Food SecurityMalnutrition: Being deficient of essential nutrients such as ___________

or vitamins and minerals.Examples:• Goiter- lack of iodine• Lack of protein and other

key nutrients causes: weakness, susceptibility to diseases, hindering of physical and ___________ development.

Food SecurityChronic hunger and under-nutrition•Most live in ____________________ countries•Causes mental retardation, stunted growth, death from infectious diseases such as measles and diarrhea.

Threats to Food Security• Population Growth• Malnutrition• Food Loss and Waste

– Developing Countries: Most losses occur during production and ______________________

– Developed Countries: Large amounts are wasted at the ________________________ phase

• __________ of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted

Food Insecurity in the US• Food insecurity in the US is on the

rise.• By percentage of population with

food insecurity, ________ counties are often highest.

• By numbers, _________ have the most people with food insecurity

• ~27% of food insecure people are ineligible for ______________ (must be at or below 185% of poverty line)

• High unemployment, 2013 cuts in food stamps, and cuts in the 2014 Farm Bill have made food insecurity increase.

http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/hunger-the-us-historic-highs

Food Security

• Preference

OvernutritionOvernutrition: Food energy intake exceeds energy usage.•1 of every ___ people in the world is overweight (Body Mass Index, BMI, greater than 25).•1 of every ___ Americans are obese (BMI over 30).•1 in 3 children are predicted to develop diabetes in the U.S.There is a high correlation between obesity and ____________ in the US.Often, fast food is cheaper and more available than healthy options.

Industrialized Crop ProductionMonocultures: Single crop produced using commercial fertilizers, pesticides, and large amounts of fossil fuel and water.•Goal is high yield (food per unit of land).•Mostly used in _________________ countries.•Produces about ____________ of the world’s food.

Plantation agriculture: ________ crops primarily in tropical ______________ countries. Often involves slash and burn techniques. Products usually exported to developed countries.Examples: bananas, soybeans, sugarcane, coffee, palm oil.

Traditional Agriculture• Uses mostly _________________and draft animals.• Food mostly used by the farmers themselves. • Often __________________: Diversity of crops, reducing

loss from pests and bad weather.• Practiced by 42% of the world in developing countries.• Produces 1/5

of the world’s food crops

Industrial Crops in the US• Selective _______________or genetically engineered• Produces more food on less land• Costs less to the consumer*

*Cost does not include taxes for government subsidies, pollution and environmental degradation, and health costs.

• Generates _______ of the nation’s gross domestic product.

Food Distribution

___________ spent 35 billion US dollars in importing food in 2015. It is projected that it will be110 billion US dollars by 2025. (CNBC)

Food Distribution

Countries with a lot of arable land but with small populations (i.e. Canada and Australia are net _____________

The US grows a lot of food, but also imports food from many countries

Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs)• Inserted genes produce desirable traits or

eliminate undesirable ones.• Some modifications include: Resistance to

heat, cold, herbicides, insect pests, parasites, viral diseases, drought, and salty or acidic soil.

• Since 2008, GMO’s have accounted for more than _____of maize and soybean crops planted in the U.S. Maize seeds are modified with two genes: one kills ___________ that eat the seed and one allows the seed to tolerate glyphosate, an herbicide like ____________. Soybeans are modified with only glyphosate-resistant gene.

Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs)In a nation-wide study conducted on 10,000 farms from 1998-2011:•GMO Maize required ~11.2% _____ insecticide and ~1.3%

less herbicides than non-GMO Maize. •GMO Soybean crops used 28% ______ herbicides than non-

GMO’s. This increase is attributed to the proliferation of glyphosate-resistant (GR) weeds.

•GMO-maize has been adopted more recently and herbicide resistance in Maize is on the rise now too.

http://phys.org/news/2016-09-largest-ever-reveals-environmental-impact-genetically.html

Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs)• Glyphosate use ____________ by 29% for soybean farmers

and 21% for maize farmers between 2006-2011•Decrease is due to farmers using new chemicals as weeds

become resistant to Roundup.• Insects have not developed the same resistance because of

“___________” (non-GMO crop areas) that farmers are required to use

http://phys.org/news/2016-09-largest-ever-reveals-environmental-impact-genetically.html

See Figure 12-16 on p. 291: Pros and Cons of GMOs

Pest ManagementPest- A species that interferes with human welfare, competing with our food, destroying building materials, spreading disease, and invading ecosystems.Pesticides- Chemicals that kill or control pests.

-Examples:•Insecticides- kills insects•Herbicides-kills weeds•_______________-kills fungus•Rodenticides-kills rats and mice

Types of PesticidesFirst generation pesticides -borrowed from nature:• Example: Nicotine sulfate from tobacco

Second generation pesticides - developed by ___________• First highly used pesticide: __________

• Used in the US from 1939-1972 (banned)• Contained fat-soluble toxins which biomagnifies

(becomes more concentrated) up the food chain severely affecting top level consumers such as owls and hawks.

• _____________wrote “Silent Spring” in 1962 bringing public awareness to the problem.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kwb6OvvxMjg

Alderin and DieldrinFormula: C12H8Cl6O, mild odorSources:• Insecticides used for _______________, etc.• Created as alternative to ________• Alderin breaks down to dieldrin in the body and

in the environment• Widely used from the 1950’s until 1970Concerns/Health Effects• ____________________(affects hormones in animals)• Can also affect the liver, immune system, and neurological system• Linked to Parkinson’s, breast cancer• Persistent Organic Pollutant (_________)Reducing Exposure:• Banned in 1974 by EPA, except to control termites• Banned in 1987 for all uses• Still used in Malaysia, Thailand, Venezuela and parts of Africa.Case Study: High levels found in breast milk in Australia (before it

was banned), and Uganda (current) due to household pest control

Pesticides and BeesWhile the decline of bee populations is poorly understood, pesticides are thought to be one of the causes.

See Trade-offs on Chemical Pesticides in Text

Herbicides•Reduce unwanted “weeds”.•Glyphosate (known as Roundup) most popular.•GMO crops have been made by ______________ to be resistant to glyphosate—GR Glyphosate resistant (GR) makes up the majority of GMO crops ~80%

Pros of Glyphosate•Seems ________ for animals or insects•Stays in the soil and doesn’t _______ into aquatic system•Degrades into harmless substances in __________•No plowing needed, which stops tilling and decreases soil erosion.

Herbicides: Glyphosate-RoundupCons:•Weeds have become____________ (12 known varieties)•Dominates the market so little ____________ in the use of herbicides making it easier for an epidemic of GR weeds.•Possible loss in productivity and large ________ to seed companies and farmers.•More topsoil could be lost due to the return of tilling.•Could force the use of more __________ herbicides

AtrazineSources:• herbicide to kill weeds in crops, especially corn• increases crop yields by 1-6% or 5.7 bushels/acre

compared to other herbicides, _____________tons applied each year in the US

• half life in soil is 13-261 days• gets into ________________

Concerns/Health Effects• LD50: 750 mg/kg in rabbits to 3090 mg/kg in rats• Endocrine disruptor: link to _______________in males, suspected teratogen in frogs (hermaphrodites,

demasculinized frogs, etc.• potential carcinogen

Reducing Exposure:• Banned in EU in 2004• in 2006, EPA found no risk to US population• eat organic crops, do not drink well water on

farms

Pesticides have not reduced U.S. crop loss to pests

Data from over 300 agricultural scientists and economists:• Use of synthetic pesticides has increased ______since 1942• Losses due to insects have over _____________ since 1942• Environmental, health,

and social costs estimated to be $5-10 for every $1 spent on

pesticides.

PesticidesBroad-spectrum agent: Effective against a wide range of pestsbut also kill beneficial species.

Chlorinated hydrocarbons: such as DDT, dieldrin- persistent- biomagnfy

Organophosphates: such as malathion and parathion- not persistent and do not biomagnify- but are highly toxic

Narrow-spectrum agents: toxic to a more selective group of organisms.

Pesticide RegulationsFederal Insecticide and Fungicide Regulation Act (FIFRA), 1972• Overseen by EPA, USDA and FDA.• EPA to assess new pesticides, but

inadequate funds

Food Quality Protection Act, 1996• Reduce levels of pesticide residues if

inadequate information on pesticide’s safety.

• Labeling requirements

Integrated Pest Management IPM• Alternative pest management practices could halve the use

of chemical pesticides without reducing crop yield (on 40 major U.S. crops).

Alternatives to Pesticides•_______________ crops – Keeps specialists pests away.•Provide homes for pest enemies- use of polyculture (plant diversity).

•GMO’s with genetic resistance•Natural enemies (___________________)•Lure into traps – Use of pheromones•Disrupt their life cycle – Use of ________________•Use of hot water and soapy water

Alternatives to pesticides, p

See Figures: Reducing Exposure to Pesticides12-9, p. 286, Food Production12-31 p. 307, Sustainable Agriculture12-33, p. 310, Sustainable Organic Agriculture

Industrialized Meat Production•Densely packed and fed grain or meal (from fish).•Supplies __________ of the world’s meat. •As income grows in a country, so does the demand for meat.•Takes more resourcesto produce (for 1 lb ofbeef, ___________ gallons of water and _____ lbs of grain)

See Fig. 12-30, p. 306 for grain needed per kg of meat

Industrialized Meat ProductionIssues:•Poor __________________ of animals•Runoff of animal waste (________________/dead zones)•__________ hormones given to animals (can affect humans)•Antibiotics given to animals (breeds _______________)

Aquaculture•Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages.•Accounts for __________ of fish and shellfish consumed in 2006.•Aquaculture production occurs under controlled feeding, sanitation, and harvesting procedures primarily in ponds, flowthrough raceways, and, to a lesser extent, cages, net pens, and closed-recirculation tanks.

AquacultureIssues:• Concentrated fish

_________can cause eutrophication

• Chemicals, growth hormones, introduced through fish food

• Escapees might introduce __________ species to an area

• Water usage (_____ of freshwater use in US—9420 million gal/day)

See Fig. 12-18, p. 293-Tradeoffs

Top 4 safest fish to eat1. Salmon- Great source of Omega fatty acids. Wild is best.

Atlantic farmed salmon has higher levels of PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) due to their feed.

2. Rainbow trout- Farmed inland and contain less PCBs since their diets are from soybeans and wheat.

3. Tuna- Especially albacore. Look for how they are caught, troll and pole-and-line gear. Avoid longlines. Avoid bluefin tuna, known as maguro in sushi, due to depleting population and high levels of heavy metals.

4. Tilapia – Feeds on waste and algae. Available year round. Farmed is safe from this country.

Sustainable