Fea and cfd analysis of wind turbine using solidworks

Figure 1 Windmill (Matthew P Rader, n.d)

FEA AND CFD

ANALYSIS OF WIND

TURBINE USING

SOLIDWORKS Submitted on 29-June-2020

ABSTRACT The wind is a renewable and sustainable source of energy. The need for a shift to a sustainable energy source in increasing day by day. Wind turbines are used to harvest electricity from kinetic energy found in wind. The aim of this project is to analyze an existing wind turbine 3D model using Solidworks and based on the results suitable design improvements are suggested.

Sreeshob Sindhu Anand Applied Computational Modelling

https://unsplash.com/photos/f5Ue0h_QQNI

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Contents 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4

2. Design Specifications ................................................................................................................................ 5

2.1 Initial Design ........................................................................................................................................ 5

2.1.1 Pole .............................................................................................................................................. 6

2.1.2 Hub ............................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1.3 Blade ............................................................................................................................................ 6

2.1.4 Assembly ...................................................................................................................................... 6

2.2 Final Design ......................................................................................................................................... 6

2.3 Material Selection ............................................................................................................................... 7

3 Method ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

3.1 CFD Analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 8

3.2 Finite Element Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 11

3.2.1 Material Selection ...................................................................................................................... 11

3.2.2 Contact Sets ............................................................................................................................... 11

3.2.3 Fixtures ....................................................................................................................................... 15

3.2.3 External Loads ............................................................................................................................ 16

3.2.4 Mesh .......................................................................................................................................... 16

4. Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

4.1 CFD Results ........................................................................................................................................ 17

4.2 Finite Element Analysis Results ......................................................................................................... 23

4.2.1 Mesh Convergence Study .......................................................................................................... 27

5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................................ 29

5.1 Initial design analysis findings ........................................................................................................... 29

5.2 Design improvements: ...................................................................................................................... 29

5.3 Comparison of CFD analysis on initial and final design: ................................................................... 29

5.4 Comparison of FEA results of initial and final design: ...................................................................... 29

5.5 Sources of Errors and ........................................................................................................................ 30

5.6 Design limitations.............................................................................................................................. 30

7. Glossary and List of Abbreviations .......................................................................................................... 31

8. Reference ................................................................................................................................................ 32

9. Student Declaration ................................................................................................................................ 33

10. Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 34

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List of Figures

Figure 1 Windmill (Matthew P Rader, n.d) ................................................................................................... 0

Figure 2 Windmill Model (Sharma. 2015) ..................................................................................................... 4

Figure 3 Improved Design ............................................................................................................................. 4

Figure 4 Design of Pole, Hub and Blade (Sharma.2015) ............................................................................... 5

Figure 5 Base of the pole .............................................................................................................................. 7

Figure 6 Improved pole design. .................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 7 Steps to select the flow parameters ............................................................................................... 8

Figure 8 Computational domain for improved design .................................................................................. 9

Figure 9 Basic Mesh for initial design model .............................................................................................. 10

Figure 10 Material Properties ..................................................................................................................... 11

Figure 12 Fixture for final design ............................................................................................................... 15

Figure 11 Fixture for initial design .............................................................................................................. 15

Figure 13 Initial design pressure plot .......................................................................................................... 19

Figure 14 Final Design pressure plot ........................................................................................................... 19

Figure 15 Velocity Plot of initial design ....................................................................................................... 20

Figure 16 Velocity Plot for final design ....................................................................................................... 20

Figure 17 Surface plot of initial design........................................................................................................ 21

Figure 18 Surface plot of final design ......................................................................................................... 21

Figure 19 Flow trajectories of initial design ................................................................................................ 22

Figure 20 Flow trajectories of final design .................................................................................................. 22

Figure 21 Stress plot of initial design .......................................................................................................... 24

Figure 22 Stress plot of final design ............................................................................................................ 25

Figure 23 Displacement plot of initial design.............................................................................................. 25

Figure 24 Displacement plot of final design ............................................................................................... 26

Figure 25 Factor of safety plot of initial design .......................................................................................... 26

Figure 26 Factor of safety plot of final design ............................................................................................ 27

Figure 27 Initial Design (DOF vs Displacement) Plot ................................................................................... 28

Figure 28 Initial Design (DOF vs Stress) Plot ............................................................................................... 28

Figure 29 Final Design (DOF vs Displacement) Plot .................................................................................... 28

Figure 30 Final Design (DOF vs Stress) Plot ................................................................................................. 28

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List of Tables

Table 1 Material Properties .......................................................................................................................... 7

Table 2 Flow Parameters .............................................................................................................................. 8

Table 3 Goals Set ........................................................................................................................................... 9

Table 4 Mass properties .............................................................................................................................. 10

Table 5 Contact Sets with figures................................................................................................................ 12

Table 6 Resultant Forces for the final design .............................................................................................. 16

Table 7 Resultant forces for the initial design ............................................................................................ 16

Table 8 Mesh details for initial and final design ......................................................................................... 17

Table 9 CFD results for the initial design .................................................................................................... 18

Table 10 CFD results for final design ........................................................................................................... 18

Table 11 Initial design FEA results............................................................................................................... 23

Table 12 Final design FEA results ................................................................................................................ 23

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1. Introduction New Zealand has the best wind resources among any country in the world because of its

geographical location. There are places in New Zealand where the wind blows hard enough 97%

of the time in a year to power the wind turbines. This means that the wind turbines in these

locations can generate electricity 363 days of the year. But there is room for improvement in the

wind turbine designs. The main disadvantages of wind energy are the initial cost and technology

immaturity. Manufacturing and construction of wind farms are extremely expensive, but the

positive thing is that after the construction the fuel for wind turbines (Wind) is free and the

maintenance costs are very less compared to other forms of energy. The manufacturing costs can

be reduced by improving the design and materials used.

In the modern era the engineers use simulation tools to solve engineering problems for the design and development process. Solidworks is one of the most widely used software for simulation. This is an efficient analytical tool that allows the creator to visualize the actions of elements under various conditions. For this experiment we use Solidworks to do the FEA and CFD.

The aim of this project is to improve the design model of a wind turbine that is created by Vimoh

Sharma in Solidworks. The 3D model is downloaded from the Grabcad library. To make design

improvements we need to know the forces acting on the turbine and the stress due to the force.

First CFD and FEA analysis is conducted on the initial design and then according to the results the

initial design is improved to get better results. Refer to figure 2 and 3 to look at the initial and

final designs. The detailed 2D drawings of both the designs are included in the appendix of this

report.

Figure 3 Improved Design Figure 2 Windmill Model (Sharma. 2015)

https://grabcad.com/library/windmill-13

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Based on the CFD and FEA results on the initial design, the final design is created. In the initial

design the pole holding the blades and the hub was of same diameter. So, the stress on the base

of the pole was much more than the yield strength of the material. In the final design, the

diameter of the base of the pole is increased and CFD and FEA is done on the improved design.

2. Design Specifications

2.1 Initial Design For this experiment the design model of wind turbine is downloaded from Grabcad library. The

3D model of wind turbine is created by Vimoh Sharma and uploaded to Grabcad library. The

design consists of 3 main parts, the pole with the rotor and shaft, the hub, and the blade. All the

components are assembled by mate tool in Solidworks to make the design model. All the contact

surfaces are connected by bonded contact sets. Refer to figure 4 for the isometric views of each

parts. The 2D drawings each part is attached in the appendix.

Three-part design:

• Pole

• Hub

• Blade

Figure 4 Design of Pole, Hub and Blade (Sharma.2015)

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2.1.1 Pole

The pole has a uniform diameter through its whole length as shown in figure 4. Above the pole

the shaft and the rotor box are mounted. The shaft is to attach the hub which holds the three

blades of the wind turbine. The 2D drawings of the pole is attached in the appendix.

Length of the pole = 3000mm

Diameter = 80 mm

Length of shaft = 140.16mm

2.1.2 Hub

The hub has a cylindrical shape with a hemisphere attached in the front by using the fillet tool. It

also has three circular cutouts to hold the blade. It also has a cylindrical cutout in the middle for

attaching it to the shaft. The 2D drawings of the hub is attached in the appendix.

Diameter of hub = 100mm

Diameter of blade cutouts =80mm

Diameter for shaft cutout = 30mm

Length of shaft cutout = 110mm

2.1.3 Blade

The shape of the blade resembles the shape of the sword, it has a small cylindrical section

which is attached to the hub during assembly. Refer figure 4 to look at the blade design.

Total length = 1001.13mm

2.1.4 Assembly

All the three parts are assembled using the mate tool in Solidworks. The hub is inserted into the

shaft till a length of 30mm.The blades are attached to the three cutouts in the hub.

2.2 Final Design The design improvements are made based on the FEA and CFD results performed on the initial

model. The design improvements are only made to the pole, as per the new design the

diameter of the pole gradually increases from top to bottom as shown in figure 6. This is done

to reduce the stress on the lower section of the pole. A base is added to the hold the pole firmly

to the ground, refer to figure 6 for the design. No changes are made to the hub and blades. The

2D drawings of both the base and improved design of pole in included in the appendix.

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Figure 6 Improved pole design.

The same assembly technique for the initial design is used, all the parts are assembled with

mate tool and using only bonded contact sets.

2.3 Material Selection The latest materials used to manufacture wind turbines are fiber reinforced glass and carbon

fiber composites. In this experiment we are selecting carbon fiber composites which has better

properties than the fiber reinforced glass. The difference between the material is its costs, the

carbon fiber composites are much more expensive.

Table 1 Material Properties

Property Value Units

Elastic Modulus 70000 N/mm^2

Poisson’s Ratio 0.4-0.8 Not Applicable

Shear Modulus 4000 N/mm^2

Mass Density 1780 Kg/m^3

Tensile Strength 2000 N/mm^2

Yield Strength 60 N/mm^2

Thermal Expansion Co-efficient 2.1E-06 /K

Figure 5 Base of the pole

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3 Method In this project FEA and CFD analysis is done on both initial design and improved design. For the

analysis and making design improvements Solidworks is used. First the CFD analysis is

performed on the initial design and the results from the CFD analysis is used to get the external

loads in the FEA analysis. Then from the analysis of the initial design, design improvements are

made to reduce the stress in the critical areas and make the design safer.

3.1 CFD Analysis The CFD analysis (Flow simulation) in Solidworks enables the designers to understand the

effects of moving fluids (liquids and gases) around their design. The Flow simulation in

Solidworks can simulate fluid flow, heat transfer and fluid forces on the design, which helps the

designers to calculate design performance and capabilities.

In this project the CFD analysis is done on both the designs. For both the design analysis all the

parameters are the same. This is because here a design improvement is made, the flow type

and boundary conditions are not changing.

Table 2 Flow Parameters

Analysis Type

External

Fluid

Air (Gases)

Velocity in Z direction

100 m/s

Figure 7 Steps to select the flow parameters

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Here the wind flows around the wind turbine therefore the flow is external, and the fluid is air.

So, in the wizard external flow and air is selected. The speed of the air is taken as 100 m/s as an

extreme condition.

The next step is to set the computational domain. This is the space in which Solidworks

simulates the fluid flow, always the 3D model should be inside the computational domain to

obtain correct results. Refer figure 8 to look at the computational domain.

Figure 8 Computational domain for improved design

Table 3 Goals Set

Global Goals

Static Pressure

Total Pressure

Density of Air

Velocity of Air

Drag Force

Equation Goals

Drag Coefficient

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All the goals mentioned in the table 3 should be inserted. The equation for Drag Coefficient is:

• Drag Coefficient= (2*{Drag Force})/ (({Density of Air} *{Velocity of Air} ^2) *Surface Area)

The mass properties of two models are shown in table 4.

Table 4 Mass properties

Design Surface Area (m^2)

Mass (Kg) Volume (m^3)

Initial Design 1.66 26.36 0.03

Final Design 1.96 36.22 0.04

Global mesh is created with local mesh level at 3 for both CFD analysis. Figure 9 shows the basic

mesh for the initial design.

Figure 9 Basic Mesh for initial design model

After creating the mesh, the run the study to obtain the results.

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3.2 Finite Element Analysis The finite element analysis in Solidworks is used to test how a design model reacts to physical

effect like bending, heat, vibration, and other impacts. With the help of FEA simulation, its easy

to determine premature design failures, quicker design changes to reduce costs and weight,

determine designs factor of safety.

3.2.1 Material Selection

In the Solidworks materials library a new material is created with the mass properties

mentioned in table 1. The same material is applied to all the components/parts in the assembly.

Figure 10 Material Properties

For the analysis of both the model’s same material as shown in figure 10 is selected.

3.2.2 Contact Sets

All the contact information with images initial model and final model is specified in table 5. There are 8 contact sets and one global contact in the initial design and 9 contact sets and one

global contact in final design. All the contact sets are bonded contact pairs.

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Table 5 Contact Sets with figures

Contact Contact Image Contact Properties

Contact Set-1

Type: Bonded contact pair

Entites: 2 face(s)

Contact Set-2


Entites: 2 face(s)

Contact Set-3


Entites: 2 face(s)

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Contact Set-4


Entites: 2 face(s)

Contact Set-5


Entites: 2 face(s)

Contact Set-6


Entites: 2 face(s)

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Contact Set-7


Entites: 2 face(s)

Contact Set-8


Entites: 2 face(s)

Contact Set-9


Entites: 2 face(s)

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Global Contact

Type: Bonded Component

s: 1 component(s)

Options: Compatible mesh

3.2.3 Fixtures

In both the designs the fixtures are added in the bottom face of the pole.In the improved design

there is a base plate added to the design so the fixture is added in the bottom face of the base.

Figure 12 Fixture for final design

Figure 11 Fixture for initial design

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3.2.3 External Loads

Solidworks incorporates CFD and FEA analysis, this allows the designers to resulting force from

the CFD analysis as the load inputs in the FEA analysis. The results from the CFD analysis is

directly imported to the FEA.

The external loads this analysis is the force due to the fluid flow and the shear stress due to the

fluid flow. The pressure due to the fluid flow around the 3D model exerts a force on the body,

these results are directly loaded from the flow simulation. Table 6 and 7 shows the values of

external loads in initial and final design.

Table 6 Resultant Forces for the final design

Components X Y Z Resultant

Reaction force(N) -37.6251 -221.473 -2089.04 2101.08

Reaction Moment (N.m) 0 0 0 0

Table 7 Resultant forces for the initial design

Components X Y Z Resultant

Reaction force(N) 55.2073 -1577.14 -1506.62 2181.81

Reaction Moment (N.m) 0 0 0 0

3.2.4 Mesh

For the initiand and final design FEA analysis, 6 different mesh is used, and 6 different studies

are conducted. This helps to get more accurate results. Take look at the results to see the mesh

convergence study. Table 8 shows the mesh details with number of nodes and degrees of

freedom.

The 6 different mesh is created to get a much more accurate value for the results like stress,

displacement, and factor of safety.

After creating the mesh, the study is conducted and the stress, displacement and factor of

safety plots are created.

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Table 8 Mesh details for initial and final design

Mesh Initial Design Final Design

Degrees of freedom

Number of Nodes

Degrees of Freedom

Number of nodes

Mesh 1 20550 6874 19806 6833

Mesh 2 23085 7723 23157 7976

Mesh 3 66615 22237 28392 9817

Mesh 4 162750 54328 63393 22010

Mesh 5 348972 116447 128481 44218

Mesh 6 2572965 85112 367890 125897

4. Results In this study the CFD results are used as the external loads in the FEA analysis. For both the

initial design and final design CFD and FEA analysis is conducted. In the FEA analysis mesh

convergence study is also conducted. In CFD Solidworks automatically gets the converged

values for the results.

The main area of focus in CFD analysis is the pressure due to the fluid flow and the shear stress.

4.1 CFD Results All the results for the global goals and equation goals are as shown in table 9 and 10. As we can

see for both the design studies the value of pressure and velocity of air remains same. This is

because both the studies are conducted on the same conditions, so the pressure and velocity of

air is not changed. There is a significant difference in the value of drag force, this is due to the

design improvements made, this is discussed in detail in the discussion section of this report.

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Table 9 CFD results for the initial design

Goal Name Unit Value Average Value Minimum Value Maximum Value

Static Pressure [Pa] 101326.7447 101326.4832 101326.2618 101326.7447

Total Pressure [Pa] 107464.4754 107464.4577 107464.0594 107464.8926

Density of air [kg/m^3] 1.203693958 1.203691761 1.203688699 1.203694928

Velocity of air [m/s] 99.8691924 99.87107801 99.8691924 99.87646197

Drag Force [N] 2552.898977 2569.691199 2547.083631 2616.756919

Drag coefficient No Unit 0.256198381 0.25787427 0.255609643 0.26256859

Table 10 CFD results for final design

Goal Name Unit Value Averaged Value Minimum Value Maximum Value

Static Pressure [Pa] 101342.9495 101342.5812 101341.3582 101342.9495

Total Pressure [Pa] 107441.3848 107441.2793 107440.8392 107441.8942

Density of air [kg/m^3] 1.203756594 1.203753238 1.203745029 1.203756594

Velocity of Air [m/s] 99.49290485 99.49560706 99.49078856 99.51167625

Drag Force [N] 2077.224723 2089.442994 2077.224723 2110.909581

Drag coefficient No Unit 0.177883025 0.178920065 0.177883025 0.18070117

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Figure 14 Final Design pressure plot

Figure 13 Initial design pressure plot

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Figure 15 Velocity Plot of initial design

Figure 16 Velocity Plot for final design

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Figure 17 Surface plot of initial design

Figure 18 Surface plot of final design

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Figure 19 Flow trajectories of initial design

Figure 20 Flow trajectories of final design

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4.2 Finite Element Analysis Results As shown in table 8, six different types of mesh are used to get more accurate results. The mesh

convergence study is conducted, and degrees of freedom vs stress/displacement plots are

created with MATLAB. MATLAB code is attached in the appendix of this report.

Table 11 Initial design FEA results

Mesh DOF

No of Nodes

Displacement (mm)

Max Stress (N/m^2)

Min Stress (N/m^2)

Mesh 1 20550 6874 8.35E+01 7.03E+07 3.10E+02

Mesh 2 23085 7723 8.35E+01 7.12E+07 1.11E+02

Mesh 3 66615 22237 9.27E+01 7.78E+07 1.57E+02

Mesh 4 162750 54328 9.50E+01 7.86E+07 5.48E+01

Mesh 5 348972 116447 9.75E+01 7.73E+07 6.75E+01

Mesh 6 2572965 858112 9.92E+01 7.82E+07 4.78E+01

Table 12 Final design FEA results

Mesh DOF

No of Nodes

Displacement (mm)

Max Stress (N/m^2)

Min Stress (N/m^2)

Mesh 1 19806 6833 2.39E+01 2.09E+07 1.52E+02

Mesh 2 23157 7976 2.52E+01 2.07E+07 7.51E-01

Mesh 3 28392 9817 2.53E+01 2.09E+07 0.00E+00

Mesh 4 63393 22010 2.81E+01 2.26E+07 3.19E-01

Mesh 5 128481 44218 2.82E+01 2.39E+07 6.99E-01

Mesh 6 367890 125897 2.92E+01 2.65E+07 0.00E+00

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The yield strength of the material (Carbon fiber composite) is 60 Mpa, as you can see in the

table 11 the maximum stress (indicated in red) on the initial design exceeds the yield strength

of the material in all mesh. This indicate that the design will fail when the stress is more than

the yield strength of the material.

In the improved design the stress never exceeds the yield strength of the material and so the

new design is safe. In figure 21 and 22 you can see the stress plot of both the designs, in the

final design stress plot there is no red indication which proves that the design is safe.

Figure 21 Stress plot of initial design

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Figure 22 Stress plot of final design

Figure 23 Displacement plot of initial design

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Figure 24 Displacement plot of final design

Figure 25 Factor of safety plot of initial design

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Figure 26 Factor of safety plot of final design

4.2.1 Mesh Convergence Study

To make the FEA results more accurate mesh convergence study is conducted. This is the

reason why six different mesh is used in FEA. The results will be more accurate when fine mesh

is used. To show the mesh convergence the graph DOF vs Stress and DOF vs Displacement are

plotted. MATLAB is used to plot the graphs. The MATLAB codes used to plot the graph is

attached in the appendix of this report. Figure 27 and 28 shows the mesh convergence study of

initial design and figure 29 and 30 shows the mesh convergence study of final design.

From the graph we can state that the values of displacement and stress almost converge when

the DOF increases. This implies that when the mesh is finer and properly refined the results

become more accurate.

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Figure 28 Initial Design (DOF vs Stress) Plot

Figure 30 Final Design (DOF vs Stress) Plot

Figure 27 Initial Design (DOF vs Displacement) Plot

Figure 29 Final Design (DOF vs Displacement) Plot

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5. Discussion The final design is created according to the results obtained for the analysis of the initial design.

After doing the CFD and FEA we came to know where the maximum pressure is acting and the

stress concentration on the initial design.

5.1 Initial design analysis findings

• After the analysis of the initial design, the bottom section of the pole has the maximum

stress and it exceeds the yield strength of the material.

• From the surface plot of the initial design, we can see that the impact of fluid pressure is

more in the cylindrical section (Pole) and is indicate in red.

5.2 Design improvements:

• According to the simulation results the failure is more likely to occur in the bottom

section of the initial design.

• So, the diameter of the bottom section is increased from 80mm to 120mm. Therefore,

from the top to the bottom section the diameter gradually increases.

• Then a base section is added to the design. This is to hold the wind turbine to the

ground firmly. The base section will increase the stress flow and reduce stress

concentration.

5.3 Comparison of CFD analysis on initial and final design:

• The values of pressure, velocity and density remain constant in both the studies (initial

and final design). This is because the initial parameters for the flow are same for the

initial and final design. Refer table 9 and 10 for the CFD results.

• There is a significant difference in Drag force in both the designs. In the new design, the

drag force is less (approximately by 500 N). This implies that the design improvement is

effective, and the design is safer. Refer table 9 ad 10 for the exact values of drag force.

• As you can see from figure 17 and 18, on the initial design the maximum pressure was

on the center of the pole. But after the design improvement the maximum pressure is

now at the top of the pole.

• Even though there is no difference in the maximum value of pressure, the improved

design is much safer and is able withstand the pressure of the fluid. In figure 13 we can

see the section indicated in the red color, this because the pressure much more in that

area. On the other hand, in figure 14 there is no section indicated in red, this implies

that the design is safer.

5.4 Comparison of FEA results of initial and final design:

• From the table 11, in all six different mesh conditions the maximum stress exceeded

the yield strength of the material (60 MPa). In the initial design the maximum stress

value is more than 70 MPa in all mesh types. So, the design will fail at some stage as

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per the simulation results. In figure 21 we can see that maximum stress is acting on

the bottom part of the pole.

• From table 12, in all six mesh types the maximum stress is less than the yield

strength of the material. In all the mesh types the maximum stress value is less than

30 Mpa. So, this implies that the design improvement made is effective and the

design is much safer now.

• Another point to note is that the displacement values for the final design is three

times less than that of the initial design.

5.5 Sources of Errors and

• Physical Approximation errors: These errors arise because of uncertainty in model

formulation and deliberate model simplification. Even though we know all the

parameters used in the model there will a degree of uncertainty, these errors could be

minimized to a certain extent and it becomes negligible. For example, the surface

roughness of the material, always there will be some degree of uncertainty.

• Mesh: In this project a mesh convergence study is conducted for both the designs. But

more advanced mesh options are available, and these could get much more accurate

results. If there is curved surface in the design the curvature mesh option is there in

Solidworks. Also, more advanced mesh techniques like H and P adaptive mesh options

are there.

• Fluid properties: Here the fluid is air and the composition and properties of air cannot

be fully determined. The Solidworks uses the default properties for flow simulation. This

could be minimized by finding the exact composition of the place where the design is

going to be implemented and applying that in Solidworks.

• Temperature: In the flow simulation the temperature is taken as 298K (24.85 C) but in

the real-world condition’s temperature varies with time (its colder in night and hot in

daytime). So, to reduce the errors due to this it will be better to temperature

accordingly.

5.6 Design limitations

• Material Properties: The material selected in this study is Carbon fiber composites, but

the material properties of the real wind turbine might differ.

• Model Dimensions: The model in this experiment has a height of 3 meters, the real

wind turbine will have around 10 to 20 meters. So, the model used for this analysis is

not a real representation of the actual wind turbine design. Its like a scaled down

version of the real wind turbine.

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7. Glossary and List of Abbreviations

S/N Abbreviations Explanation

01 CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

02 CAD Computer Aided Designing

03 3D model Mathematical representation of a

model in 3 dimensions

04 2D Model Drawings Mathematical representation of a

model in 2 dimensions

05 CFD Computational fluid dynamics

06 FEA Finite Element Analysis

07 DOF Degrees of Freedom

08 MPa Mega Pascals

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8. Reference

P Rader, M. A wind turbine at Roscoe Wind Farm in Texas [Image]. Retrieved 25 June 2020, from https://unsplash.com/photos/f5Ue0h_QQNI.

Sharma, V. (2015, December 19). Wind Energy Turbine Model & Wind Blade Design [Solidworks]. Library@Grabcad. https://grabcad.com/library/windmill-13

Wind Energy Resources in NZ. Windenergy.org.nz. (2020). Retrieved 26 June 2020, from http://www.windenergy.org.nz/wind-energy-resources-in-nz.

Lloyd, D. (2014, December 11). Wind Energy: Advantages and Disadvantages. Large.stanford.edu. Retrieved 26 June 2020, from http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/lloyd2/.

Overview of materials for Epoxy/Carbon Fiber Composite. Matweb.com. Retrieved 28 June 2020, from http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet_print.aspx?matguid=39e40851fc164b6c9bda29d798bf3726.

Oden, T., & Prudhomme, S. (2002). Estimation of Modeling Error in Computational Mechanics. Citeseerx.ist.psu.edu. Retrieved 29 June 2020, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.499.9915&rep=rep1&type=pdf.

W Slater, J. (2008). Uncertainty and Error in CFD Simulations. Grc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 29 June 2020, from https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/errors.html.

https://unsplash.com/photos/f5Ue0h_QQNI

https://grabcad.com/library/windmill-13

http://www.windenergy.org.nz/wind-energy-resources-in-nz

http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/lloyd2/

http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet_print.aspx?matguid=39e40851fc164b6c9bda29d798bf3726

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.499.9915&rep=rep1&type=pdf

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/wind/valid/tutorial/errors.html

33 | P a g e

33 | P a g e

9. Student Declaration

I have not copied any part of this report from any other person’s work, except as correctly referenced.

No other person has written any part of this report for me.

1. Student Name: Sreeshob Sindhu Anand

Student declaration of the above ___________________________________ signed.

34 | P a g e

34 | P a g e

10. Appendix

0.14

3.00 0.08

0.29

0.30

0.13 0.03

0.14

TRUE R0.04

Carbon FibreA A

B B

C C

D D

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

MFG

Q.A

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED:DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERSSURFACE FINISH:TOLERANCES: LINEAR: ANGULAR:

FINISH: DEBURR AND BREAK SHARP EDGES

NAME SIGNATURE DATE

MATERIAL:

DO NOT SCALE DRAWING REVISION

TITLE:

DWG NO.

SCALE:1:25 SHEET 1 OF 1

A4

WEIGHT:

base

SOLIDWORKS Educational Product. For Instructional Use Only.

0.08

0.08

0.11

0.81

Carbon FibreA A

B B

C C

D D

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

MFG

Q.A



NAME SIGNATURE DATE

MATERIAL:


TITLE:

DWG NO.


A4

WEIGHT:

blade


0.10

0.07

0.03

0.07

0.10

0.08

Carbon FibreA A

B B

C C

D D

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

MFG

Q.A



NAME SIGNATURE DATE

MATERIAL:


TITLE:

DWG NO.


A4

WEIGHT:

hub


3.00

0.81

0.13

0.08

0.15

0.73

0.72

A A

B B

C C

D D

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

MFG

Q.A



NAME SIGNATURE DATE

MATERIAL:


TITLE:

DWG NO.

SCALE:1:33.3 SHEET 1 OF 1

A4

WEIGHT:

windmill


0.20

0.03

0.02

0.16

0.14

0.20

0.20 A A

B B

C C

D D

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

MFG

Q.A



NAME SIGNATURE DATE

MATERIAL:


TITLE:

DWG NO.


A4

WEIGHT:

Base holder


3.00

0.12 0.08

TRUE R0.06

Carbon fibreA A

B B

C C

D D

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

MFG

Q.A



NAME SIGNATURE DATE

MATERIAL:


TITLE:

DWG NO.


A4

WEIGHT:

base improved drawing


0.20

3.00

0.13

0.12

Carbon FibreA A

B B

C C

D D

6

6

5

5

4

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

DRAWN

CHK'D

APPV'D

MFG

Q.A



NAME SIGNATURE DATE

MATERIAL:


TITLE:

DWG NO.

SCALE:1:33.3 SHEET 1 OF 1

A4

WEIGHT:

Assembly with base


Fea and cfd analysis of wind turbine using solidworks

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