Kashika Vritti Birch Bark Sharada Almira 28 Shlf 6 20 - Vamana and Jayaditya Part11
FEELINGS KNOW THE WORD Fat cells that burn energy Heart ... end man.pdf · man’ or ‘knowing...
1
FEELINGS Fat cells that burn energy KNOW THE WORD Heart, health & hope GUWAHATI W HEN it comes to land rights, Southeast Asian nations must ensure that indigenous peoples are treated in the same manner as the non- indigenous. In this respect, problems occur with the legal concept of ‘native customary rights which exist in countries like Malaysia. Malaysia consists of several states on the Malayan peninsula and the two East Malaysian provinces. The Malaysian example suggests that weak protection of indigenous land rights by legislation can be strengthened if followed by clear and assertive case laws on the matter. Problems with the realization of provi- sions favouring indigenous land rights also exist in coun- tries that provide strong protection for indigenous land rights. In 1997, The Philippines introduced the Indigenous Peo- ples Rights Act, which was based on ILO (International Labour Organization) Convention 169. The Act provides indigenous peoples with a wide range of rights over ances- tral domains: indigenous peoples have the right to ownership over their lands and resources, the right to occupy and develop their lands, the right to oppose displacement, and the right to regulate the entry of migrants. Nevertheless, the law has certain shortcomings, the most important being its paternalistic tone. Indigenous rights are ‘granted’ rather than ‘recognized’. Individual ownership is established for the purposes of facilitating the “social evo- lution of members of indigenous communities and to allow such members to freely leave the group or to be relieved from its constraints.” Throughout the last six decades as successive Indian gov- ernments tried to nationalize the political space in the North- east by pushing ahead with mainstreaming efforts even as the struggling ethnicities of the region continued to chal- lenge the nation-building process. Despite recurring themes in rebel narratives such as political autonomy, economic justice, and cultural rights, any understanding of a rebel group in the Northeast must come to terms with multiplic- ity of voices, and the tensions that often exist between competing rebel agendas. A rebel group with a particular ethnic constituency may be at war with another rebel group, and indeed its primary opposition may not be with the Indian state at all. It might even cooperate with the gov- ernment security agencies in fighting rival groups. The law seems to assume the eventual ‘development’ or integration of indigenous peoples, upon which special land rights, such as collective rights, covered in the law, may no longer be applicable. Also, indigenous control over their lands is restricted: “The community does not have the right to dispose of any collective ownership that is state public property to any person or group.” Impact of insurgency activities on society, development and pol- itics in the Northeast is deep, wide and complex. Some of the serious negative impacts are internal displacement of populations. The Northeast has witnessed eight major cases of conflict-induced internal displacements in recent years: displacements of Hindus and Muslims of Bengali descent from and within Assam, Adivasis (tea tribes), Bodos within and from western Assam, Bengalis from Megha- laya, particularly Shillong, Bengalis from and within Tripu- ra, Nagas, Kukis and Paites in Manipur, Reangs from Mi- zoram, Chakmas from Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram and displacement of Dimasas and Karbis. Land is another important factor in the ongoing con- flicts in the Northeast. It is the struggle for land as territory that each emerging ethnic nation claims to own as a right. For example, the assertion of Naga identity and its nation- hood seeks to assert claims to the Naga-inhabited areas of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Manipur, and even in My- anmar. Many of the rebel groups are demanding homelands and adopt armed militancy to achieve them. These armed groups often attack settler communities or rival tribes as part of a strategy of ethnic cleansing to achieve ethnically compact homelands. It has become a trend for almost each ethnic community in the Northeast to claim nationhood. Obviously, the next step is the corresponding search for a geographical space where it would operate. In fact, the territorial claims of most of the communities lead to non- negotiable contests. The assertions of national claims along smaller tribal and ethnic lines have been compounded by the inclusion of territorial claims. A ND God said: “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.” Then the God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. And the God said: “It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a help meet for him and He created woman from bone of man.” This is what Bible says about the ori- gin of humanity. This is the most im- portant event to ever occur on the face of the earth. Even evolutionarily it was a milestone in form of most developed brain any cranial cavity ever held. Evolution is a continuous process, so we are still evolving mostly in our men- tal attributes. Human being or more scientifically Homo sapiens (Latin: ‘wise man’ or ‘knowing man’), are the only Jayaditya Purkayastha ponders if ‘man’ will just vanish from this earth to make it woman-heavy. End of MAN? Right to LAND living species in the Homo genus of bipedal primates. Anatomically mod- ern humans originated in Africa about 160,000 years ago, reaching full be- havioral modernity around 50,000 years ago. Molecular evidence suggests that the last common ancestor between humans and the remaining great apes diverged between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chim- panzees split off from the line leading to the humans. The closest living rela- tives of humans are gorillas and chim- panzees, but humans did not evolve from these apes, instead they share a common ancestor with modern hu- mans. After lot of permutations and combinations here we are, the great- est creation of nature. Basically, other than nature, humans have nearly noth- ing else to fear of, an almost invincible race on the face of this earth. But, it’s interesting to know that the whole humanity is in a continuous bat- tle that we ourselves never recognize — the battle of sexes. Though at most time unintentionally, both the sexes try to outrun each other. History says till date it was in the favour of males and still is as many male chauvinists would suggest. But feminists have some- thing here more than just to cheer about. Some recent studies show that in future, male may cease to exist. But how are males going to disappear? Let’s go back to basics of biology. We are a sexually reproducing species, like most of the animals are and get our charac- ters from both of our parents. Apart from physical character, our sex is also determined by our genes. These genes are the functional units of chromosome. In some primitive animals like reptiles and such others, sex was and is rather determined by the incubation tempera- ture. But sometime in the last 300 mil- lion years a change occurred in the way that nature picked the gender of the babies. A perfectly ordinary matched pair of chromosomes got turned it what are today a very different pair, the X and Y chromosomes. Instead of de- pending on the temperature the boy girl decision was handed over to our genes. Basically each of our cells con- tains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twen- ty-two of those pairs are matched pairs, shared by men and women. The 23rd is different. In women, the 23rd pair is made up of two X chromosomes. In men, it's made up of an X chromo- some and a Y chromosome. These chromosomes are actually made up of genes which are responsible for deter- mination of various characters. The X chromosome is made up of about a 1000 genes and scientist believe that its counterpart Y used to have some- what similar number of genes when it was conceptualised about 300 million years ago. Except The chromosomal pair XY all the other chromosomal SATURDAY JANUARY 8, 2011 come in two copies, so if there is a little mistake in one chromosome, the cell could always sneak a peek at the other to see what the correct gene se- quences supposed to be. But the Y chromosome is hanging out there all alone without a matched pair. Every time a cell divide, mistake in gene can creep in. At first there were few mis- takes in Y chromosome, than some more and over time gene stopped work- ing and basically disappeared. Recent studies have shown that over the past million years or so Y chromosome has been shedding genes and now com- prise of less than 80 functional genes. Now the big question is where is this all going to end? Is Y chromosome doomed? The rate at which the genes of Y chromosomes are loosing out, may be within a million year or so, it will be completely lost. So what shall happen to humanity? If it’s not the end of hu- manity, it will certainly be the end of sexual reproduction. Woman by than have to learn the art of producing a already fertilized egg, a process known as parthenogenesis. Some animals are already carrying out their reproduction by this process. Basically they are pro- ducing a clone of them. In long ran, the problem with this form of repro- duction is there will be no variation amongst the population of a species. But good news for boys is that, anoth- er school of thoughts says that Y chro- Further, Northeast India is home to more than 50 eth- nic rebel groups, a few demanding complete secession from India, others fighting for ethnic identities and home- lands and some running the insurgency as an industry to spin easy money without any political ideology. National interest in the form of the state’s economic development is widely used to restrict indigenous land ownership. It suffices to note that development projects often re- sult in the loss of land due to logging, mining and other exploitative activities, or public infrastructure programmes pursued by the national government, such as the con- struction of dams and roads. Right to negotiate and par- ticipate in decision-making is of paramount importance to indigenous peoples, since it is linked to fundamental principles of law, that include democracy, constitutional- ism, the rule of law and the protection of subnational groups. Indigenous participation is especially important in Southeast Asia to assist in reducing the negative ef- fects of development projects. However, states consider it an obstacle to their plans and refuse to implement pro- cedures that would allow for such participation. Aggres- sive development is often followed by militarization. In an attempt to exclude any opportunity indigenous peo- ples may have to make their views heard about the future of their lands. In Southeast Asia, the intense resistance from indige- nous communities towards projects proposed by transna- tional corporations, or even those of international organ- izations, often results in armed conflict, displacement and further rights violations. The national security-centric dis- course about the Northeast, shaped mostly by former bu- reaucrats and retired army, police and intelligence offic- ers, is heavily pro-state and insensitive to the vulnerabili- ties of the common man and dismissive of the frequent transgression of rights of its own citizens by the state. Despite their resilience the narratives of rebel organiza- tions are often vague and confused. The unsaid but uni- versal truth about an insurgency situation is that there is always much more than what meets the eye behind its dynamics. The contributory causes are many, including inconsistencies in history, economic structures, develop- ment and identity alienation. It is also closely related to administrative weaknesses and incompetence, but above all official corruption that continually trample upon all sense of fair play and justice. Right to negotiate and participate in decision-making is of paramount importance to indigenous peoples, since it is linked to fundamental principles of law, which include democracy, constitutionalism, the rule of law and protection of subnational groups. It is of signifi- cance that Northeast India has become the natural hab- itat of retired military, paramilitary, police, and intelligence officers, whose physical and mental capa- bilities are on the wane, charged with responsibilities to run the affairs of the region. The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) took shape in April 1979 in Sivasagar, once the seat of the Ahom kingdom. ULFA began as an expression of oppo- sition to more than 100 years of exploitation. Most of its members believed that Delhi would listen only to militant voice but not to mere agitation. They talked of the need of an independent Assam, where scientific socialism would be the way of life and where its natural resources would be exploited for the benefit of its people and not to ben- efit unscrupulous power elites in Delhi. It views the failure of the Assam Accord as one more proof that India’s po- litical leadership is uninterested in addressing issues that Assamese public cares deeply about. Indigenous participation is especially important in South- east Asia to assist in reducing the negative effects of de- velopment projects. However, states consider it an obsta- cle to their plans and refuse to implement procedures that would allow for such participation. Aggressive devel- opment is often followed by militarization, in an attempt to exclude any opportunity indigenous peoples may have to make their views heard about the future of their lands. In Southeast Asia, the intense resistance from indigenous communities towards projects proposed by transnational corporations, or even those of international organizations, often results in armed conflict, displacement and further rights violations. Other laws also restrict the traditional rights of indigenous peoples. The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act, 1992 legitimizes the turning of indigenous lands into national parks and reserves for the sake of ecotourism. Development projects have other, particularly negative, consequences on indigenous women. Working opportu- nities are lower and women, whose husbands work in logging or plantations, lose control over their lands. Such projects also have negative effects on indigenous men: men working in such projects are usually employed in low-paid, short-term, arduous and dangerous occupations, and like their non-indigenous colleagues, are exposed to a high risk of accidents at work. In general, these projects create a dependency upon forest authorities that fosters the development of detrimental and abusive relationships between indigenous people and officials, shifting the power away from indigenous peoples to a political or industry elite that operates in the region. The issue of whether indigenous peoples can claim rights over the natural resources of lands they occupy remains unresolved in international law. The use of natural re- sources continues to be one of the most controversial issues in international law, mainly because of the pivotal economic repercussions. From the womb of Assam the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland were creat- ed. This hurt the Asssamese sentiment. Now, the Na- tional Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) is demand- ing a separate state from Assam. To achieve this end it attacked the Adivasi, Bengali and other communities to drive them out from the area of their claim. The Adivasis, soon set up their own militant group the Adivasi Cobra Militants of Assam (ACMA). It and Bengal Liberation Tigers joined hands and attacked several Bodo villages after the massive Bodo-sponsored violence in May-June, 1996. Another Bodo group, Bodoland Liberation Tigers (BLT) is also fighting for a separate Bodo state. It has also teamed up with Bengal Liberation Tigers. Further, Dima Halam Daogah (DHD) is fighting for a homeland of Dimasas while the United Peoples Democratic Solidarity (UPDS) is fighting for a separate homeland for Karbis in Assam. Continued on page 3 mosome might have found a technique to correct error even without a partner to copy from. The Y has made copies of itself internally. It’s like a Y has about a million letters in one direction which it copied and flipped around in other direction and read it backwards. It’s like word MALAYALAM with a difference that it’s made of three million letters. On the whole this palindrome is the key to existence of man on this earth or may be mankind as a whole. It’s the last lifeline left to humanity. Either it’s the end of the race of may be to- morrow has in it a new species much evolved and developed then us, only time will tell. Steve NK writes about the fight of the indigenous peoples in the Northeast for their right over land, with reference to parts of Southeast Asia.
Transcript of FEELINGS KNOW THE WORD Fat cells that burn energy Heart ... end man.pdf · man’ or ‘knowing...
FEELINGS
Fat cells that burn energyKNOW THE WORD
Heart, health & hope
GUWAHATI
WHEN it comes to land rights, Southeast Asian
nations must ensure that indigenous peoplesare treated in the same manner as the non-indigenous. In this respect, problems occur withthe legal concept of ‘native customary rights
which exist in countries like Malaysia. Malaysia consists ofseveral states on the Malayan peninsula and the two EastMalaysian provinces. The Malaysian example suggests thatweak protection of indigenous land rights by legislationcan be strengthened if followed by clear and assertive caselaws on the matter. Problems with the realization of provi-sions favouring indigenous land rights also exist in coun-tries that provide strong protection for indigenous land rights.In 1997, The Philippines introduced the Indigenous Peo-ples Rights Act, which was based on ILO (InternationalLabour Organization) Convention 169. The Act providesindigenous peoples with a wide range of rights over ances-tral domains: indigenous peoples have the right toownership over their lands and resources, the right to occupyand develop their lands, the right to oppose displacement,and the right to regulate the entry of migrants.
Nevertheless, the law has certain shortcomings, the mostimportant being its paternalistic tone. Indigenous rights are‘granted’ rather than ‘recognized’. Individual ownership isestablished for the purposes of facilitating the “social evo-lution of members of indigenous communities and to allowsuch members to freely leave the group or to be relievedfrom its constraints.”
Throughout the last six decades as successive Indian gov-ernments tried to nationalize the political space in the North-east by pushing ahead with mainstreaming efforts even asthe struggling ethnicities of the region continued to chal-lenge the nation-building process. Despite recurring themesin rebel narratives such as political autonomy, economicjustice, and cultural rights, any understanding of a rebelgroup in the Northeast must come to terms with multiplic-ity of voices, and the tensions that often exist betweencompeting rebel agendas. A rebel group with a particularethnic constituency may be at war with another rebel group,and indeed its primary opposition may not be with theIndian state at all. It might even cooperate with the gov-ernment security agencies in fighting rival groups.
The law seems to assume the eventual ‘development’or integration of indigenous peoples, upon which specialland rights, such as collective rights, covered in the law,may no longer be applicable. Also, indigenous controlover their lands is restricted: “The community does nothave the right to dispose of any collective ownership thatis state public property to any person or group.” Impactof insurgency activities on society, development and pol-itics in the Northeast is deep, wide and complex. Someof the serious negative impacts are internal displacementof populations. The Northeast has witnessed eight majorcases of conflict-induced internal displacements in recentyears: displacements of Hindus and Muslims of Bengalidescent from and within Assam, Adivasis (tea tribes), Bodoswithin and from western Assam, Bengalis from Megha-laya, particularly Shillong, Bengalis from and within Tripu-ra, Nagas, Kukis and Paites in Manipur, Reangs from Mi-zoram, Chakmas from Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoramand displacement of Dimasas and Karbis.
Land is another important factor in the ongoing con-flicts in the Northeast. It is the struggle for land as territorythat each emerging ethnic nation claims to own as a right.For example, the assertion of Naga identity and its nation-hood seeks to assert claims to the Naga-inhabited areas ofArunachal Pradesh, Assam and Manipur, and even in My-anmar. Many of the rebel groups are demanding homelandsand adopt armed militancy to achieve them. These armedgroups often attack settler communities or rival tribes aspart of a strategy of ethnic cleansing to achieve ethnicallycompact homelands. It has become a trend for almost eachethnic community in the Northeast to claim nationhood.Obviously, the next step is the corresponding search for ageographical space where it would operate. In fact, theterritorial claims of most of the communities lead to non-negotiable contests. The assertions of national claims alongsmaller tribal and ethnic lines have been compounded bythe inclusion of territorial claims.
AND God said: “Let us makeman in our image, after ourlikeness; and let them havedominion over the fish of thesea, and over the fowl of the
air, and over the cattle, and over all theearth, and over every creeping thingthat creepeth upon the earth.” Thenthe God formed man of the dust of theground, and breathed into his nostrilsthe breath of life; and man became aliving soul. And the God said: “It is notgood that the man should be alone; Iwill make him a help meet for him andHe created woman from bone of man.”This is what Bible says about the ori-gin of humanity. This is the most im-portant event to ever occur on the faceof the earth. Even evolutionarily it wasa milestone in form of most developedbrain any cranial cavity ever held.
Evolution is a continuous process, sowe are still evolving mostly in our men-tal attributes. Human being or morescientifically Homo sapiens (Latin: ‘wiseman’ or ‘knowing man’), are the only
Jayaditya Purkayasthaponders if ‘man’
will just vanish fromthis earth to make it
woman-heavy.
End ofMAN?
Right toLAND
living species in the Homo genus ofbipedal primates. Anatomically mod-ern humans originated in Africa about160,000 years ago, reaching full be-havioral modernity around 50,000 yearsago. Molecular evidence suggests thatthe last common ancestor betweenhumans and the remaining great apesdiverged between 8 and 4 million yearsago, first the gorillas, and then the chim-panzees split off from the line leadingto the humans. The closest living rela-tives of humans are gorillas and chim-panzees, but humans did not evolvefrom these apes, instead they share acommon ancestor with modern hu-mans. After lot of permutations andcombinations here we are, the great-est creation of nature. Basically, otherthan nature, humans have nearly noth-ing else to fear of, an almost invinciblerace on the face of this earth.
But, it’s interesting to know that thewhole humanity is in a continuous bat-tle that we ourselves never recognize— the battle of sexes. Though at mosttime unintentionally, both the sexestry to outrun each other. History saystill date it was in the favour of malesand still is as many male chauvinistswould suggest. But feminists have some-thing here more than just to cheerabout. Some recent studies show thatin future, male may cease to exist. Buthow are males going to disappear? Let’sgo back to basics of biology. We are a
sexually reproducing species, like mostof the animals are and get our charac-ters from both of our parents. Apartfrom physical character, our sex is alsodetermined by our genes. These genesare the functional units of chromosome.In some primitive animals like reptilesand such others, sex was and is ratherdetermined by the incubation tempera-ture. But sometime in the last 300 mil-lion years a change occurred in the waythat nature picked the gender of thebabies. A perfectly ordinary matchedpair of chromosomes got turned it whatare today a very different pair, the Xand Y chromosomes. Instead of de-pending on the temperature the boygirl decision was handed over to ourgenes. Basically each of our cells con-tains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twen-ty-two of those pairs are matched pairs,shared by men and women. The 23rdis different. In women, the 23rd pair ismade up of two X chromosomes. Inmen, it's made up of an X chromo-some and a Y chromosome. Thesechromosomes are actually made up ofgenes which are responsible for deter-mination of various characters. The Xchromosome is made up of about a1000 genes and scientist believe thatits counterpart Y used to have some-what similar number of genes when itwas conceptualised about 300 millionyears ago. Except The chromosomalpair XY all the other chromosomal
SATURDAYJANUARY 8, 2011
come in two copies, so if there is alittle mistake in one chromosome, thecell could always sneak a peek at theother to see what the correct gene se-quences supposed to be. But the Ychromosome is hanging out there allalone without a matched pair. Everytime a cell divide, mistake in gene cancreep in. At first there were few mis-takes in Y chromosome, than somemore and over time gene stopped work-ing and basically disappeared. Recentstudies have shown that over the pastmillion years or so Y chromosome hasbeen shedding genes and now com-prise of less than 80 functional genes.Now the big question is where is thisall going to end? Is Y chromosomedoomed? The rate at which the genesof Y chromosomes are loosing out, maybe within a million year or so, it will becompletely lost. So what shall happento humanity? If it’s not the end of hu-manity, it will certainly be the end ofsexual reproduction. Woman by thanhave to learn the art of producing aalready fertilized egg, a process knownas parthenogenesis. Some animals arealready carrying out their reproductionby this process. Basically they are pro-ducing a clone of them. In long ran,the problem with this form of repro-duction is there will be no variationamongst the population of a species.But good news for boys is that, anoth-er school of thoughts says that Y chro-
Further, Northeast India is home to more than 50 eth-nic rebel groups, a few demanding complete secessionfrom India, others fighting for ethnic identities and home-lands and some running the insurgency as an industry tospin easy money without any political ideology. Nationalinterest in the form of the state’s economic developmentis widely used to restrict indigenous land ownership.
It suffices to note that development projects often re-sult in the loss of land due to logging, mining and otherexploitative activities, or public infrastructure programmespursued by the national government, such as the con-struction of dams and roads. Right to negotiate and par-ticipate in decision-making is of paramount importanceto indigenous peoples, since it is linked to fundamentalprinciples of law, that include democracy, constitutional-ism, the rule of law and the protection of subnationalgroups. Indigenous participation is especially importantin Southeast Asia to assist in reducing the negative ef-fects of development projects. However, states considerit an obstacle to their plans and refuse to implement pro-cedures that would allow for such participation. Aggres-sive development is often followed by militarization. Inan attempt to exclude any opportunity indigenous peo-ples may have to make their views heard about the futureof their lands.
In Southeast Asia, the intense resistance from indige-nous communities towards projects proposed by transna-tional corporations, or even those of international organ-izations, often results in armed conflict, displacement andfurther rights violations. The national security-centric dis-course about the Northeast, shaped mostly by former bu-reaucrats and retired army, police and intelligence offic-ers, is heavily pro-state and insensitive to the vulnerabili-ties of the common man and dismissive of the frequenttransgression of rights of its own citizens by the state.Despite their resilience the narratives of rebel organiza-tions are often vague and confused. The unsaid but uni-versal truth about an insurgency situation is that there isalways much more than what meets the eye behind itsdynamics. The contributory causes are many, includinginconsistencies in history, economic structures, develop-ment and identity alienation.
It is also closely related to administrative weaknessesand incompetence, but above all official corruption thatcontinually trample upon all sense of fair play and justice.
Right to negotiate and participate in decision-makingis of paramount importance to indigenous peoples, sinceit is linked to fundamental principles of law, whichinclude democracy, constitutionalism, the rule of lawand protection of subnational groups. It is of signifi-cance that Northeast India has become the natural hab-itat of retired military, paramilitary, police, andintelligence officers, whose physical and mental capa-bilities are on the wane, charged with responsibilitiesto run the affairs of the region.
The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) tookshape in April 1979 in Sivasagar, once the seat of theAhom kingdom. ULFA began as an expression of oppo-sition to more than 100 years of exploitation. Most of itsmembers believed that Delhi would listen only to militantvoice but not to mere agitation. They talked of the needof an independent Assam, where scientific socialism wouldbe the way of life and where its natural resources wouldbe exploited for the benefit of its people and not to ben-efit unscrupulous power elites in Delhi. It views the failureof the Assam Accord as one more proof that India’s po-litical leadership is uninterested in addressing issues thatAssamese public cares deeply about.
Indigenous participation is especially important in South-east Asia to assist in reducing the negative effects of de-velopment projects. However, states consider it an obsta-cle to their plans and refuse to implement proceduresthat would allow for such participation. Aggressive devel-opment is often followed by militarization, in an attemptto exclude any opportunity indigenous peoples may haveto make their views heard about the future of their lands.In Southeast Asia, the intense resistance from indigenouscommunities towards projects proposed by transnationalcorporations, or even those of international organizations,often results in armed conflict, displacement and furtherrights violations. Other laws also restrict the traditionalrights of indigenous peoples. The National IntegratedProtected Areas System Act, 1992 legitimizes the turningof indigenous lands into national parks and reserves forthe sake of ecotourism.
Development projects have other, particularly negative,consequences on indigenous women. Working opportu-nities are lower and women, whose husbands work inlogging or plantations, lose control over their lands. Suchprojects also have negative effects on indigenous men:men working in such projects are usually employed inlow-paid, short-term, arduous and dangerous occupations,and like their non-indigenous colleagues, are exposed toa high risk of accidents at work. In general, these projectscreate a dependency upon forest authorities that fostersthe development of detrimental and abusive relationshipsbetween indigenous people and officials, shifting the poweraway from indigenous peoples to a political or industryelite that operates in the region.
The issue of whether indigenous peoples can claim rightsover the natural resources of lands they occupy remainsunresolved in international law. The use of natural re-sources continues to be one of the most controversialissues in international law, mainly because of the pivotaleconomic repercussions.
From the womb of Assam the states of ArunachalPradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland were creat-ed. This hurt the Asssamese sentiment. Now, the Na-tional Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) is demand-ing a separate state from Assam. To achieve this end itattacked the Adivasi, Bengali and other communities todrive them out from the area of their claim. The Adivasis,soon set up their own militant group the Adivasi CobraMilitants of Assam (ACMA). It and Bengal LiberationTigers joined hands and attacked several Bodo villagesafter the massive Bodo-sponsored violence in May-June,1996. Another Bodo group, Bodoland Liberation Tigers(BLT) is also fighting for a separate Bodo state. It hasalso teamed up with Bengal Liberation Tigers. Further,Dima Halam Daogah (DHD) is fighting for a homelandof Dimasas while the United Peoples DemocraticSolidarity (UPDS) is fighting for a separate homelandfor Karbis in Assam.
Continued on page 3
mosome might have found a techniqueto correct error even without a partnerto copy from. The Y has made copiesof itself internally. It’s like a Y has abouta million letters in one direction whichit copied and flipped around in otherdirection and read it backwards. It’s likeword MALAYALAM with a differencethat it’s made of three million letters.On the whole this palindrome is thekey to existence of man on this earthor may be mankind as a whole. It’sthe last lifeline left to humanity. Eitherit’s the end of the race of may be to-morrow has in it a new species muchevolved and developed then us, onlytime will tell.
Steve NKwrites aboutthe fight of theindigenouspeoples in theNortheast fortheir right overland, withreference toparts ofSoutheast Asia.
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