Feedforward Presentation to the University of Illinois

December 4, 2012

University of illinois at Urbana-champaign

Feedforward Support emotive Learning For enduring LiFeStyLe Change

amber Howard, PH.d.

Director of Research and Education

New Kind

Lecturer

North Carolina State University

College of Design, Graphic and Industrial Design

amberhoward.net

[email protected]

@amberkhoward

OvERvIEw

Introduction

Conceptual framework

Purpose

research framework

research methodology

results

Conclusion

december 4, 2012 | feedforward | amber Howard, Ph.d. | 2 / 115

ChanGE fOR GOOD

The designer


what wasn’t now is.

ChanGE fOR GOOD

The Hope


make the world better

ChanGE fOR GOOD

The Hope



life

ChanGE fOR GOOD

The predicament


Make the world better

lifechange

ChanGE fOR GOOD

The predicament



lifechange = challenge the status quo

ChanGE fOR GOOD

The predicament



lifechange = challenge the status quo

view the situation differently

ChanGE fOR GOOD

The promise


Find a gap, don’t create a need.

ChanGE fOR GOOD

atmospheres of impact

what change do you want to make? find the gap in each atmosphere.


things

behaviors

beliefs

culture

things

behaviors

beliefs

culture

ChanGE fOR GOOD

Intended experiences

what experiences do you want to create and reinforce?


exPerIeNCe

skill motivation

social

ChanGE fOR GOOD

experiences for change

Current strategies focus on ability, will, and social pressure (patterson, 2008)


ChanGE fOR GOOD

moving forward


... but there’s more to it.

ThE sETTInG

The Social Issue

The obstacles

design’s role


ThE sOCIaL IssuE

obesity affects millions of people each year

11% of the population will become obese in the next 7 years (Wang, et al., 2008)


41% obese

75% overweight

30% obese

65% overweight

2008

41% obese

75% overweight

30% obese

65% overweight

2015

7 YEaRs

41% obese

75% overweight

30% obese

65% overweight

2008

41% obese

75% overweight

30% obese

65% overweight

2015

7 YEaRs

ThE sOCIaL IssuE


11% of the population will become more at risk for:

Heart disease, High blood pressure, diabetes, Cancers, and Premature mortality (CdC, 2009)


41% obese

75% overweight

MedicaidMedicare

out ofpocket

other

2008

41% obese

75% overweight

30% obese

65% overweight

2015

7 YEARS

ThE sOCIaL IssuE


Currently costs $177 billion/year in medical expenses (CdC, 2009)


41% obese

75% overweight

30% obese

65% overweight

2008

41% obese

75% overweight

30% obese

65% overweight

2015

7 YEaRs

ThE sOCIaL IssuE


minimized or prevented by changing daily behaviors


eating behaviors health / chronic disease

ThE sOCIaL IssuE

we know what to change

Habits and behaviors are the key determinates of future health (healey & Zimmerman, 2009)

depends on our willingness and ability to prioritize for our future health every day


ThE sOCIaL IssuE


Health issues pervade mainstream media

KNowledge aCCeSS SUPPorT

online references organic Food products Food movements

documentaries dieting Food products Weight loss programs

Best-selling Books health-Conscious restaurants health management apps

magazines national initiatives


access skill motivation change+ + =right?

ThE sOCIaL IssuE


we know which behaviors and lifestyles are healthy

we have access to appropriate resources

we know how to perform the behaviors

we care about our future health


med

ian

wei

ght

loss

n

1/2yr 1yr 2yr

-1

-2

-3

80% reLapSe

ThE sOCIaL IssuE

lifestyle change is easier said than done

relapse despite knowing what we should do (adolfsson, Carlson, unden, & rossner, 2002)


access skill motivation change+ + ≠

ThE sOCIaL IssuE


despite our best intentions, we fail to act on them (orbell and Sheeran, 2009)

we revert back to old habits without realizing it


“today this mind does not stray and is under the harmony of control, even as a wild elephant is controlled by the trainer.”

— Buddha

“if passion drives, let reason hold the reins.”

— Benjamin Franklin

ThE ObsTaCLEs


The trainer knows, but the elephant is set in its ways.


futurepresent

ThE ObsTaCLEs


we tend to attribute less emotional value to the future

Intertemporal choice (Wilson, 2001)

Current feelings bias predictions about future feelings


present ≠ future

ThE ObsTaCLEs



future discounting (gilbert, 2006)

Care more about an immediate outcome than a future one


60

today = 61.5

1 day = 53.6

7 days = 53.3

30 dayS = 50.9

185 dayS = 46.5

365 dayS = 42.2

05 01 00 150 200 250 300 350 400

days from now

50

ThE ObsTaCLEs



future discounting (receiving $20, gilbert, 2006)


1/3 SuCCeed

ThE ObsTaCLEs


an exercise in self-control and will power

delayed gratification

The marshmallow Study (mischel, 1972)


“time discounting plays an especially important role in decisions concerning health. virtually all health-related decisions involve trade-offs between short-term and long-term gains.”

— economist george Lowenstein, psychologists daniel read and roy Baumeister

ThE ObsTaCLEs




< 3 digits > 3 digits

or

ThE ObsTaCLEs


an exercise in self-control and will power

Cognitive load can distract us from our health goals (Baumeister & muraven, 2000)


stress increases cravings for sweet foods friedfattysalty

ThE ObsTaCLEs


Physiological components of lifestyle

Stress can distract us from our health goals (epel et al., 2001)


internal control

external control

chance

long-term decisions

short-term decisionsstress

ThE ObsTaCLEs


Physiological components of lifestyle

locus of Control (tice, Bratslovsky, & Baumeister, 2001)

Stress leads to short-term decisions (rodrigues, Ledoux, & Sapolsky, 2009)


we experience and learn healthy lifestyles through designed conditions

DEsIGn’s ROLE

redefining Healthcare

design mediates our relationship to the food we eat

monitoring our health progress

generating healthy recipes on the fly

referencing food information


We use tools to help us control health-related behaviors

DEsIGn’s ROLE


decentralized and self-initiated

Tailored personal health management and coaching tools

body area Network (baN) technology


DEsIGn’s ROLE






through designed conditions we manage tactics for health

DEsIGn’s ROLE


Tactical solutions

we learn appropriate behaviors, but remain dependent on the system

Prescribes disjointed tasks (though straightforward and easy to execute)

demands continual reminders, motivators, and feedback to ensure compliance

emphasizes reflective learning (data visualization)


things

behaviors

beliefs

culture

DEsIGn’s ROLE


Tactical solutions

It’s all about enabling the trainer to control the elephant.


“So much [of design] is focused on the moment of decision making. We need to create rewards around other (influences) on behavior…to motivate immediate and long-lasting behavior change.”

— robert Fabricant, Frog design

DEsIGn’s ROLE

design can do better

Strategic opportunities

address the emotive underpinnings of behavior and lifestyles

foster a different mindset/bias regarding eating practices


things

behaviors

beliefs

culture

exPerIeNCe

DEsIGn’s ROLE

design can do better

Strategic opportunities


DEsIGn’s ROLE

True lifestyle change

our biases align with our health goals

we impulsively choose the healthy option

we are not tempted by old habits


“do you like marshmallows?”

DEsIGn’s ROLE

a design theory to support lifestyle change

Change biases that guide preferences, interpretations, decisions, and actions

Target emotive learning processes

function beyond the realm of conscious control


COnCEpTuaL fRamEwORk

feedforward: a design Theory

Conceptual framework diagram


present futurepast feedback feedforward

fEEDfORwaRD: a DEsIGn ThEORY

Conditions for emotive learning

Timing matters

Provide anticipatory conditions for a pre-experience

activate a mindset and associated biases

Set the stage for behaviors to unfold


present activate bias



Timing matters

Seek patterns among subtle cues

frame, or contextualize, situations with minimal information

automatically facilitate motivation and goal pursuit


present activate bias future



Timing matters

anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints

adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change

develop subtle associations among cues





Timing matters

anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints

adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change

develop subtle associations among cues





modulate the emotive learning process

anticipatory cues before the situation

Skew the constraints from which the bias activates

modulates the perception of the situation


present activate bias consolidate for predictive model

future




Consolidate the associations as a predictive model

increase the chances of achieving enduring lifestyle change


passive exposure skews motivation & goal pursuit

(thank you, pattern matching)



expose intermittently throughout the day


present futurepast feedback feedforward




develop preferred biases pervasively through daily routines

Influence short- and long-term frame of reference, or worldview

decide which bias we want to embody going into a situation (not by happenstance)



research informing the theory

louis Cheskin, clinical psychologist and marketing innovator (Cheskin, 1947)

How design mediates our subsequent experience of products

affects the taste of food

affects the value we attribute to eating it


“one remarkable feature of priming is that, unlike other forms of cognitive memory, it is nonconscious. a person perceiving a familiar object is not aware that what is perceived is as much an expression of memory as it is of perception.”

— endel tulving and daniel Schacter



Priming

anticipatory cues activate implicit memory

frames the subsequent responses

does not require awareness or recollection of the priming stimuli




Priming examples

elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996)




Priming examples

elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996)

faster recognition of “butter” when “bread” precedes it (meyer & Schvaneveldt, 1971)

ambient sad music affects perceived slope of a hill (proffitt, 2006)

Images of eyes affect honesty at the coffee station (Bateson et al., 2006)

warm beverage affects perception of strangers (Wiliams & Bargh, 2008)

Professor persona affects score in trivial pursuit (dijksterhuis and Knippenberg, 2005)

rude/Polite and Cooperation/Competition (Bargh & Williams, 2006)


“the brain knows more than the conscious mind reveals.”

— neuroscientist antonio damasio



embodiment and Neuroplasticity

Consciousness emerges from emotive processes (ashby, 1956; mcClelland & rumelhart, 1986)

Pleasure in anticipation (dopamine solidifies connections) (hawkins, 2004; Carter et al., 2009)

deep-seated biases are not permanent (Kihlstrom, 1987; hebb, 1949; merzenich, 1984; Ledoux, 1999)


70 CardS Later



embodiment and Neuroplasticity examples

The Iowa gambling Task (damasio, 2005)

anticipation • emotions • feel without knowing why (Ledoux, 1996)




Calm Technology (Brown & Wieser, 1995)

Ubiquitous computing as an ambient influence on our behaviors


formalizes a body of research regarding anticipatory cues



louis Cheskin

Priming

embodiment and Neuroplasticity

Calm Technology


informs design conditions for emotive learning


a design theory

leveraging design prior to decisions and actions

frame a mindset through which to interpret a situation

Influence our ability to adopt healthy behaviors and achieve long-lasting lifestyle change


B

ias

Goa

l Sta

te &

Mindset

Refine Predictive

Mod

el

Con

stra

int S

eeki

ng

Constraint Matching Constraint Interpreting Constraint Testing

Constraint Conso

lidat

ing

Ant

icip

ate

Identify Cues Assign Value Execution Charge Attr

actor

EmOTIvE LEaRnInG

RapID CYCLE

fEEDfORwaRDBias goal state by introducing additional constraints to the system (increase occurrence of goal state cues)



B

ias

Goa

l Sta

te &

Mindset

Refine Predictive

Mod

el

Con

stra

int S

eeki

ng


Constraint Conso

lidat

ing

Ant

icip

ate


actor

EmOTIvE LEaRnInG

RapID CYCLE

ProgressiveCyCle

sEEkInGlimits the range of stimuli we consider relevant and meaningful (Barrett et al., 2007)



ProgressiveCyCle

identifies internal and external cues that correspond with the anticipated stimuli(Kosslyn S. , 1995)

B

ias

Goa

l Sta

te &

Mindset

Refine Predictive

Mod

el

Con

stra

int S

eeki

ng


Constraint Conso

lidat

ing

Ant

icip

ate


actor



Bias G

oa

l Sta

te &

Min

dset

R

efine Predictive Model

Constra

int Seekin

g

Co

nstr

aint

Mat

chin

g

Constraint Interpreting Constraint Testing Constraint Consolidating

A

nticipate

Ide

ntify

Cue

s

Assign Value Execution Charge Attractor

ProgressiveCyCle

assigns greater emotive value to the neural networks that match expectancies (oschner et al., 2004)



EmOTIvE LEaRnInG

RapID CYCLE

ProgressiveCyCle

TEsTInGanticipatory behavior and action (Butz, Sigaud, & gerard, 2007)

Bias Goal State & Mindset

Refine Predictive Model

Constraint Seeking C

onstraint M

atchin

g

Con

stra

int

Inte

rpre

ting

Constraint Testing Constraint Consolidating

Anticipate

Identify Cues

Ass

ign

Valu

e

E

xecution Charge Attractor



EmOTIvE LEaRnInG

RapID CYCLE

COnsOLIDaTInGConnections within the attractor network strengthen or weaken depending on the network’s accuracy

(Sutton & Barto, 1998)

Bias Goal State &

Mindset

R

efine P

redictive Model

Constraint Seeking Constraint Matching Constraint In

terpreting

C

onst

rain

t Tes

ting

Constraint Consolidating

Anticipate Identify Cues Assign Value

E

xecu

tion

Charge Attractor

ProgressiveCyCle



EmOTIvE LEaRnInG

RapID CYCLE

pREDICTIvE mODELaccurate predictions are strengthened to enable more prominent and clear signals within the network (Carter et al, 2009)

ProgressiveCyCle

Bias Goal State &

Mindset

R

efine P

redictive Model

Constraint Seeking Constraint Matching Constraint In

terpreting

C

onst

rain

t Tes

ting

Constraint Consolidating

Anticipate Identify Cues Assign Value

E

xecu

tion

Charge Attractor



B

ias

Goa

l Sta

te &

Mindset

Refine Predictive

Mod

el

Con

stra

int S

eeki

ng


Constraint Conso

lidat

ing

Ant

icip

ate


actor

EmOTIvE LEaRnInG

RapID CYCLE

ProgressiveCyCle

fEEDfORwaRDBias goal state by introducing additional constraints to the system (increase occurrence of goal state cues)


“When learning occurs in a way consistent with the laws that govern brain plasticity, the process of the brain can be improved so that we learn and perceive with greater precision, speed, and retention.”

— neuroscientist michael merzenich, Father of neuroplasticity





REsEaRCh

Purpose of the Theory

Purpose of the Study


puRpOsE Of ThE ThEORY

Propose a design theory for lifestyle change

feedforward

align design strategy with our emotive learning process

Provide anticipatory cues that frame our perception of an emerging situation

align biases with intended lifestyle goals

foster preference, behavior, and bias change


puRpOsE Of ThE sTuDY

Test the theory

feedforward

deploy a mobile design strategy into a naturalistic setting

Prime for a future health-oriented mindset

measure the preferential, behavioral, and bias effects of prolonged priming

analyze the short- and long-term effects


REsEaRCh

research Questions


CEnTRaL REsEaRCh QuEsTIOn

to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times influence preferences, behaviors, and biases toward healthy eating practices among young adult college students at risk for obesity?


CEnTRaL REsEaRCh QuEsTIOn

to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times influence preferences, behaviors, and biases toward healthy eating practices among young adult college students at risk for obesity?

cause

strategy

when

effect

domain

who


sub-REsEaRCh QuEsTIOns

to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foodsinfluence the proportion of healthy food consumedinfluence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?

cause

strategy

when

Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

who


REsEaRCh mEThODOLOGY

Participants

research design

Variables

Instruments


OvERvIEw Of sTuDY

PurposiveSampling

Stratified random assignment

PrefereNCeSurvey: rate appetiteSurvey: rate craving

beHaVIorSmS reported intakeSurvey: Food Choice

bIaSiat response timesSurvey: time perspective

repeated measure aNoVamargin of erroraNCoVa

logistic regressionrepeated measure aNoVamargin of errorChi Square Test for VarianceaNCoVa

repeat measure aNoVamargin of erroraNCoVa

Conclusions aboutthe design theory


paRTICIpanTs

recruitment

Purposive Sampling

Irb approval

recruited from 3 cross-disciplinary courses

received extra credit for participation

Participation was voluntary

Screened for ownership and usage of a mobile phone

Similar settings, routines, and stress cycles


paRTICIpanTs

Sample Size

117 participants completed the full study

58 treatment group / 59 control group

10% attrition rate (from 130 participants)

23% over minimum requirement


paRTICIpanTs

Questionnaire

demographic, Personal Health, and mobile Phone behaviors


paRTICIpanTs

demographics

56%never dieted

30%+2 diets

14%1 diet

50%don’t cook37%

cook 1 meal/day

14%cook 2+

meals/day

40%men

60%women

40%men

60%Caucasian

13%African Amer.

10%Other

4%LatinAmer.

74%not currently dieting

16%currentlydieting

65%average

21%overweight

10%obese

3%under-weight


paRTICIpanTs

demographics

56%never dieted

30%+2 diets

14%1 diet

50%don’t cook37%

cook 1 meal/day

14%cook 2+

meals/day

40%men

60%women

40%men

60%Caucasian

13%African Amer.

10%Other

4%LatinAmer.


16%currentlydieting

65%average

21%overweight

10%obese

3%under-weight


bmI Gender Zimbardo Dieting phone use Group

m pf

f

f

f

f

f

f

f

m

m

m

f

f

f

f

<18.5

>30

18.5–24.9

25–29.9

p

p

p

p

p

p

p

paRTICIpanTs

group assignment

Stratified random assignment (matching)


week 1

baselineweek 2

Treatmentweek 3

follow up 1week 4 week 5

follow up 2

• : Preference 1 : preference

• : bias 2 : bias

__ : behavior 3 : behavior

X

(X)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

r

Group

1A 2

A 3

A3

B1

B 2

B 3

C1

C 2

C 3

D

3A 1

A 2

A3

B3

C 1

B 2

B3

D 1

C 2

C

1B 2

B 3

C1

C 2

C 3

D

3C 1

B 2

B3

D 1

C 2

C

1A 2

A 3

A3

B1

B 2

B 3

C1

C 2

C 3

D

3A 1

A 2

A3

B3

C 1

B 2

B3

D 1

C 2

C

1B 2

B 3

C1

C 2

C 3

D

3C 1

B 2

B3

D 1

C 2

C

••___________________________________ ••________________ ••________________

_________________•• __________________________________ •• ________________••

••________________ ••________________

________________•• ________________••

••___________________________________ ••________________ ••________________

_________________•• __________________________________ •• ________________••

••________________ ••________________

________________•• ________________••

REsEaRCh DEsIGn

modified Solomon group design


vaRIabLEs

Independent Variable (treatment Condition)

Prime for future health-oriented mindset

delivered through mmS within the hour preceding meal and snack times


vaRIabLEs

Control Variable

Neutral point of comparison

delivered through mmS within the hour preceding meal and snack times


vaRIabLEs / InsTRumEnTs

dependent Variables (effects)

Perceived desirability of healthy foods

online survey

How appetizing is the food in the photograph?

How often do you crave the food in the photograph?





Pilot study to categorize the food items used as healthy or unhealthy


From Received Date breakfast-1 chicken-1 dessert-1 meat-1 pasta-1 pizza-1 salad-1 sandwich-1 seafood-1 snack-1 veg-1 breakfast-2 chicken-2 dessert-2 meat-2 seafood-2 sandwich-2 snack-2 veg-2 breakfast-3 chicken-3 dessert-3 meat-3 pasta-2 sandwich-3 seafood-3 snack-3 veg-3 breakfast-4 chicken-4 dessert-4 chicken-5 pasta-3 sandwich-4 seafood-4 snack-4 veg-4 breakfast-5 dessert-5 meat-4 pasta-4 snack-5 veg-5 breakfast-6 dessert-6 snack-6 veg-6 breakfast-7 snack-7 breakfast-8 veg-7 breakfast-9

pilot_survey_01_distributed-brittney.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

pilot_survey_01_distributed-brown.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off

pilot_survey_01_distributed-hill.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Off 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Off 1

pilot_survey_01_distributed-huston.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 Off 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

pilot_survey_01_distributed-peters.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

pilot_survey_01_distributed-ronlee.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 Off 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

pilot_survey_01_distributed-southwell.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1

pilot_survey_01_distributed-stephens.pdfanonymous userJan 31, 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

1 1 0.125 0.25 0.125 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.875 0 0.25 0.625 0.75 0 0.7142857143 0.8571428571 0 0 0.8333333333 0.1428571429 0.5714285714 0.5714285714 0.2857142857 0.8571428571 0.1428571429 0 0 0.5714285714 0.8571428571 1 0.8571428571 0.1428571429 0.8571428571 0.5714285714 0.1428571429 0.2857142857 0.5714285714 0.5714285714 0.7142857143 0 0 0.4285714286 1 0 0.8571428571 0.8571428571 1 0.5345471522

0

0.25

0.50

0.75

1.00

break

fast-

1

chick

en-1

desse

rt-1

mea

t-1

pasta

-1

pizza-

1

salad

-1

sand

wich-1

seaf

ood-1

snac

k-1

veg-

1

break

fast-

2

chick

en-2

desse

rt-2

mea

t-2

seaf

ood-2

sand

wich-2

snac

k-2

veg-

2

break

fast-

3

chick

en-3

desse

rt-3

mea

t-3

pasta

-2

sand

wich-3

seaf

ood-3

snac

k-3

veg-

3

break

fast-

4

chick

en-4

desse

rt-4

chick

en-5

pasta

-3

sand

wich-4

seaf

ood-4

snac

k-4

veg-

4

break

fast-

5

desse

rt-5

mea

t-4

pasta

-4

snac

k-5

veg-

5

break

fast-

6

desse

rt-6

snac

k-6

veg-

6

break

fast-

7

snac

k-7

break

fast-

8ve

g-7

break

fast-

9



Proportion of healthy foods consumed

Self-report food log through SmS: please list the food you ate since the last prompt.

online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal?





Self-report food log through SmS: please list the food you ate since the last prompt.

online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal?




future health biases

Implicit association Test: Sort items as fast as possible.

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: present and future-oriented questions

IaT blocks

Future immediate healthy unhealthy

healthy block 1 block 2

unhealthy block 2 block 1

desirable block 3 block 4 block 5 block 6

undesirable block 4 block 3 block 6 block 5

Sample Items

healthy unhealthy Future immediate desirable undesirableNutritiousfreshNaturalorganic

fattygreasyProcessedInfirm

ProgressgoalsPlanningoutcome

InstantCurrentPresentNow

TastydeliciousappetizingTempting

repulsiveawfulgrossdisgusting


E I






IaT blocks

Future immediate healthy unhealthy

healthy block 1 block 2

unhealthy block 2 block 1

desirable block 3 block 4 block 5 block 6

undesirable block 4 block 3 block 6 block 5

Sample Items

healthy unhealthy Future immediate desirable undesirableNutritiousfreshNaturalorganic

fattygreasyProcessedInfirm

ProgressgoalsPlanningoutcome

InstantCurrentPresentNow

TastydeliciousappetizingTempting

repulsiveawfulgrossdisgusting


E I







E I

REsuLTs

Perceived desirability of Health food

Consumption of Healthy food

future Health bias


REsuLTs


analysis of Variance for Phase: appetizing and Craving

Treatment: Healthy foods

p > 0.0294*

appe

tizi

ng

crav

ing

p > 0.0315*

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3phase

ANOVA of app health By phase, treatment=1

1

2

3

4

5

1 2 3phase

ANOVA of crave healthy By phase, treatment=1

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treatment control

ANOVA of app unhealthy By treatment phase=2

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treatment control

ANOVA of crave unhealhty By treatment phase=2

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treatment=1, gender=1

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s1-app6

1 2 3 4bmi group

ANOVA of app healthy By bmi group phase=3, treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treat=1, bmi group=3

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no yes no yesdiet

ANOVA of app healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1

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diet

ANOVA of crave healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of app health By phase, treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of crave healthy By phase, treatment=1

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treatment control

ANOVA of app unhealthy By treatment phase=2

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treatment control

ANOVA of crave unhealhty By treatment phase=2

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treatment=1, gender=1

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s1-app6

1 2 3 4bmi group

ANOVA of app healthy By bmi group phase=3, treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of app unhealthy By phase treat=1, bmi group=3

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no yes no yesdiet

ANOVA of app healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1

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diet

ANOVA of crave healthy By diet phase=3, treatment=1

Treatment: Healthy foods


REsuLTs


Summary

Short-term effects of treatment

• appetite for healthy foods

• Cravings for healthy foods

Participants who were dieting exhibited greater short-term effects

long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure)

• Cravings for healthy foods

Participants who were obese exhibited greater long-term effects

*variance in control group suggests the timing (without priming screens) has effect


REsuLTs


Summary


No significant effect overall


• Consumption of healthy foods

Participants who were average weight ate a greater proportion of healthy foods


REsuLTs

future health bias

analysis of Variance for Phase: implicit association test

Treatment: Healthy / future Phase 2: Healthy / future

p > 0.001* p > 0.004*

0

100

200

300

400

1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT health/future By phase treatment=1

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400

1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT desirable/healthy By phase treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT unhealthy/immediate By phase treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT undesirable/unhealthy By phase treatment=1

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150

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450

600

1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT desirable/future By phase treatment=1

treatmentcontrol

ANOVA of IAT future/health By treatment phase=2

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT health/future By phase treatment=1

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400

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT desirable/healthy By phase treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT unhealthy/immediate By phase treatment=1

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1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT undesirable/unhealthy By phase treatment=1

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450

600

1 2 3phase

ANOVA of IAT desirable/future By phase treatment=1

treatmentcontrol

ANOVA of IAT future/health By treatment phase=2

resp

onse

tim

e

resp

onse

tim

e


REsuLTs

future health bias

Summary


• future health biases (stronger associations between healthy, future, desirable)

• associations between healthy, future, desirable

• associations between unhealthy and undesirable

• Present health biases

Participants who were dieting held a stronger association between healthy and desirable


• or • future health biases

• Present health biases


REsuLTs

overall Summary

Summary

1. future health bias (short- and long-term effects)

2. Perceived desirability of healthy foods (short-term effects, some long-term effects)

3. Proportion of healthy food consumed (some long-term effects)


COnCLusIOn

addressing the research Questions

Implications for Healthcare

Implications of design


to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foodsinfluence the proportion of healthy food consumedinfluence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?

cause

strategy

when

Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

who

aDDREssInG ThE REsEaRCh QuEsTIOns


to what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times for one week influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods

there was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups

influence the proportion of healthy food consumedinfluence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?

cause

strategy

when

Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

who





influence the proportion of healthy food consumedthere was not a significant difference

influence future health biasesamong young adult college students at risk for obesity?

cause

strategy

when

Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

who





influence the proportion of healthy food consumedthere was not a significant difference

influence future health biasesthere was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups

among young adult college students at risk for obesity?

cause

strategy

when

Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

who



ImpLICaTIOns fOR hEaLThCaRE sTRaTEGIEs

Healthcare is part of our daily decisions

address mindsets and biases related to health in addition to management

lockscreen on the mobile phone is a convenient delivery space for feedforward

lifestyle change does not need to be about self-control and will power

Change occurred without effort, but could be supplemented with reflective tools


ImpLICaTIOns fOR ThE DEsIGn DIsCIpLInE

research for design: Contributing to the knowledge base

offers a design theory for supporting emotive learning

responds to contemporary design approaches (feedback models)

grounded in empirical research

Tested using a naturalistic experiment

applicable to contemporary social issues

Identifies a territory for design within a multi-disciplinary conversation

accountability for the effects of design


YOuR TuRn

The Hope



life

YOuR TuRn

The predicament



lifechange

YOuR TuRn

atmospheres of impact

what change do you want to make? find the gap in each atmosphere.


things

behaviors

beliefs

culture

things

behaviors

beliefs

culture

YOuR TuRn

Intended experiences

what experiences do you want to create and reinforce?


exPerIeNCe

YOuR TuRn


Feedforward Presentation to the University of Illinois

Design

Transcript of Feedforward Presentation to the University of Illinois