Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language

Features of mediated discourse

A corpus investigation of translated and edited language

Mario Bisiada

Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED)

Research seminar

11 December 2015

Editing and translation Passive voice and discourse structure Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives

Table of Contents

1 Editing and translation

Manuscripts in corpus research

Research lines: Editing for readability

Research lines: Edited language as mediated discourse

Corpus details & study objectives

2 Passive voice and discourse structure

English-German contrasts

Translation and grammatical metaphor

The passive as textual grammatical metaphor?

3 Preliminary findings: Passive alternatives

Passive alternatives

Findings on passive alternatives

Hypotheses & open questions

Mario Bisiada | @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de Grup d’Estudis del Discurs (GED) Research seminar

Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language

Editorial influence in translation

Translated text

Manuscript

translation

Published

translation

Translated text

Manuscript

translation

Published

translation

Translated text

Manuscript

translation

Published

translation

Stages in translated document production

Stage Sub-process Agent Product

Planning Original author

Writing1

Translating Original author

Reviewing Original author Source text

Orientation Translator

Translation2

Dra�ing Translator Dra�

Revising Reviser Manuscript

Stylistic editing Editor

Copyediting Editor

Publication Structural editing Editor

Content editing Editor

Publication Publisher Target text

adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)

adopted from Jakobsen (1999)

Stages in translated document production

Stage Sub-process Agent Product

Planning Original author

Writing1

Translating Original author

Reviewing Original author Source text

Orientation Translator

Translation2

Dra�ing Translator Dra�

Revising Reviser Manuscript

Stylistic editing Editor |

Copyediting Editor |

Publication Structural editing Editor |

Content editing Editor ∨Publication Publisher Target text

adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)

adopted from Jakobsen (1999)

Manuscript-based corpus research

Proposals in the literature

“successive stages of individual a�empts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)

“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product

evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation

through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the

product” (Baker 1993: 247)

“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)

“valuable [. . . ] window into the working practice of a

translator” (Munday 2013: 126)

⇒ process-based research, revision studies

Cognitive approaches to studying translated language

process-based research (Göpferich & Jääskeläinen 2009; Alves

& Vale 2011)

studies of self-revision (Brune�e et al. 2005; Parra Galiano 2005;

Künzli 2005)

Product-based research

empirical strength: “authentic data a�ested in texts” (Kenny 2009)

↪→ published sources

neglects linguistic changes made during editing

Main argument

Editors exert influence on translated language

↪→ corpus research should draw on manuscripts

& Vale 2011)

Künzli 2005)

Main argument

& Vale 2011)

Künzli 2005)

Main argument

& Vale 2011)

Künzli 2005)

Main argument

Applications

Corpus studies of editing

Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”

UPF translation research (on literary texts: Sinner 2012; on

sentence spli�ing: Bisiada 2014; on French–Spanish

translation: Andújar Moreno Forthcoming; on mediation

universals: Bisiada Forthcoming)

Main research lines into editing

1 readability studies

2 “mediated discourse”

Applications

Research line: Editing and readability

“Strategy of anticipation” (Bisaillon 2007)

Editors search for certain anticipated problems, e.g. “overlong

sentences”, “irrelevant use of impersonal pronouns”

Automatisms in copyediting (Bisaillon 2007; Robert 2014)

minimise reflection time for grammar/syntax problems

50%–75% of recorded editing: immediate solutions

⇒ pursuing readability with li�le reflection for discourse ma�ers?

Does editing improve readability?

Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)

101 original research manuscripts from 1992

before and a�er peer review/editing process

Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal

contract: 18)

17.16 before, 16.85 a�er editing

published texts longer by 2.6%

does this reflect peer review or editing?

→ No evidence in favour – more studies are needed!

contract: 18)

before and a�er peer review/editing processGunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal

contract: 18)

Research line: Translating, editing. . . : → mediation?

“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)

“communicating in a non-native language [. . . ] or any form of

communication that involves relaying messages, such as

reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)

“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)

translation, criticism, editing. . . = rewriting (“mediated discourse”)

↪→ “processed, or rewri�en, for particular audiences and thus

mediated for a purpose”→ “mediation universals”

mediated for a purpose”

→ “mediation universals”

Are there “mediation universals”?

“in some sense, all writing is

co-authored” (Schindler &

Wolfe 2014: 160)

don’t most texts report on

some event or discourse?

Which communication is not

constrained/mediated?

Wolfe 2014: 160)

Investigating the notion of “Mediated discourse”

Kruger (2012): translation universals in “mediated discourse”

normalisation, explicitation & simplification in “mediated”

(translated, edited) and “unmediated” (unedited) text

1.2 million word corpus

translations Afrikaans–English

edited & unedited English non-translations

academic, instructional, popular and reportage texts

→ no evidence of shared “mediation e�ect”

translators favour “explicit and standardised language”

editors “introduce collocational variety”

drawback: no edited translations studied

Editing and translation

Some conclusions

editors make structural changes without much reflection

↪→ “algorithm-like behaviour”: on encountering because, split the

sentence

Editing and translating are di�erent mediation processes

↪→ should be studied separately

“mediated discourse” too widely applicable to be useful

Editing and translation

Some conclusions

editors make structural changes without much reflection

↪→ “algorithm-like behaviour”: on encountering because, split the

sentence

Editing and translating are di�erent mediation processes

↪→ should be studied separately

“mediated discourse” too widely applicable to be useful

Current study

Research assumptions

Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process →published translations may di�er significantly from manuscripts.

↪→ Studying published translations alone may yield misleading

results in studying features of translated language

Three items of study

sentence spli�ing (see Bisiada 2014)

grammatical metaphor (nominalisations)

passive constructions

Current study

ModevigTrad

Title Evidencialidad y epistemicidad en textos de géneros

discursivos evaluativos. Análisis contrastivo y

traducción (FFI2014-57313-P)

PI Montserrat González Condom

Genre Discourse genres that show a high degree of

metaphorical language and modalisation

Supported by the

Spanish Ministry of Economy

and Competitiveness

Corpus details

Corpus architecture

Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager

Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion

articles

Dates: 2006–2011

Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)

Source texts (English) – 104,678 words

Manuscript translations (German) – 106,829 words

Published translations (German) – 104,448 words

Corpus details

Corpus architecture

articles

Dates: 2006–2011

Corpus details

Corpus architecture

articles

Dates: 2006–2011

Corpus details

Corpus architecture

articles

Dates: 2006–2011

Corpus details

Corpus architecture

articles

Dates: 2006–2011

Corpus details

Corpus architecture

articles

Dates: 2006–2011

Corpus details

Corpus architecture

articles

Dates: 2006–2011

How do HBM editors work?

Do editors consult the source text?

Yes—“. . . legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard

Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”

[‘. . .we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and

compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]

What do they look for?

“. . . formulieren [wir] Substantivierungen und Passivkonstruktionen

um. . . ”

[‘. . .we reformulate nominalisations and passive constructions. . . ’]

How do HBM editors work?

Do editors consult the source text?

Yes—“. . . legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard

Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”

[‘. . .we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and

compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]

What do they look for?

“. . . formulieren [wir] Substantivierungen und Passivkonstruktionen

um. . . ”

[‘. . .we reformulate nominalisations and passive constructions. . . ’]

Passive voice and discourse structure

Passive voice changes the mapping of the roles of Actor, Process and

Goal “onto the interpersonal functions in the modal structure of the

clause” (Halliday & Ma�hiessen 2004: 182).

Active

Theme Rheme

The owl caught the mouse.

Actor Process Goal

Passive

Theme Rheme

The mouse was caught by the owl.

Goal Process Actor

Active

Theme Rheme

Actor Process Goal

Passive

Theme Rheme

Goal Process Actor

Active

Theme Rheme

Actor Process Goal

Passive

Theme Rheme

Goal Process Actor

English-German contrasts I

English-German passive contrasts

English GermanAny participant can become the

subject

Only participants that are direct

objects in active can become the

subject of the passive sentence

(Teich 2003: 96)

Strict word order→ passive ma-

jor option to assign roles

Freer word order through case

markings→more options to as-

sign theme role (Kunz 2010: 164)

No restriction on Actors Actor/subject conflation only

for animate/conscious entities

(Kunz 2010: 166)

English-German contrasts I

During their initial training, employees are given the freedom to

make judgment calls.

In den Einführungskur-

sen wird Mitarbeiterngesta�et, nach eigenem

Gutdünken zu entscheiden.

Schon in der Einarbeitungs-

phase dürfen Mitarbeiter

selbstständig entscheiden.

[‘In the introductory courses,

it is permi�ed for employees

to decide for themselves.’]

[‘As early as the initial train-

ing, employees may decide

autonomously.’]

English-German contrasts II

subject

(Teich 2003: 96)

(Kunz 2010: 166)

English-German contrasts II

The legitimacy to chart such a radical path forward is notconferred by title alone; it must be earned.

Die Legitimation für die Be-

schreitung eines derart radi-

kalen Wegs ist nicht allein

durch einen Titel gegeben;

sie muss verdient werden.

Das Recht, einen derart ra-

dikalen Weg zu beschreiten,

erwirbt man sich nicht allein

durch den Titel eines CEOs;

es muss verdient werden.

[‘The legitimation for chart-

ing such a radical path is not

conferred by title alone; it

must be earned.’]

[‘One does not earn the right

to chart such a radical path

by title of a CEO alone; it

must be earned.’]

English-German contrasts III

subject

(Teich 2003: 96)

(Kunz 2010: 166)

English-German contrasts III

Source text3

To solve such problems, plants have evolved two strategies which

they superimpose upon photosynthesis.

Target text

Zur Lösung solcher Probleme haben sich bei den Pflanzen zwei

Mechanismen herausgebildet, von denen die Photosynthese über-

lagert wird.

[‘For the solution of this problem, two mechanisms have evolved in

plants by which photosynthesis becomes overlaid.’]

Example taken from Steiner (2004: 145).

The voice system and the textual metafunction

The passive allows the language user to vary the mappings of

participant roles in order to allow non-Actors to become the

Theme of a sentence.

Voice system, Theme/Rheme

serve to structure discourse according to given and new

information

part of the textual metafunction in SFL (Eggins 2004: 296)

The voice system and the textual metafunction

The passive allows the language user to vary the mappings of

participant roles in order to allow non-Actors to become the

Theme of a sentence.

Voice system, Theme/Rheme

serve to structure discourse according to given and new

information

part of the textual metafunction in SFL (Eggins 2004: 296)

The textual metafunction and metaphoricity

The textual metafunction (Halliday & Ma�hiessen 2004: 30)

Mode of meaning which relates to the construction of text, [. . .]

build[ing] up sequences of discourse, organizing the discursive flow

and creating cohesion and continuity as it moves along.

decreased use of textual metafunction

↓incongruency (metaphorical use)

The textual metafunction and metaphoricity

The textual metafunction (Halliday & Ma�hiessen 2004: 30)

Mode of meaning which relates to the construction of text, [. . .]

build[ing] up sequences of discourse, organizing the discursive flow

and creating cohesion and continuity as it moves along.

decreased use of textual metafunction

↓incongruency (metaphorical use)

Grammatical metaphor

Metaphorical realisation (Halliday & Ma�hiessen 2004: 593)

“expanding the meaning potential of the language [to] creat[e] a

more complex relationship between semantics and lexicogrammar”

Ideational

People strongly believe

that. . .

The strongest belief of

all is that. . .

↪→ re-mapping

between groups and

clauses

Interpersonal

I think it’s going to

It is probably going to

↪→ modal expression

shi�ed outside the

clause

Textual

Not defined by

Halliday &

Ma�hiessen (2004)

Ideational

that. . .

all is that. . .

↪→ re-mapping

between groups and

clauses

Interpersonal

clause

Textual

Not defined by

Halliday &

Ma�hiessen (2004)

Ideational

that. . .

all is that. . .

↪→ re-mapping

between groups and

clauses

Interpersonal

clause

Textual

Not defined by

Halliday &

Ma�hiessen (2004)

Ideational

that. . .

all is that. . .

↪→ re-mapping

between groups and

clauses

Interpersonal

clause

Textual

Not defined by

Halliday &

Ma�hiessen (2004)

Ideational

that. . .

all is that. . .

↪→ re-mapping

between groups and

clauses

Interpersonal

clause

Textual

Not defined by

Halliday &

Ma�hiessen (2004)

Ideational

that. . .

all is that. . .

↪→ re-mapping

between groups and

clauses

Interpersonal

clause

Textual

Not defined by

Halliday &

Ma�hiessen (2004)

manipulating the voice system

by selecting active or passive

constructions

creating a texture that exhibits

a “marked information focus”

(Halliday & Ma�hiessen 2004:

may metaphorise the text

↪→ But are passive constructions textual metaphors?

manipulating the voice system

by selecting active or passive

constructions

creating a texture that exhibits

a “marked information focus”

(Halliday & Ma�hiessen 2004:

may metaphorise the text

↪→ But are passive constructions textual metaphors?

What makes textual metaphor?

An incongruent realisation in terms of voice (Lassen 2003)

Medium = subject; medium 6= complement

Agent 6= subject

↪→ “thematic tension caused by the fusion of Agency and

Medium/Subject features.” (Lassen 2003: 46)

Active/Passive dichotomy too simple

Is “thematic tension” not rather caused by unexpected

Theme/Rheme progression?

What makes textual metaphor?

An incongruent realisation in terms of voice (Lassen 2003)

Medium = subject; medium 6= complement

Agent 6= subject

↪→ “thematic tension caused by the fusion of Agency and

Medium/Subject features.” (Lassen 2003: 46)

Active/Passive dichotomy too simple

Is “thematic tension” not rather caused by unexpected

Theme/Rheme progression?

Grammatical metaphor and translation

Translation as de-metaphorisation (Steiner 2001)

understand meaning – recreate the understood meaning

↪→ necessarily involves de-metaphorisation.

To what extent do translators metaphorise their texts?

→ “here the process of re-metaphorisation is cut short below the

degree to which it might otherwise go” (Steiner 2001: 15)

⇒ lower frequency of metaphorisation in translations (2001: 11)

Passive use and textual metaphor: examples

Source text (active) Target text (passive)

We have disguised all names

and other identifying informa-

tion about the people and their

company.

Die Namen und andere Daten,

anhand derer die Mitarbeiter

identifiziert werden könnten,

wurden geändert.

Metaphorical?

Passive use and textual metaphor: examples

Source text (active) Target text (passive)

We have disguised all names

and other identifying informa-

tion about the people and their

company.

Die Namen und andere Daten,

anhand derer die Mitarbeiter

identifiziert werden könnten,

wurden geändert.

Metaphorical?

When something happens at

work, it immediately triggers

cognitive, emotional, and motiva-

tional processes.

Wenn auf der Arbeit ein Ereignis

eintri�, werden automatisch Pro-

zesse im Zusammenhang mit Ko-

gnition, Emotion und Motivation

ausgelöst.

Depending on what happens with

these cognitive and emotional

processes, motivation can shi�.

Abhängig davon, was mit diesen

kognitiven und emotionalen Pro-

zessen geschieht, kann sich die

Motivation ändern.

We discerned these processes in

the diaries of every team we stud-

ied and in most of the people who

worked on those teams.

Diese Prozesse ließen sich in den

Tagebüchern aller untersuchten

Teams und bei fast allen Teammit-

gliedern finden.

Some conclusions

Passive use is not necessarily metaphorical/incongruent

Are passive constructions harder to process?

No clear answer given, variable hard

to isolate (overview in Rhodes 1997)

using passive forms increases

. . . reading time (Müller-Feldmeth

et al. 2015: 251)

. . . processing di�iculty (Gorin 2005)

Some conclusions

et al. 2015: 251)

Some conclusions

et al. 2015: 251)

Some conclusions

et al. 2015: 251)

used increasingly o�en in professional and scientific discourse

to keep language economical

more frequent in German non-translated texts than in English

ones (Teich 2003: 181)

3 passive alternatives studied

impersonalisation man

modal passives lassen (‘to let’) + reflexive verb

modal infinitives sein + infinitive phrase

1. man

Diese Tür kann man nicht ö�nen.

One cannot open this door.

On ne peut pas ouvrir ce�e porte.

No se puede abrir esta puerta.

1. man

2. Modal passive

Der Text liest sich leicht.

?The text reads easily.

The bunkhouse sleeps ten.

The surface cleans easily with soap and water.

El texto se lee fácilmente.

2. Modal passive

Passive alternatives: Modal passive

Customer equity has the added benefit of being a good proxy for the value

of the firm.

Die Betrachtung des Werts der

Kunden hat einen weiteren Vor-

teil, denn an ihm lässt sich gut

der Wert des Unternehmens ab-lesen.

Wer den Wert der Kunden be-

trachtet, erhält auch Informa-

tionen über den Wert des Unter-

nehmens.

[‘Considering customer equity

has another benefit because the

value of the company can be

read from it.’]

[‘He who considers the value of

the client also receives informa-

tion about the value of the com-

pany.’]

3. Modal infinitive

Die Aufgabe ist bis 3 Uhr zu lösen. (passive)

The task is to be solved by 3 o’clock.

Hay que resolver la tarea antes de las 3.

“El futuro es para ser vivido, nada está preestablecido” —Luke

Skywalker (“The future is to be lived” → translationese?)

3. Modal infinitive

Passive alternatives: Modal infinitive

Having articulated the value proposition for the customer, companies

must then consider the key processes needed to deliver that value.

Sobald das Nutzenversprechen

für den Kunden steht, ist zuüberlegen, welche Schlüssel-

prozesse erforderlich sind, um

[. . .].

Sobald das Nutzenversprechen

für den Kunden definiert ist,

sollte überlegt werden, wel-

che Schlüsselprozesse erforder-

lich sind, um [. . .].

[‘As soon as the value proposi-

tion for the customer stands, it

is to be considered which key

processes are required to .’]

[‘As soon as the value proposi-

tion for the customer is defined,

it should be considered which

key processes are required to .’]

Mean normalised frequency

TR TR+ED ED

25.43 25.34

n = 27

error bars: SE

F(2,78)=0.39,

p > 0.05

Mean normalised frequencies separated

modal inf.

modal passive

TR TR+ED ED

F(2,78)=7.96,

p < 0.001

modal inf.:F(2,78)=12.26,

p < 0.001

Universals of translation or mediation?

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)More complete/less economical surface realisation in

translation

Frequency of use of dass (‘that’)

More explicit relations between conceptual propositions in text

Frequency of linking adverbials

Frequency of pronominal adverbs

Conjunction vs preposition ratio

2 Normalisation/conservatism

(ED di�. to TR and TR+ED)Degree of unconventional language use

Frequency of lexical bundles

3 Simplification

(TR di�erent to TR+ED and ED)Lexical diversity

Mean word and sentence length

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

More complete/less economical surface realisation in

translation

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

(ED di�. to TR and TR+ED)

Degree of unconventional language use

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

(TR di�erent to TR+ED and ED)

Lexical diversity

1 Explicitation

(No di�erence)

translation

3 Simplification

Lexical diversity

1 Explicitation (No di�erence)More complete/less economical surface realisation in

translation

3 Simplification

Lexical diversity

translation

2 Normalisation/conservatism (ED di�. to TR and TR+ED)Degree of unconventional language use

3 Simplification

Lexical diversity

translation

2 Normalisation/conservatism (ED di�. to TR and TR+ED)Degree of unconventional language use

3 Simplification (TR di�erent to TR+ED and ED)Lexical diversity

Possible Hypotheses

Mediation universals

li�le support for mediation universals

normalisation/conservatism confirmed as translation universal

editors’ influence strongest in simplification universal

↪→ readability

Possible Hypotheses

↪→ readability

Possible Hypotheses

↪→ readability

Possible Hypotheses

Passive constructions

greater amount of modal passives in translations

non-translated German articles use man more o�en

→ due to source texts? (more passive/modality in English?)

→ di�ering perception of man/modal forms (acceptability,

formality. . . )?

Possible Hypotheses

formality. . . )?

Possible Hypotheses

formality. . . )?

Possible Hypotheses

formality. . . )?

Current work: true passives

Open questions

Are passive forms textual metaphors?

How about middle passives?

Current work: true passives

Open questions

Are passive forms textual metaphors?

How about middle passives?

Community peer review session

Join my Academia.edu discussion

h�ps://www.academia.edu/s/ba9ea02c95

read the full paper reporting the study of mediation universals

help improve the paper by commenting on the dra�

Thank you for your a�ention!

Contact:

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Slides:

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Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language

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