Features Associated with Features Associated with Foraging LifewaysForaging Lifeways

Production Based on Technological Production Based on Technological MasteryMastery

From nomadic to semi-nomadic to From nomadic to semi-nomadic to sedentarysedentary

Organization of GroupsOrganization of Groups Property & OwnershipProperty & Ownership Distribution of ResourcesDistribution of Resources Nutritionally Balanced DietNutritionally Balanced Diet Low Energy BudgetsLow Energy Budgets Economic Production GeneralistsEconomic Production Generalists Kinship and Division of Labor Kinship and Division of Labor

Features Associated with Features Associated with Pastoral LifewaysPastoral Lifeways

Production Based on Sophisticated Production Based on Sophisticated TechnologyTechnology

Nomadic LifestyleNomadic Lifestyle Large PopulationsLarge Populations Property OwnershipProperty Ownership Energy BudgetEnergy Budget Kinship and Division of LaborKinship and Division of Labor Distribution of GoodsDistribution of Goods

Features Associated with Features Associated with Extensive Agricultural Extensive Agricultural (Horticulture) Lifeways(Horticulture) Lifeways

Production Based on Extensive Production Based on Extensive TechnologyTechnology

Sedentary LifestyleSedentary Lifestyle Larger Groups and Kinship StructuresLarger Groups and Kinship Structures Property and OwnershipProperty and Ownership Poorer NutritionPoorer Nutrition Higher Energy BudgetHigher Energy Budget Economic Production GeneralistsEconomic Production Generalists Division of LaborDivision of Labor Distribution of GoodsDistribution of Goods

HorticulturalistsHorticulturalists

Kuikuro (Brazil): grow cassava & Kuikuro (Brazil): grow cassava & maize in rainforest. Also fish and maize in rainforest. Also fish and hunt.hunt.

First Nations (northeastern First Nations (northeastern North America): maize, North America): maize, beans,squashbeans,squash

Hopi: corn, beans, squash, turkeys Dayak (Borneo): rice; rubber & fruit tree

The KaluliThe Kaluli

New Guinea HorticulturalistsNew Guinea Horticulturalists

SettlementsSettlements

• PatrilocalPatrilocal village (lineages from several patri- village (lineages from several patri-clans)clans)• Built on ridges throughout dense forestBuilt on ridges throughout dense forest• One longhouse w/several smaller houses One longhouse w/several smaller houses around clearingaround clearing

Subsistence ActivitiesSubsistence Activities

Forest near village. Click Forest near village. Click on photo for video of on photo for video of harvesting sago palm harvesting sago palm starchstarch

PandanusPandanus

BreadfruiBreadfruitt

Sweet potatoesSweet potatoes

BananBananasasSugarcanSugarcan

ee

Trade and ManufactureTrade and Manufacture Hornbill beaks & strings of dogs’ Hornbill beaks & strings of dogs’

teeth (west)teeth (west) Tree oil (south)Tree oil (south) Salt, tobacco, women’s aprons Salt, tobacco, women’s aprons

(north)(north)

Made a variety of toolsMade a variety of tools• Stone adzesStone adzes• Bows, saws, digging Bows, saws, digging stickssticks• Net bagsNet bags• Penis sheathsPenis sheaths• Extravagant Extravagant ceremonial ceremonial

CostumesCostumes

Division of LaborDivision of Labor Gender roles clearly differentiatedGender roles clearly differentiated WomenWomen

Tend gardens, look after pigs, hunt small forest Tend gardens, look after pigs, hunt small forest game, gather small protein sourcesgame, gather small protein sources

Process sagoProcess sago Socialize childrenSocialize children

MenMen Organize their labor as group activityOrganize their labor as group activity Cut down and divide treesCut down and divide trees Clear large garden plotsClear large garden plots Build dams and fencesBuild dams and fences PlantPlant

Social OrganizationSocial Organization No formal system of controlNo formal system of control

Gossip, ostracism, fear of supernatural sanctionsGossip, ostracism, fear of supernatural sanctions Kinship and DescentKinship and Descent

Exogamous, patrilineal clansExogamous, patrilineal clans Scattered throughout all longhouse villagesScattered throughout all longhouse villages In any longhouse: localized lineages of 2+ clansIn any longhouse: localized lineages of 2+ clans

Each individual claims kinships to both mother’s and Each individual claims kinships to both mother’s and father’s groupsfather’s groups

Paternal kin: provide ties within the longhousePaternal kin: provide ties within the longhouse Maternal kin: provide ties across longhousesMaternal kin: provide ties across longhouses

Most important ties: sibship (siblings and parallel Most important ties: sibship (siblings and parallel cousins)cousins)

MarriageMarriage

Clan Clan exogamyexogamy Arranged by eldersArranged by elders in groom’s in groom’s

longhouselonghouse Bride & groom usually not toldBride & groom usually not told Woman is selected and Woman is selected and bridewealthbridewealth

collectedcollected Is a relationship between Is a relationship between

longhouseslonghouses

The giving and sharing of The giving and sharing of foodfood

A fundamental theme in Kahuli lifeA fundamental theme in Kahuli life

Sharing of food is the expected normSharing of food is the expected norm Promotes friendship & familiarityPromotes friendship & familiarity Is a vehicle for showing fondnessIs a vehicle for showing fondness Is one of the primary ways of relating to Is one of the primary ways of relating to

kidskids If food can’t be shared, consume it If food can’t be shared, consume it

discreetlydiscreetly The do NOT share food because of The do NOT share food because of

obligations of a relationship; instead they obligations of a relationship; instead they ACTUALIZE the relationship through giving ACTUALIZE the relationship through giving food.food.

Kaluli Dancers & Kaluli Dancers & LonghouseLonghouse

Features Associated with Features Associated with Intensive Agricultural LifewaysIntensive Agricultural Lifeways

Production Based on More Levels of Production Based on More Levels of TechnologyTechnology

Sedentary LifestyleSedentary Lifestyle Stratified SocietiesStratified Societies Property OwnershipProperty Ownership Poor-Quality NutritionPoor-Quality Nutrition Lower Energy BudgetLower Energy Budget Economic Production SpecialistsEconomic Production Specialists Division of LaborDivision of Labor Systems of DistributionSystems of Distribution