FEATURES OF FEATURES OF TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION

By :Gratiana SamaAri ListianiAgnes

7.1What Influences the 7.1What Influences the translatortranslator?

The potential influence and constraint the translator and on the process of translation is often placed on that exerted by the source language.

The term ‘translationese’ is a common description for translated language that appears to be influenced by the source language, usually in an inappropriate way or to undue extent.

Cont’

For example (pg. 91) : Johansson and Hofland (2000), In their study of various aspects of English and

Norwegian modal auxiliaries and modal particles, observe that the choices made in translation tend to reflect source-text influence.

.

Explicitation

SIMPLIFICATION

7.2. Baker’s Features of Translation 7.2. Baker’s Features of Translation 7.2. Baker’s Features of Translation 7.2. Baker’s Features of Translation

The idea that translators subconsciously simplify the language or message or both

The tendency to spell things out in translation, including in its simplest form, the practice of adding background information.

Normalisation or

Conservatism

The tendency to conform to patterns and practices that are typical of the target language, even the point of exaggerating them.

Levelling Out

the tendency of translated text to gravitate around the centre of any continuum rather than move towards the fringes

Cont’

7.2.1. Are Translation Features Universal?

Baker (1993)

• explains universal features of translation as being “features which typically occur in translated text rather than original utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistics systems”.

• The universal features of translation concern simplification, explicitation, normalization and levelling out.

7.2.2. ExplicitationBaker (1993)

Involves adding material in the target text that is implicit in the source text.

It means that the translator expands the target text by inserting additional words to be more explicit on a number of levels than non-translated texts

Explicitation is observed in the way in which cultural information is spelled out for target-language readers who would not be familiar with the cultural references of the source text.

Example of Explicitation:

SL: “Bodies stripped bare, mutilated and left to rot in the sun”.

TL: “Tubuh mereka ditelanjangi dan dipotong-potong dan

dibiarkan membusuk di terik matahari”

Cont’

The above sentence demonstrates additional words to make the meaning clear without altering the significance; the word mereka is added to point whose bodies that are stripped, dipotong-potong as a reduplication word of Indonesian refers to mutilated, and terik matahari is to clarify the hotness of the sun where the bodies left to rot in. It was done in order to get a better and exact perceptive dealing with what actually say in the scene. Therefore, the TL is in an accurate sense in such a way.

7.2.3.Normalization or Conservatism

Baker Baker (1996:176-7)(1996:176-7)

“ The tendency to conform to patterns and practices which are typical of the target language, even to the point of exaggerating them.In this way, translation uses language in a more conventional or normalized way than non- translated texts”

Normalization or conservatism refers to concepts of ‘domesticating’ (keeping the form) and ‘foreignizing’ (adapting the meaning) translation.

L. Venuti (1995:19

-20)

Example of Normalization

Concept of Domestication : SL : “He was killed in the war”

TL : Dia gugur di medan perang

Concept of foreignization : SL : as white as snow TL : seputih salju

7.2.4. SIMPLIFICATION

• This phenomenon is reflected in various strategies including the breaking up of long sentences, omission of redundant or repeated information , shortening of complex collocations, etc.

• Example: Source language: “…trees will come back to live here.

Young trees, wild trees.”Target language: “…pohon-pohon muda liar akan hidup

disini.”

7.2.5. LEVELLING OUT

The tendency of translated text to gravitate towards the centre of a continuum rather than move towards the fringes (Baker 1996: 184).

Laviosa (1998c) shows low variance in both translational and non-translational corpora

7.2.6. CO-OCCURRENCE OF FEATURES

Co-occurrence is occurrence of the two terms from a text corpus along side each other in a certain order (www.wikipedia.com)

In their study of the optional reporting that, Olohan and Baker (2000) state linguistics literature on use and omission of that with range of verbs indicates omission to be more likely in informal contexts

Olohan and Baker (2000)

Cont’ Olohan (2003) - in the framework of both explicitation and normalization -

contracted forms in translated fiction and biography text (a subset of the TEC) compared with non-translation (a subset of the imaginative writing section of the BNC).

BNC text are more likely to omit that and use contractions; the TEC text are

more likely to include that and not use contractions.

CONCLUSION

The universal features of translation is viewed as a language activity which is different from original text productions and translation itself presents features explicitation, simplification, normalization and levelling out different from those of original language as well.