

.002

.002

Side

‘.022 .020 .017 .012 .007 .005 .003 .002

.009

.005

.004

.004

.004

.003

.002

.001

* Bridge 10x200M

10M

.166

.176

.118

.102

.091

.081

.054

.049

.176

.102

.113

.108

.086

.075

.049

.043

200M

.601

.500

.599

.495

.359

.314

.240

.168

.238

.221

.176

.191

.195

.209

.126

.139

M109

4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000 12,000 14.000 High Angle 4.000 6.000 8,000

10.000

12,000

14,000

3G 5G 6W 7W 7W 7W

3G 4G 5G 7W 7W 7W

14 13 27 27 31 36

20 22 25 31 36 40

.174

.150

.061

.061

.043

.032

.057

.036

.043

.025

.022

.023

.368

.387

.179 .179 .141 .111

.195

.130

.142

.093

.082

.081

.052

.038

.014

.014

.010

.007

.013

.008

.008

.005

.005

.005

.045

.037

.014 .014 .010 .006

.013

.008

.008

.006

.004

.005

.192

.202

.102

.102

.086

.075

.134

.124

.108

.086

.075

.070

.833

.740

.593 .593 .486 .399

.424

.294

.365

.286

.277

.299

5-10

FM 6-141-1 Table 5-13. Single Shot Hit Probabilities for 155MM Howitzerrs, M109A1, M109, MI14,

M114A1, and M44A1 —Continued

Range Low Angle Charge

Probable error

Rn. Defl.


IQxlOM 20x20M

•Tank 3x7M

Front Side

•Bridge 10X200M

10M MOM

M114, M114A1, M44A1

4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000 12,000 14.000 High Angle 4.000 6.000 8,000

10.000 12,000 14,000

3G 5G 6W 7W 7W 7W

2G 4G 5G 6W 7W 7W

19 18 32 37 43 52

24 30 33 46 51 58

.140

.137

.078

.056

.039

.027

.103

.055

.040

.025

.018

.018

.279

.294

.166

.141

.112

.084

.223

.160

.132

.087

.065

.061

.067

.040

.023

.013

.009

.006

.031

.013

.010

.006

.004

.004

.042

.033

.020

.012

.007

.006

.025

.012

.010

.005

.004

.004

.140

.150

.086

.075

.065

.054

.113

.091

.080

.059

.054

.049

.999

.908

.877

.694

.531

.402

.904

.586

.480

.364

.268

.277

' Probabilities were computed for dimensions when parallel to line of fire.

Table 5-14. Single Shot Hit Probabilities Against Type Targets for 155MM Howitzers, M109A1, M109, M114, M114A1, and M44A1

M109A1 How

Charge Range

Single shot hit

probability

Rounds required for 90% probability

1-Hit 2-Hits 3-Hits

Bridge 10x200* Pillbox 10x10 Fortification 20x20 Tank 3x7m Front Tank 3x7m Side

5GB 5GB 5GB 5GB 5GB

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000

.176

.088

.287

.020

.020

12 25

7 >70 . > 70

20 42 12

>70 >70

28 58 17

>70 >70

M109How

Bridge 10x200* Pillbox 10x10 Fortification 20x20 Tank 3x7m Front Tank 3x7m Side

5GB 5GB 5GB 5GB 5GB

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000

6,000

.202

.150

.387

.038

.037

10 14 5

57 58

18 24 9

>70 >70

25 34 12

>70 >70

M114, M114A1, M44A1 How Bridge 10x200* Pillbox 10x10 Fortification 20x20 Tank 2x7m Front Tank 3x7m Side

5GB 5GB 5GB 5GB 5GB

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000

.150

.137

.294

.040

.033

14 16

7 55 65

24 27 12

>70 >70

34 38 16

>70 >70

All dimensions are in meters. * Perpendicular to direction of fire.

5-11

5-12 Table 5-15. Precision (Dispersion ) for 155MM Howitzers (M109, M109A1 and M114, M114A1, M44A1 )

M109 and M109A1 M114. M114A1 and M44A1

Range (meters) Charge Elevation mils

Probable error

Range meters Deflection meters Angle of fall mils Charge

Elevation mils

Probable error

Range meters

Deflection meters

Angle of fall mils

Low Angle Fire 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 16000 18000 High Angle Fire

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 16000 18000

1GB 2GB 3GB 4GB 5GB 5GB 6WB 7WB 7WB 7WB 7WB 7WB 7WB

8 8

1GB 3GB 4GB 4GB 5GB 5GB 6WB 7WB 7WB 7WB 7WB

8 8

312/315 297/302 316/303 306/295 296/299 365/368 324/311 271/267 322/318 380/374 445/439 524/512 630/609

/519 /743

912/893 1130/1147 1160/1175 1054/1078 1104/1114 1006/1012 1084/1124 1149/1174 1097/1125 1034/1064 947/781

/1065 /873

12/29 12/16 14/16 13/17 13/15 16/18 27/23 25/25 27/26 29/28 31/30 33/32 36/34

/51 /58

21/45 23/23 22/26 25/32 25/24 28/28 40/27 33/28 36/34 38/34 40/37

/57 /62

1/3 1/3 2/4 3/4 3/5 3/6 4/4 3/5 4/5 4/6 5/7 5/7 6/8

/9 /12

2/6 6/11 9/12 8/12 7/15 7/14

10/11 9/14 9/13 8/13 8/12

/16 /14

330/333 318/323 344/331 340/330 346/349 431/434 422/410 401/399 471/467 545/538 625/614 715/698 827/800

/769 /984

963/947 1187/1214 1223/1249 1128/1157 1191/1201 1105/1110 1194/1229 1265/1295 1224/1251 1175/1200 1106/1131

/1241 /1092

1GB 2GB 3GB 4GB 5GB 5GB 5GB

6WB 7WB 7WB 7WB 7WB 7WB

2GB 3GB 4GB 4GB 5GB 5GB

334 314 332 317 304 376 463 391 322 379 444 522 627

1104 1111 1152 1028 1114 999

15 16 19 20 18 22 27 36 37 40 43 48 52

24 28 30 35 33 38

355 338 365 357 357 447 553 508 472 546 626 716 826

1152 1167 1216 1109 1194 1097

Note : M109A1 data is to the right of the slash mark.

FM

6-141-1

FM 6-141-1

5-24. MPI Errors Table 5-16. MPI Errors for 155mm Howitzer, M109

Table 5-16 shows the MPI errors for the 155inm howitzer.

5-25. Effects of Protection (Shielding)

a. One of the principal uses of the 155mm howitzer is indirect fire against personnel; however, field artillery fire can be relatively ineffective when enemy personnel are shielded or protected.

b. See paragraph 5-25 6, FM 6-141-2.


а. The 155mm howitzer is a reasonably effective precision fire weapon. Various fire direction techniques, such as observer adjusted fire, MET plus VE, and K-transfer may be used when one piece is employed in an indirect fire mission against known materiel targets; but observed fire is preferred. Suppose that one M109 155mm howitzer is engaged in a fire mission against a bridge 10 meters wide and 200 meters longat a range of 6,000 meters (table 5-14). Upon completion of adjustment by the observer, the center of the dispersion area should be on, or very near, the center of the bridge. Upon commencement of fire for effect, the single round hit probability is .202. The probability of obtaining at least one hit on the bridge with the first 10 rounds is 90 percent.

б. If it is necessary to obtain two hits on the bridge, then approximately 18 rounds are required; to obtain three hits, minimum of 25 rounds is needed. In an observed fire mission, the observer will continue firing until the target has been destroyed.


a. The effectiveness of the 155mm howitzer against materiël targets varies greatly depend-


Probable error

Range Charge Range Deflection

2,000 4,000' 7,000

10,000 12,000 14,000

2,000 4.000 7.000

10,000 12,000 14,000

2G 4G 6W 7W 7W 7W

18.9 22.3 28.3 31.7 35.1 39.1

MET plus VE Delivery Technique

2G 4G 6W 7W 7W 7W

47.9 56.7 71.5 79.6

102.5 127.5

18.2 18.2 18.2 18.5 18.9 20.2

21.6 22.3 26.3 36.4 45.2 58.7

Nole : Mean burst height for fuze VT M514A1E1 is 4.8 meters with PE of

1.55 meters. All dimensions are in met ers.

ing upon the hardness of the target (para 4-16 and table 4-2). A direct hit is usually required to destroy a hard target (tank or APC). A hit within 10 meters will destroy, or seriously damage, a medium target, such as a truck, radar station, or a missile launcher.

6. When the 155mm howitzer is employed against an area target, the probability of obtaining a direct hit upon any single target element within the area is low.

5-28. Direct Fire Against Materiel Targets At least one round is normally required for adjustment on a small target in direct fire. Fire for effect can then commence with the second round. With a trained crew, the single round hit probability in direct fire is high. For example, the single shot hit probability on an enemy tank at 1,000 meters is 0.80.

Section IV. 8-INCH HOWITZER


а. M115 ( Towed ) (1) Weight—29,700 pounds (firing position);

32,000 pounds (travel position) (2) Maximum range—16,000 meters (3) Minimum high angle range —4,200

meters (4) Traverse:

Left —533 mils Right—533 mils

(5) Muzzle velocity—1,950 ft/sec. б. MHO ( Self-Propelled )

(1) Weight—58,500 pounds (combat loaded) (2) Maximum range—16,000 meters. See

paragraph 5-296(2), FM 6-141-2 for maximum range of XM650 RAP.

(3) Minimum high angle range —4,200 meters

(4) Traverse: Left —533 mils Right—533 mils

(5) Muzzle velocity—594 Meters/sec. (1,950 ft/sec.)

c. M110E2 ( Self-Propelled )

5-13

FM 6-141-1

(1) Weight—62,100 pounds (combat loaded) (2) Maximum range—See paragraph 5-

29 c(2), FM 6-141-2 for maximum ranges. (3) Minimum high angle range —4,200

meters (4) Traverse:


(5) Muzzle velocity—594 meters/sec. (2,455 ft/sec.)

5-30. Rates of Fire

a. Maximum. 1.5 rounds/minute for the first 3 minutes

b. Sustained. 0.5 rounds/minute

5-31. Types of Ammunition and Fuzes

a. Table 5-19 shows the principal types of ammunition and fuzes for the 8-inch howitzer.

b. See table 5-2 for selected ammunition grenade data (M404 and M509).


Table 5-20 shows typical targets for the 8-inch howitzer and suggested methods of attack. Chemical ammunition is effective against personnel. If the criteria is to destroy the materiel for fortifications, chemical agents should not be employed.

5-33. Casuality Effectiveness a. Table 5-21, FM 6-141-2 gives the expected

fraction of casualties against personnel targets for projectile M404. Personnel in the offense are considered equivalent to one-half standing and one-half prone for the first volley and all prone for the subsequent volleys. Personnel in the defense are considered equivalent to one-half prone and one-half in foxholes for the first volley and all in foxholes for subsequent volleys.

Table 5-19. Types of Ammunition and Fuzes. 8-Inch Howitzer

Weapon Ammunition type Model

Weight of projectile (pounds)

Fuse action

Point detonating Time Proximity

8-Inch Howitzer Ml 10 M110E2

HE Deep Cavity Chemical, GB Chemical, VX ICM HE, RAP ICM

M106 M426 M426 M404 XM650 M509

200.00 200.00 200.00 202.50 200.00 206.00

Yes Yes No Yes Ÿes No

Yes No No Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

Table 5-20. Typical Targets and Suggested Methods of Attack, 8-Inch Howitzer

Indirect Fire Type of target Unit Shell * Fuze**

Cave Bridge Building (frame) Artillery battery Platoon (open) Platoon (dug in) Command post Fortification Mortar battery Supply installation Communication center Radar installation Personnel carriers Tanks Company (open) Artillery battery Fortification Mortar battery Supply installation Communication center

Roadblock Personnel carrier(s) Tank(s)

Single piece do do

Battery do do do do do do do do do do

Battalion do do do do do

Direct Fire

HE HE HE HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE, HE,

HE HE HE

CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM, CHEM CHEM, CHEM, CHEM,

ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AP) ICM (AP) ICM (AP) ICM (AP)

ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AP) ICM (AM/AP)

ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AM/AP) ICM (AM/AP)

Q/D Q/D

Q VT/Ti/Q Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/Q VT/Ti/Q Q/D(Ti/VT) VT/Ti/Q Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti. VT/Q(Ti) Q/(VT) Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/Q Q/D(Ti/VT) VT/Ti/Q Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti

Q/D

Q Q

5-14

* Chemical shells are toxic chemical ammunition. * 'Fuzes in parentheses are for chemical ammunition.

FM 6-141-1

b. Effectiveness data tables in FM 101-60-4 may be used in determining the number of volleys required to expect a desired percentage of casualties against personnel targets. Ef- fectiveness data for area personnel targets are computed for only those rounds fired during the fire-for-effect phase and are divided according to the delivery techniques employed. The two techniques are observer-adjusted and MET + VE. M106 (TNT loaded) ammunition on three target postures in open terrain or marsh grass is usédv Personnel are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout a circular target area. Target radii are for 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 metérs. The effectiveness numbers are based on Ml 10 howitzers in two howitzer platoon, four howitzer “diamond” formation battery, or a four howitzer "lazy W” formation battery firing a parallel sheaf. Data are shown for each range/angle of fall indicated in the tables.

c. Figures 5-5 through 5-8, FM 6-141-2 show the expected casualty effectiveness for the M509 projectiles against personnel. Personnel in the offense are equivalent to personnel half standing and half prone for the first volley and all prone for the second and subsequent volleys. Personnel in defense are equivalent to personnel half prone and

half in foxholes for the first volley and all in foxholes for the second and subsequent volleys. A 5 percent dud rate was considered in determining the effectiveness of selected ammunition.

5-34. Lethality

See paragraph 4-4.


Table 5-22 shows the observed, single shot hit probability of the 8-inch howitzer against two representative targets and against a tank target (3 x 7M) front and side posture. The table shows probabilities after adjustment for both low and high angle fire when a single piece is employed. Table 5-23 shows the number of rounds required for a 90 percent probability of at least one hit, two hits, or three hits when the single shot hit probability is known.


Table 5-24 shows the precision (dispersion) data for low and high angle fire with HE (M106) ammunition.

5-37. MPI Errors

See table 5-25 for MPI errors for the 8-inch howitzer.

Table 5-22. Single Shot Hit Probabilities for an 8-Inch Howitzer

Range Low Angle Charge

Probable error

Range Defl

Probabilily of hitting target

10x10M 20X20M

Tank 3x7M

Front Side

Bridge 10X200M

L - 200 L - 10

4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000

12,000

14.000 16.000 H¡líh Arillo 4.000 6.000 8,000

10,000

12.000 14.000 16.000

14 14 17 20 24 26 27

19 21 25 26 24 26 29

.192

.142

.114

.099

.084

.061

.051

.084

.064

.040

.034

.048

.034

.034

.368

.359

.302

.257

.218

.184

.162

.253

.209

.142

.122

.165

.122

.121

.092

.035

.030

.026

.021

.014

.011

.020

.015

.008

.007

.011

.007

.007

.058

.034

.028

.025

.018

.014

.012

.019

.014

.008

.008

.010

.008

.007

.999

.740

.740

.739

.736

.595

.494

.600

.499

.365

.326

.423

.326

.360

.192

.192

.156

.134

.113

.102

.102

.140

.129

.108

.102

.113

.102

.091

Noie: All dimensions arc in melers.


a. One of the principal uses of the 8-inch howitzer is for indirect fire against personnel; however, field artillery fire can be relatively ineffective when personnel are shielded or protected.

b. See paragraph 5-38 6, FM 6-141-2.


a. The 8-inch howitzer is an effective precision fire weapon. In addition, one hit from an 8-inch howitzer will produce greater damage than one hit from a smaller caliber weapon; therefore, a direct hit is not always required in order to destroy a target. Various fire direction techniques, such as

5-15

FM 6-141-1

observer adjusted fire, MET plus VE, and K- transfer, may be used when one piece is employed in an indirect fire mission against a known materiel target; but observed fire is preferred, Suppose that one 8-inch howitzer is engaged in a fire mission against a bridge 10 meters wide and 200 meters long at a range of 6,000 meters (table 5-23). Upon completion of adjustment by the observer, the center of the dispersion area should be on, or very near, the center of the bridge. Upon commencement of fire for effect, the single round hit probability is .192. The probability of obtaining at least one hit on the bridge with the first 11 rounds is 90 percent.

b. If it is necessary to obtain two hits on the

bridge, then approximately 19 rounds are required; to obtain three hits, a minimum of 25 rounds is needed. In an observed fire mission, the observer will continue firing until the target has been destroyed.


o. The effectiveness of the 8-inch howitzer against materiel targets varies greatly depending upon the hardness of the target (para 4-16 and table 4-2). A direct hit is usually required to destroy a hard target (tank or APC). A hit within 10 meters will destroy, or seriously damage, a medium target, such as a truck, radar station, or a missile launcher.

Table 5-23. Single Shot Hit Probabilités Against Type Targets for the 8-Inch Howitzer

Target description Charge Range

Single round hit

probability

Rounds required for

1-Hit 2-Hits 3-Hits

Bridge 10x200 meters* Pillbox 10x10 meters Fortification 20x20 meters Tank 3x7m Front Tank 3x7m Side

6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000

.192

.142

.359

.035

.034

11 15 5

63 64

19 26

9 >70 >70

25 36 13

>70 >70

*

* Perpendicular to direction of fire. Dimensions are in meters.

Table 5-24. Precision (Dispersion ) for the 8-inch Howitzer

Range (meters) Charge Elevation (mils)

Probable error

Range (meters) Deflection (meters)

Angle of fall (mils)

Low-Angle Fire: 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 7.000 8.000 9.000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000 lligh-Angle Fire: 4.000 5.000 6.000 '

7.000 8.000 9,000

10,000 11.000

12.000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000

267 305 315 317 302 363 320 377 309 360 417 479 552 643

1191 1035 1022 1056 1104 993

1078 977

1084 1002 1119 1060 981

12 14 14 14 16 17 19 20 23 24 25 26 27 27

19 23 24 24 25 28 26 28 24 26 26 28 29

282 326 343 354 367 436 431 499 470 537 605 674 748 835

1227 1082 1075 1113 1163 1062 1150 1061 1173 1105 1231 1185 1123

5-16

FM 6-141-1

Table 5-25. MPI Errors for 8-Inch Howitzer, MHO


Range (meters) Charge

Probable error (meters)

Range Deflection

3.000 ' 5,000

7.000 10,000 12,000 14.000 16.000

3.000 5.000 7.000

10,000 12,000 14.000 16.000

21.6 21.6 27.0 31.0 31.0 39.1 43.2

MET Plus VE Delivery Technique

48.6 58.0 68.8 85.0

104.5 112.0 134.9

18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 20.2 21.6

22.3 22.0 25.0 33.1 41.8 50.6 62.7

Mean burst height for fuze, VT: M514A1E1 is 4.8 meters with PE =1.55 meters.

b. When the 8-inch howitzer is employed against an area target, the probability of obtaining a direct hit upon any single target element within the area is low.

5-41. Direct Fire Against Materiel Targets

At least one round is normally required for adjustment on a small target in direct fire. Fire for effect can then commence with the second round. With a trained crew, the single round hit probability in direct fire is high. For example, the single round hit probability on an enemy tank at 1,000 meters is 0.75.

Section V. 175MM GUN

5-42. Characteristics (M107)

a. Weight—62,100 pounds (combat loaded) b. Maximum range—32,800 meters c. Minimum high angle range—11,000 meters d. Traverse:


e. Muzzle velocity—914 meters/sec. (3,000 ft/sec.)

5-43. Rates of Fire

a. Maximum. 1.5 rounds/minute for first 3 minutes.

b. Sustained. 0.5 rounds/minute

5-44. Principal Types of Ammunition and Fuzes Table 5-26 shows the principal types of ammunition and fuzes for the 175mm gun.


Table 5-27 shows typical targets for the 175mm gun and suggested methods of attack.

5-46. Casualty Effectiveness a. Effectiveness data tables in FM 101-60-5

may be used in determining the number of volleys required to expect a desired percentage of casualties againt personnel targets.

Table 5-26. Types of Ammunition and Fuzes, 175mm Gun

Weapon Ammunition type

Model Weight of projectile (pounds)

Fuzes

Point detonating (M572only)

Time Proximity

175mm Gun, M107 HE M437A2 147.75 Yes Yes Yes

5-17

FM 6-141-1

Table 5-27. Typical Targets and Suggested Methods of Attack, 175mm Gun

Indirect Fire

Type of target Unit Shell Fuze

Cave Bridge Building (frame) Artillery battery Platoon (open) Platoon (dug in) Command post Fortification Mortar battery Supply installation Communication center Radar installation Personnel carriers Tanks Company (open) Artillery battery Fortification Mortar battery Supply installation Communication center

Single piece do do

Battery do do do do do do do do do do

Battalion do do do do do

HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE HE

Q/D Q/D

Q VT/Ti/Q Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/Q VT/Ti/Q Q/D VT/Ti/Q Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti VT/Q

Q Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/Q Q/D VT/Ti/Q Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti

b. The tables of effectiveness data for area personnel targets are computed for only those rounds fired during the fire-for-effect phase and are divided according to the delivery techniques employed. The two techniques are observer- adjusted and MET -I- VE. M437A2 (Comp B loaded) ammunition on three target postures in open terrain of marsh grass is used. Personnel are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout a circular target area. Target radii are for 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 meters. The effectiveness numbers are based on M107 guns in two platoon, four howitzer “diamond” formation battery, or a four gun “lazy W” formation battery firing a parallel sheaf. Data are shown for each range/angle of fall indicated in the tables.

5-47. Lethality

See paragraph 4-4.


Table 5-28 shows the observed fire, single shot hit probability of the 175mm gun against two representative targets and against a tank target

(3 x 7m) front and side posture. The table shows probabilities after adjustment when a single piece is employed. Table 5-29 shows the number of rounds required for a 90 percent probability of at least one hit, two hits, or three hits when the single shot hit probability is known.

5-49. Precison (Dispersion) Table 5-30 shows the precision (dispersion) data for the 175mm gun firing HE ammunition.

5-50. MPI Errors

See table 5-31 for the MPI errors for the 175mm gun.


a. General One of the principal uses of the 175mm gun is for indirect fire against personnel; however, field artillery fire can be relatively ineffective when enemy personnel are shielded.

b. High Explosive Ammunition. See paragraph 5-516, FM 6-141-2.

‘ 5-52. Precision Fire Against Materiel Targets a. The 175mm gun is not an effective precision

fire weapon. Various fire direction techniques

5-18

FM 6-141-1

Table 5-28. Single Shot Hit Probabilities for the 175MM Gun

Range

12,000 10,000 20,000

2!) ,000 :io,ooo

Charge

1 2 3 3 3

Probable error

Range

25 55 35 46 63

Deflection

2 4 10 13 17


10x10m

.098

.029

.020

.012

.007

20x20m

.213

.088

.078

.047

.027

Tank 3x7m

From

.029

.007

.004

.003

.002

Side

.025

.007

.004

.002

.001

Bridge 10x200m

L - 200

.902

.469

.250

.173

.112

L - 10

.108

.049

.075

.059

.043

Note: Dimensions are in meters.

Table 5-29. Single Shot Hit Probabilities Against Type Targets for the 175MM Gun

Target description Charge Range

Single round hit

probability

Rounds required for 90 % probability

1-Hit 2-Hits 3-Hits

Hritlfiti 10x200 meters* I’illbox 10x10 meters

Fortification 20x20 meters

Tank 3x7m Front Tank 3x7m Side

3 3

3 3 3

20,000 20,000

20,000 20,000 20,000

.075

.020

.078

.004

.004

30 >70

28 >70

. > 70

49 >70

47 >70 >70

67 >70

65 >70 >70

'Perpendicular to direction of fire. Dimensions are in meters.

Table 5-30. Precision (Dispersion ) for the 175mm Gun

Range (meters) Charge Elevation (mils)

Probable error

Range (meters) Deflection (meters) Angle of fall (mils)

8,000 9.000

10,000 11,000 12,000 13.000 14.000 15.000 16.000 17.000 18.000 19.000 20.000 21,000 22.000 23.000 24.000 25.000 26.000 27.000 28.000 29.000 30.000

233 278 328 382 443 237 271 309 350 395 445 241 266 293 322 353 385 420 457 496 538 584 634

21 22 23 24 25 46 49 52 55 58 61 33 35 37 39 41 44 46 49 52 55 59 63

1 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 5 9

10 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 15 16 17

322 385 449 516 586 394 457 521 585 649 714 455 510 566 622 678 733 786 839 891 940 986

1030

5-19

FM 6-141-1

Table 5-31. MPI Errors for 175mm Gun, M107


Range (melers) Charge

Probable error (melers)

Range Deflection

7,000 12,000

17.000 22.000 27.000 32.000

43.2 55.3 66.8 45.2 57.3 73.5

MET Plus VE Delivery Technique

7,000 12,000 17.000 22.000

27.000 32.000

62.7 87.0

120.1 136.2

' 192.2 261.7

21.6 26.3 28.3 22.3 27.0 29.0

27.0 37.1 60.0 62.7 92.4

125.5

Mean bursl heigh! for fuze, Proximity M728 M514A1E1 is 4.8 melers with

PE=1.55mèters. ’

such as observer adjusted fire, MET + VE, and K-transfer may be used when' one piece is employed in an indirect fire mission against known materiel targets; but observed fire is preferred. Suppose that one 175mm gun is engaged in a fire mission against a bridge 10 meters wide and 200 meters long at a range of 20,000 meters (table 5-

29). Upon completion of adjustment by the observer, the center of the dispersion area should be on, or very near, the center of the bridge. Upon commencement of fire for effect the single round hit probability is 0.075. The probability of obtaining at least one hit on the bridge with 30 rounds is 90 percent.

b. If it is necessary to obtain two hits on the bridge, then approximately 49 rounds are required; to obtain three hits, a minimum of 67 rounds is needed. In an observed fire mission, the observer will continue firing until the target has been destroyed.


a. The effectiveness of the 175mm gun against materiel targets varies greatly depending upon the hardness of the target (para 4-16 and table 4- 2). A direct hit is usually required to destroy a hard target (tank or APC). A hit within 10 meters will destroy, or seriously damage, a medium target, such as a truck, radar station, or missile launcher.

b. When the 175mm gun is employed against an area target, the probability of obtaining a direct hit upon any single target element within the area is low.

Section VI. 107MM (4.2-INCH) MORTAR

5-54. Characteristics (M30)

a. Weight —672 pounds b. Maximum range—5500 meters. c. Minimum range—850 meters d. Traverse—6,400 mils e. Muzzle velocity —HE, full charge—960

ft/sec.

5-55. Rates of Fire

a. Maximum: 18 rounds/minute for first minute; 9 rounds/minute for succeeding 5 minutes.

b. Sustained: 3 rounds/minute (after 6 minutes).

5-56. Principal Types of Ammunition and Fuzes

a. Table 5-32 shows the principal types of ammunition and fuzes for the 107mm (4.2-inch) mortar. ,,

b. See table 5-2 for selected ammunition grenade data.


Table 5-33 shows typical targets for the 107mm

(4.2-inch) mortar and suggested methods of attack.


a. Effectiveness data tables in FM 101-60-7 may be used in determining the number of volleys required to expect a desired percentage of casualties against personnel targets.

b. The tables of effectiveness data for area personnel targets are computed for only those rounds fired during the fire-for-effect phase and are divided according to the delivery techniques employed. The two techniques are observer adjusted and MET + VE. The effectiveness numbers are based on platoon firing a parallel sheaf using M329A1 ammunition in open terrain, marsh grass, or temperate forest on three target postures. Personnel are assumed to be uniformly distributed throughout a circular target area. Target radii are for 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 meters. Data are shown for each range/charge/angle of fall indicated in the tables.

5-59. Lethality

See paragraph 4-4.

5-20

FM 6-141-1

5-60. Single Shot Hit Probability Table 5-34 shows the observed fire, single shot hit probability of the 4.2-inch mortar against three representative targets. (One of which is two configurations of a tank.) The table shows

probabilities after adjustment when a single piece is employed. Table 5-35 shows the number of rounds required to expect one, two, or three hits (on four separate targets) when the single shot hit probability is known.

Table 5-32. Types of Ammunition and Fuzes—107mm [4.2-Inch ) Mortar

Weapon Ammunition type Model

Weight of projectile (pounds)

Fuzes

Point detonating Time Proximity

107mm (4.2-Inch) Mortar M30 HE Smoke, WP Gas, H Gas, HD Illuminating

Gas, Tactical, CS

M329A1 M328A1 M2 M2A1 . M335A1 M335A2 XM630 M453

27.07 28.66 24.67 24.67 26.70 26.70 25.70 30.00

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No

Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No No No No No No

Table 5-33. Typical Targets and Suggested Methods of Attack for the 107MM (4:2-Inch ) Mortar.

Type Target Unit Shell Fuze

Squad (Open) Platoon (Open) Platoon (dug-in) Command Post Fortification MG Emplacement Mortar Section Personnel carriers

Platoon do do do do do do do

HE • HE

HE, WP HE, WP

HE HE, WP HE, WP HE, WP

Q/VT/Ti Q/VT/Ti VT/Ti/Q VT/Ti/Q

Q/D Q/D

VT/Ti • VT/Ti

Table 5-34. Single Shot Hit Probabilities for the 4.2-Inch Mortar

Range * Charge

Probable error

Range Deflection


20x20m

Tank 3x7M

Front Side

Bridge 10X200M

L - 200 L - 10

2,000 3.000 4.000 5.000

11 4/8 17 4/8 23 2/8 36 6/8

16 23 29 30

.123

.059

.034

.039

.321

.188

.121

.130

.031

.013

.007

.009

.028

.014

.007

.008

.740

.498

.360

.414

.166

.118

.091

.091

"Elevation =* 900 mils. Dimensions are in meters.

Table 5-35. Single Shot Hit Probabilities Against Type Targets for thé 4.2-Inch Mortar

Target description Range

Single shot hit probability

Rounds required for 90% probability

1-Hit 2-Hits 3-HHs

Bridge 10x200 meters* Pillbox 10x10 meters Fortification 20x20 meters Tank 3x7m Front Tank 3x7m Side

3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000

.118

.059

.188

.013

.014

18 37 11

>70 >70

32 65 19

>70 >70

43 >70

27 >70 >70

Perpendicular to direction of fire. Dimensions are in meters

5-21

FM 6-141-1

5-61. MPI Errors

See table 5-36 for the MPI errors for the 4.2-inch mortar.


Table 5-37 shows the precision (dispersion) data for the 4.2-inch mortar with HE (M329A1) ammunition.


See paragraph 5-63, FM 6-141-2.


a. The 4.2-inch mortar is not an effective precision fire weapon. Various fire direction techniques such as observer adjusted fire, MET plus VE, and K-transfer, may be used when one piece is employed in an indirect fire mission against known materiel targets; but observed fire is preferred. Suppose that one 4.2-inch mortar is engaged in a fire mission against a bridge 10 meters wide and 200 meters long at a range of

3,000 meters (table 5-35). Upon commencement of fire for effect, the single round hit probability is .118. The probability of obtaining at least one hit on the bridge with 18 rounds is 90 percent.

b. If it is necessary to obtain two hits on the bridge, then approximately 32 rounds are required; to obtain three hits, then a minimum of 43 rounds is needed. These numbers are for high assurance. In an observed fire mission, the observer will continue firing until the target has been destroyed.


a. The effectiveness of the 4.2-inch mortar against materiel targets varies greatly depending upon the hardness of the target. A direct hit is usually required to destroy a materiel target.

b. When the 4.2-inch mortar is employed against an area target, the probability of obtaining a direct hit upon any single target element within the area is low.

Table 5-36. MPI Erras:* 4.2-Inch Mortar

Range meters Charge QE (mils)

Observer-adjusted MPI error

Range Deflection

Met -t-“0” VE MPI error

MPI error

Range Deflection

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

5 6/8 w/o 11 1/2 w/o 17 1/2 w/o 23 1/4 w/o 36 3/8 w

1065 900 900 900 900

28 31 32 33 33

18 18 18 18 18

51 53 57 62 73

22 23 25 28 35

*4.2-Inch Mortar M30 Cartridge: HE M329A1 Fuzes: PD-M557

VT-M513 (Mean HOB = 4.9 meters w/PE =1.7 meters Firing table: 4.2-H-2, Mortar, 4.2-Inch: M30

Table 5-37. Precision {Dispersion ) for the 107mm Mortar

Range Charge Elevation (mils)

Probable error

Range Deflection Angle of fall (mils)

1,000 1.500 2,000 2.500 3.000 3.500 4.000 4.500 5.000 5.500

5 6/8 9 6/8

11 4/8 14 5/8 17 4/8 20 1/8 22 7/8 31 2/8 35 3/8 39 5/8

1065 1065 900 900 900 800 800

*800 *800 *800

9 12 16 19 23 26 29 27 30 33

1109 1126 976 994

1010 935 952 958 973 987

With extension. Dimensions are in meters.

FM 6-141-1

CHAPTER 6

ROCKET AND MISSILE WEAPONS SYSTEMS

Section I. GENERAL

6-1. General

This chapter is a guide for commanders for employment of Honest John and Lance Systems with nonnuclear warheads.

6-2. Description of Warhead

See paragraph 6-2, FM 6-141-2. .

6-3. Effects Patterns See paragraph 6-3, FM 6-141-2.

Section II. TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT

6-4. General

а. The procedures and techniques for the tactical employment of field artillery, as contained in FM 6-20 apply to Honest John and Lance units. Additional procedures and techniques for Lance are contained in FM 6-42.

б. Fire planning is covered in chapter 4. c. The effects of weather and terrain are

covered in chapter 4, FM 6-141-2.

6-5. Troop Safety

a. Honest John. Range or deflection must be considered in determining the minimum safe distance (MSD| that selected ammunition may be

delivered in the proximity of friendly troops. The direction of fire is compared with the friendly troop disposition to determine whether troop safety is more dependent on the deflection probable error or the range probable error. The MSD is then determined from the appropriate firing table addendum using the predominant factor (range or deflection) for the proper column entry.

b. Lance. Minimum safe distance for Lance is determined by ¿ntering the firing table addendum and extracting the appropriate value from the supplementary data table.

Section III. TARGET ANALYSIS

6-6. General a. Procedures and techniques discussed in FM

6-20 and chapter 4, are applicable to missiles and rockets.

b. It is technically possible to mass nonnuclear missiles and cannon field artillery on the same target simultaneously when a range overlap exists between the systems and sufficient time is available to accomplish simultaneous engagement. However, the engagement of a target by both missiles and cannon field artillery would be desirable only under conditions where each system possesses a unique effect which would be optimized against the designated target

or on targets of such size that no available single system has the capability of providing the desired concentration of effects in the target area. Any decision to conduct a simultaneous attack would be based on analysis of the target, determination of the effects desired, and a selection of weapon systems which can best provide the desired effects. If a choice of both missile and cannon artillery attack was the result of the process, it would be incidental to providing the desired effects on the target.

6-7. Sequence of Analysis

See paragraph 4-11.

Section IV. HONEST JOHN


See paragraph 6-8, FM 6-141-2. 6-9. Rates of Fire


6-1

FM 6-141-1

6-10. Types of Warheads and Fuzes

See table 6-1, FM 6-141-2.

6-11. Single Warhead Lethal Areas (square meters) See table 6-2, FM 6-141-2.

6-12. Predicted Accuracy

See paragraph 6-:12, FM 6-141-2. See also tables 6-3 and 6-4, FM 6-141-2.

Section V.



6-17. Rates of Fire


6-13. Fire Direction Procedures


6-14. Effectiveness Tables


6-15. Materiel Damage


LANCE

6-18. Types of Warheads and Fuzes

See table 6-5, FM 6-141-2.

6-19. Effectiveness Tables

See FM 101-31-2, Nuclear Weapons Employment (addendum).

6-2

FM 6-141-1

f

CHAPTER 7

COMPARISON OF HIGH EXPLOSIVE AND SELECTED AMMUNITION

7-1. General

This chapter presents a comparison of the effects of high-explosive and selected ammunition. Fundamental guidelines that must be considered in order to attain effective weapons employment are discussed.

7-2. Surprise Fire

а. General. See paragraph 7-2a, FM 6-141-2. б. Observed and Unobserved Fire. See

paragraph 7-2 6, FM 6-141-2. c. Use of Antipersonnel Ammunition. See

paragraph 7-2 c, FM 6-141-2. d. Use of Dual Purpose Ammunition. See

paragraph 7-2 d, FM 6-141-2.

7-3. Projectile Fuzing and Dud Rates.


7-4. Target Size

Each firing unit can effectively engage targets only up to a certain size. This maximum target size depends on the composition of the target and - equivalent shielding of the personnel.

7-5. Terrain and Snow


7-6. Lethality Comparisons A comparison of the lethality of high explosive and selected ammunition against personnel who are standing, prone, or in foxholes is shown in table 4-7, FM 6-141-2.

7-7. Comparative Effectiveness


7-8. Use of HE and WP Against Armor

а. A direct hit is the best means of destroying enemy armor. However, advancement can be hindered or even possibly a mobility, fire-power, or catastrophic kill can be achieved with HE ammunition when used to its best potential.

б. A combination of HE with a proximity fuze accompanied by WP could be effective against a

tank with external fuel cells. The fragmentation of the HE round would puncture the fuel cells. The white phosphorus would then ignite the cells possibly causing a catastrophic kill.

c. Fragmentation will also cause the enemy to close all external openings, therefore decreasing visibility. The fragmentation could further decrease visibility and hinder advancement by destroying external sighting equipment, radio antennas, and other external equipment.

7-9. Training

a. Battalion and Battery Fire Direction Per- sonnel. Normal fire direction procedures are used to determine graze burst data for high explosive ammunition. Corrections to obtain quadrant elevations and fuze settings for the optimum height of burst are found in appropriate firing table addenda which are unclassified. Procedures for determining these corrections are explained in the addenda, and fire direction personnel should be familiar with their use. No other special training is required.

b. Firing Battery Personnel. Personnel should receive an orientation of selected ammunition on the external nomenclature, fuzing, and safety requirements. No other special training is required for firing battery personnel when selected ammunition is deployed.

c. Forward Observers. Forward observers should receive an orientation on target selection and casualty reporting when using selected ammunition. In addition, observers should be trained to adjust effects patterns on the ground by movements in range and deflection and ad- justments in the height of burst. They require little other special training to use selected ammunition, since normal adjustment is made with explosive ammunition. The nature of the target, as reported by the observer, should be the determining factor in the decision to employ selected ammunition in fire for effect.

7-1

1.

FM 6-141-1

CHAPTER 8

AERIAL FIELD ARTILLERY

Section I. INTRODUCTION

8-1. General

Aerial field artillery is a unit organized and employed using its organic aerial carriage and affixed weapon systems to accomplish the field artillery mission. These units deliver fires from aircraft in flight, employing speed, agility, and responsiveness to achieve surprise and destroy targets. See FM 6-102 for more information.

8-2. Principal Types of Aircraft AH-lG Helicopter

a. Normal cruise speed—130 knots. b. Endurance at cruise speed—2 hours 45

minutes. c. Basic armament configuration:

(1) 7.62mm automatic gun integrated with the TAT-102A/XM28 turret.

(2) Two rocket pods.

8-3. Principal Types of Armament

a. XM28E1 armament sybsystem. (1) Application: Nose turret of any com-

bination below. (2) Ammunition capacity: One 7.62mm gun

and 4000 rounds; one 40mm grenade launcher and 300 rounds; two 7.62mm guns and 8000 rounds or two 40mm grenade launchers and 600 rounds.

(3) Weight—880-901 pounds with ammunition (depending on configuration).

(4) Effective range: 7.62mm gun —1100 meters, 40mm grenade launcher—1200 meters.

(5) Muzzle velocity: 7.62mm gun—2750 ± 30 ft/sec

40mm launcher—790 ± 20 ft/sec (6) Rate of fire:

7.62 gun-2000-4000 SPM 40mm launcher—400 SPM

(7) Elevation: +20°, -50° (8) Traverse: ±110°

b. XM-35, 20mm automatic gun armament subsystem.

(1) Application: One 20mm 6 barrel gun mounted on the left wing, inboard station of aircraft, in a fixed position.

(2) Ammunition capacity: 950 pounds. (3) Weight: 1187 pounds with 1000 rounds of

ammunition.

(4) Range: 3000 meters. (5) Muzzle velocity: 3380 ±50 ft/sec. (6) Rate of fire: 750 SPM. (7) Elevation: Attitude of aircraft. (8) Traverse: Attitude of aircraft.

c. Rocket launcher armament subsystems (1) XM157 (2) XM159 (3) M200

d. 2.75 inch rockets (1) Warheads

(a) M-151 Fragmentation antipersonnel. (1) Weight—10 pounds. (2) Materiel—cast iron.

(b) XM-229 Fragmentation antipersonnel. (1) Weight—17 pounds. (2) Material —cast iron.

(c) WDU4A1A Flechette antipersonnel. (1) -Weight—10 pounds. (2) Material —extruded aluminum.

(d) MK-5 Shaped Charge Antitank. (1) Weight—10 pounds. (2) Material —steel.

(e) MK-67 Smoke Incendiary (1) Purpose: Target marking/an-

tipersonnel (2) Weight: 10 pounds (3) Material: Aluminum

(f) M-156 Smoke Incendiary (1) Purpose: Target marking/an-

tipersonnel (2) Weight: 10 pounds (3) Material: Steel tubing

(2) Fuzes (a) M-423 Point-detonating

(1) Arming distance: 104 — 300 feet. (2) Activation: Percussion. (3) Weight: 0.63 pounds.

(b) M-427 Point-detonating. (1) Arming distance: 589—1398 feet. (2) Activation: Percussion. (3) Weight: 4.50 pounds.

(c) M-429 Proximity (1) Arming distance: 500—1000 feet.

8-1

FM 6-141-1

(2) Activation: Electrical. (3) Weight: 5.02 pounds.

(d) Flechette

Section II. EMPLOYMENT

(1) Arming distance: 2000—3000 feet. (2) Activation: Deceleration. (3) Weight: Integral washed component.


Aerial field artillery is employed to provide aerial fire support to all maneuver forces throughout all areas of operations and may be assigned any of the standard tactical missions for field artillery. It provides a means of extending the fire support capabilities of surface weapons available to the force commander. It possesses mobility characteristics which provide for field artillery support in many situations in which the mobility characteristics of other types of field artillery are less suited. It is capable of rapid movement to mass fires over any type of terrain to compensate for the wide dispersion required for survival on the modern battlefield.

8-5. Positioning The aerial field artillery unit commander is responsible for insuring that his unit is positioned so that it provides responsive and effective aerial field artillery fire support inherent to his mission. Selection of position areas is governed mainly by the mission, nature of the tactical operation, and the need for dispersion as a protective measure.

The aerial field artillery headquarters is located wherever it can best fulfull its mission. Firing elements and some logistics elements of the battalion are deployed in the zone of operations of the supported unit as required, and displace as necessary for acccmplishment of the mission and for security. Responsiveness and flexibility are enhanced by locating aerial field artillery units well forward in areas that are secured by divisions or brigades. Rear elements normally remain in the division or brigade trains area to facilitate resupply and maintenance functions.

8-6. Chemical Weapons

Helicopter-delivered chemical weapons may be used to produce casualties or “flush-out” unmasked enemy troops in concealed or protected positions and to facilitate their capture or neutralization by other weapons. Consideration should be given to the integration of the ammunition in the fire plan. Details for employment are contained in FM 3-10-1 and TC 3-16.


Effectiveness tables will be added when available.

8-2

FM 6-141-1

APPENDIX A

REFERENCES

A-l. Field Manuals FM 1-40 FM 3-10-1 (C) FM 3-10-2 FM 3-10-3 FM 6-20 -FM 6-36 FM 6-40 FM 6-40-1 FM 6-40-4 (C) FM 6-42 FM 6-61 FM 6-102 FM 6-140 FM 21-40 FM 21-41

FM 23-91 FM 23-92 FM 101-10-1

FM 101-31-1

*(C) FM 101-60-2 *(C) FM 101-60-3 *(C) FM 101-60-4 *(C) FM 101-60-5 *(C) FM 101-60-7 *(C) FM 101-60-8

A-2. Firing Tables FT 4.2-H-2 FT 8-J-4

FT 105-AS-2

FT 105-H-7

FT 155-AH-3

FT 155-Q-4 FT 175-A-l

FTR 762 ADD-A-1

FTR 762 ADD-B-1

Helicopter Gunnery. Employment of Chemical Agents. Chemical Agents Effects Data (U). ' ' Chemical Agents Effects Data (for training purposes only).' Field Artillery Tactics and Operations. Field Artillery Battery, Lance. ! . > Field Artillery Cannon Gunnery. Field Artillery Honest John Rocket Gunnery. Field Artillery Lance Missile Gunnery. Field Artillery Battalion, Lance; (U). s Field Artillery Battalion, Honest John. Field Artillery Battalion, Aerial Field Artillery. Field Artillery Organizations. Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense. Soldier’s Handbook for Defense Against Chemical and Biological

Operations, and Nuclear Warfare. Mortar Gunnery. 4.2-inch Mortar, M30. Staff Officer’s Field Manual Organizational, Technical, and Logistical

Data, Unclassified Data. Staff Officer’s Field Manual; Nuclear Weapons Employment Doctrine

and Procedures. Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 105mm M101A1 (U). Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 155mm: M109(U). Effectiveness Data for Howitzer, 8-inch: Ml 10 (U). Effectiveness Data for Gun, 175mm: M107 (U). Effectiveness Data for Mortar 4-2 inch: M30 (U). Effectiveness Data for Rocket 762mm: M50 (U).

Mortar, 4.2-inch, M30. Cannon, 8-inch howitzer: M2A1E1 on howitzer, heavy, self-propelled:

8-inch MHO. Cannon, 105mm howitzer: M137A1 (M137E1) and M137 on howitzer,

light, towed: 105mm M102. Cannon, 105mm howitzer: M2A1 and M2A2 on howitzer, light, towed:

105mm M101A1. Cannon, 155mm howitzer: M126 on howitzer, medium, self-propelled:

155mm M109. Howitzer, medium, towed. 155mm M114A1 Cannon, 175mm gun: M113, M113E1 on gun, field artillery, self-

propelled: 175mm M107. Firing table addendum to FTR 762-A-2, FTR 762-D-l, FTR 762-F-l

for Warhead section HE: M144; Warhead section HE: XM 186. Firing table addendum to FTR 762-A-2, FTR 762-D-l, FTR-F-1 for

Warhead, M6.

* Si'U paragraph l-3c.

A-l

FM 6-141-1

FTR 762 ADD-C-1

FTR 762 ADD-E-1

FTR Lance Add A-l

A-3. Technical Manuals

TM 9-500 TM 9-1300-203

TM 9-1336-486-12

TM 9-1340-211-12 TM 9-1340-213-12 (C) TM 9-1425-485-10-1 TM 55-1520-221-10

A-4. Army Regulations

AR 380-5

Firing table addendum to FTR 762-H-l, FTR 762-J-l, FTR 762-L-l for Warhead section HE: M144 (T2044E1); Warhead section HE: XM 186.

Firing table addendum to FTR 762-H-l, FTR 762-J-l, FTR 762-L-l for Warhead section, M6E1.

Firing table addendum for XM251 Warhead.

Data Sheets for Ordnance Type Materiel. Artillery Ammunition for Guns, Howitzers, Mortars, and Recoilless

Rifles. Operator’s and Organizational Maintenance Manual: Warhead Sec-

tion, Guided Missile, XM 198 and XM198E1 Practice Warhead. Operator’s Manual: 762-mm rocket, M144 and XM 186 HE warheads. Operators’s Manual: 762-mm rocket, M6A1 HE warhead. System Description for the Lance Guided Missile System (U). Operator’s Manual Army Model AH-1G Helicopter.

Department of the Army Information Security Program.

A-2

FM 6-141-1

INDEX

Accuracy: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Aerial field artillery: Aircraft, types Armament, types Employment

Ammunition, types: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch .

Area materiel targets Area personnel targets Attack of targets Average fraction of casualty charts:

Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm ... Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Beehive Round effectiveness

Casualty effectiveness: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm . . Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch Honest John Lance

Casualties, computation . . . . Categories of targets Characteristics, weapons:

Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm ... Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch . . . Mortar, 4-2 inch

Chemical ammunition (toxic): Analysis Employment ... . . . Agent GB Agent HD .... Agent VX Effects . . . Employment concepts

Classification of targets Commanders concept of operation Critical casualty levels Critical damage levels

Description of warhead, Honest John & Lance

Destruction of selected ammunition: Need ... Authority ... Method

Direct fire, beehive round

Paragraph Page

5-49 5-18 5-10 5-4 5-23 5-10 5-36 5-15

5-62 5-22

8-2 8-1 8-3 8-1

8-4—8-7 8-2

5-44 5-17 ■ • • 5-5 5-1

5-18 5-7 5-31 5-14 5- 56 5-20 4- 16 4-5

• ■ 4-13 4-4 ■ • 4-10 4-3

• See FM 6-141-2 See FM 6-141-2

• See FM 6-141-2 See FM 6-141-2 •See FM 6-141-2

2-12 2-5

■ ■ 5-46 5-17 5- 7 5-3

• • 5-20 5-7 • • • 5-33 5-14 ■ • • 5-58 5-20 • 6-14 6-2

6- 19 6-2 4- 4 4-1 2- 5 2-2

5-42 5-17 5- 3 5-1

5-16 5-6 5-29 5-13 5- 54 5-20

3- 7 3-2 3-2 3-1 3-4 3-1 3-5 3-1 3-6 3-1

3-7,3-10 3-2,3-4 3-3 3-1

• ■ 2-5 2-2 2-1 2-1 2-4 2-2 2-4 2-2

6- 2 6-1

4-23 4-10 4-24 4-10 4-25 4-10 2-12 2-5

Paragraph Page

Direct fire, materiel targets: Howitzer, 105mm . Howitzer, 155mm . . Howitzer, 8-inch . . .

Dispersion (precision) data: Gun, 175mm . . Howitzer, 105mm . . . Howitzer, 155mm ... Howitzer, 8-inch ... Mortar, 4-2 inch . ...

Effectiveness: Gun, 175mm . . Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch . Honest John ... . Lance . .

Effects of weather and terrain Effects patterns,

Honest John & Lance Effects patterns unit HE ammunition . Employment:

Ammunition: High explosive Selected Toxic chemical Tactical

Concepts

Fire Planning Fraction of casualties,

definition Fraction of damage, definition Fuzes, types:

Gun, 175mm .... Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch . .

Fuzing, rocket & missile projectiles . . .

Lethal areas Lethality:

Comparisons . . . Computations Definition

Materiel targets, area fire: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Materiel targets, precision fire: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm I lowitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Materiel targets, small

5-15 5-28 5-41

5-49 5-10 5-23 5-36 5-62

5-46 5- 7

5-20 5-33 5- 58 6- 14 6-19 4-9

6- 3 2-3 4-3

2-9,4-1 2-11,4-1 2-10,3-3

4-5 2-1

4-6

2-3d 2-3e

5-44 5-126

5-18 5-31 5-56

7-3

4-4c

7-6 4- 46

4-4

5- 53 5-14 5-27 5-40 5-65

5-52 5-13 5-26 5-39 5-64 4-15

5-6 5-13 5-17

5-18 5-4

5-10 5-15 5-22

5-17 5-3 5- 7

5-14 5-20

6- 2 6-2 4-3

6-1 2-1 4-1

2-4,4-1 2-4,4-1 2-4,3-1

4-2 2-1

4- 2

2-2 2-2

5- 17 5-6 5-7

5-14 5-20

7-1

4-2

7-1 4-1 4- 1

5-20 5- 6

5-13 5-16 5-22

5-18 5-6

5-13 5-15 5-22

4-4

lndex-1

FM 6-141-1

Paragraph Page Paragraph Page

Mean point of impact (MPI) errors: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Method of attack, targets Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Minimum safe distances Missile & rocket weapons systems

Precision (dispersion) Personnel, area targets Personnel targets, small Probability, single shot hit:

Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Protection (shielding), effects: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Rates of fire: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

References Rocket & missile weapons systems . Rounds required to obtain hits:

Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch Honest John Lance

Safety distances Shielding (protection) effects:

Gun, 175mm

5-50 5-18 ■ ■ 5-11 5-6 ■ • 5-24 5-13 ■ ■ 5-37 5-15

■ 5-61 5-22 4- 10 4-3

• 5-45 5-17 5- 6 5-3

• 5-19 5-7 • • 5-10 5-4

5- 57 5-20 4-19,6-5 4-5,6-1

6- 1 6-1

■ See Dispersion 4-13 4-4

■ 4-14 4-4

• 5-48 5-18 ■ ■ 5-9 5-4 ■5-22 5-10

•■5-35 5-15 •5-60 5-21

• • • 5-51 5-.18 •5-12 5-6

• 5-25 5-13 ■ 5-38 5-15

• 5-62 5-22

5-43 5-17 ■ ■ ■ 5-4 5-1 ■ • 5-17 5-7

•5-30 5-14 5-55 5-20

App A 6-1 6-1

■ •-5-48 5-18 ■ 5-9 5-4

• 5-22 5-10 5- 35 5-15

■ 5-60 5-21 ■ • 6-12 6-2

6- 19 6-2

4-19,6-5 4-5,6-1

■ • 5-51 5-18

Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Single shot hit probabilities: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Surprise fire, effectiveness: High explosive ammunition Toxic chemical ammunition Selected ammunition . . .

System accuracy: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Target analysis: Definition Target analysis factors Terms

Target classification : Categories Posture sequences . .

Target size Targets, typical:

Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm Howitzer, 8-inch .... Mortar, 4-2 inch

Terrain, effects Troop safety

Weapons, characteristics: Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm ... Howitzer, 155-mm Howitzer, 8-inch Mortar, 4-2 inch

Weather, effects Weapon system effectiveness:

Gun, 175mm Howitzer, 105mm Howitzer, 155mm .... Howitzer, 8-inch . Mortar, 4-2 inch

5-12 • 5-25

• ■ 5-38 • ■ • 5-62

■ 5-48 5-9

5-22 • 5-35

• 5-60

2-96 • 2-10d

2-116

5-49 5-10

5-23 • 5-36

5-62

•• 4-10 • 2-2

2-3

. . . . 2-56 2-5c

• 2-6

5-45 5-6

5-19 5-32 5-57

4-9 4-19-4-22,6-5

. 5-42

. 5-3

. 5-16

. 5-29

. 5-54 4-9

5-46 5-7

5-20 5-33 5-58

5-6 5-13 5-15 5-22

5-18 5-4

5-10 5-15 5-21

2-4 2-4 2-4

5-18 5-4

5-10 5-15 5-22

4-3 2-1 2-1

2-2 2-2 2-4

5-17 5-3 5-7

5-14 5-20

4-3

5-17 5-1 5-6

5-13 5-20

4-3

5-17 5-3 5-7

5-14 5-20

lndex-2

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

FM 6-141-1

FRED C. WEYAND General, United States Army, Chief of Staff. r Official:

VERNE L. BOWERS Major General, United States Army, The Adjutant General.

Distribution: Active Army, ARNG, USAR. To be distributed in accordance with DA Form

12-11A requirements for Nonuclear Employment of Field Artillery Weapon Systems (Qty rqr block no. 73).

»■US. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-603-177 / 268

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FELD TILLERY TARGET ANALYSIS A WEAPONS EMPLOYMENT: … · 2020. 12. 12. · employment: nonn fl...

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