Fatty Acid Products
Transcript of Fatty Acid Products
A new force in polymer additives Memphis TN Products
Raw Materials Canola Coconut Cottonseed Crambe Herring Lard Linseed Menhaden Palm Palm Kernel Palm Stearine Rapeseed (HEAR) Soybean Sunflower Tall Oil Tallow
REASONS FOR MULTIPLE RAW MATERIALSDifferent Compositions Primary Product By Products Price Differentials
FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONSC8 C10 C12 C14 C16 C16:1 C17 C18 3 C18:1 6 C18:2 1.5 C18:3 C20:1 & 20:x C22:1 C22 x 24:1 Coconut 7 6 48 19 9 Tallow Palm Rapeseed Herring
3.5 25.5 4 2.5 19.5 41 2.5 0.5
1 43.5
3
7 12 10 0.5 8.0 13.0 25.5 24.0
4.5 40 11
1.5 15 11 6 10 51 2
Memphis Chemistries Fat/Oil (Triglyceride) Fatty Acid Glycerine Esters Amides Metal Carboxylates (stearates) Neustrene Hystrene (higher quality) Industrene (lower quality) Kemstrene Kemester / Witconol Kemamide Lubrazinc / Liquazinc / Lubracal (Perth Amboy)(calcium stearate also made in Houston)
O C O C O C O C O C O C C---------------------------H H H H H H H C C C H OH H OH C OH HO C H O H C H H C H C H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H C---------------------------+ 3 H O H = C----------------------------
FAT/OILSplitting (Hydrolysis) Crude Fatty Acid Distillation Esterification Amidation
Crude Glycerine
Glycerine Refining
- Primary, Substituted Hydrogenation Stearates
Finishing/PackagingPowder, Prill, Flake, Pellet, Liquid
Solid Product Physical forms Flakes Powder - sprayed Powder - ground Beads Pastilles Pellets - compression
Example - Ethylenebisstearamide ApplicationPVC Polyolefin Paper Defoamer Powdered Metal Asphalt low TAV (1 max) / consistant AN(5-10) low - moderate TAV(2 max) / moderate AN (7 max) moderate TAV(5 max) / low AN (5 max) only how it affects particle size cheap
Particle Sizeflake, prill, small prill, powder, micronized powder, smaller micronized powder
Type of Stearic Acidcomposition does not seem to matter acid quality affects color and color stability
Glycerine Uses Based On hydrophilic properties viscosity sweetness non-toxic three reactive hydroxyls
c - oH c - oH c - oH Commercial Products Defined by Purity impurities(USP / High Gravity) chlorides fat residues
percent glycerine 96% 99.7%
o Fatty Acids -------c - c - oH Uses Based On crystallinity melting characteristics hydrophobic polarity non-toxic reactive carboxyl
Commercial Products Defined By physical form carbon chain length distribution iodine value(measure of double bonds)
impurities color unsaponifiables iodine value
Fatty Acids Used in PlasticsStearic Lubricant - PVC Mold Release - Polystyrene Lubricant/Mold Release - Acrylic Mold Release - PET Same as stearic except less volatile - useful in PET
Behenic
STEARIC ACIDS - GENERIC CHEMICAL NAME VS. ACTUAL COMPOSITIONTrade Name Alternate Name Composition C14 Hystrene 5016 Hystrene 4516 Hystrene 7018 triple pressed stearic 1 stearic hydrogenated tallow 1 2 C16 52 42 30 11 5 C17 C18 2.5 2.5 2.5 44 52 65 87 95
Industrene 8718 stearic Hystrene 9718 stearic
CURRENT COMMERCIAL ESTERS-out of Memphis Glyceryl estersglyceryl monostearate (GMS) glyceryl monooleate (GMO)
Sorbitan esterssorbitan mono oleate (SMO)
Ethyleneglycol distearate (EGDS) Simple alcohol/fatty acid estersmethyl oleate tridecyl stearate
Speciality estershomomentholsalicylate (HMS)
Fatty Esters Used in PlasticsGlyceryl Mono Stearate (Witconol) Antistat/Mold Release-Polypropylene Lubricant/Antistat - PVC Antifog - Polyethylene Antifog - Polyethylene Lubricant/Antifog - PVC Carrier/Dispersing Agent liquid colorants Lubricant - PVC
Glyceryl Mono Oleate (Witconol, Kemester) Glyceryl Tri Oleate (Kemester 1000) Ethylene Glycol Di-stearate (Kemester EDGS) Tridecyl Stearate (Kemester 5721) Glyceryl Tristearate (Neustrene 060)
Lubricant - PVC
Lubricant - PVC
Variables in Commercial Glycerylmonostearate (GMS) Products Stearic Acid Source Stearic Acid Content Monoglyceride Content Free Glycerine Content
WITCO GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATESProduct Witconol 84 Witconol 84K Witconol 150 Witconol 124 Witconol 918K Witconol 150K Witconol MST/ Kemester 6000 Form Powder/Flake Powder/Flake Powder Flake Powder Flake Flake/Powder Typical Fat Source Tallow Soy Tallow Tallow Soy Soy Tallow Alpha Mono Content* Glycerine (% max) (% min ) 40 40 52 52 52 52 40 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 6.0
WITCO GLYCERYL MONOOLEATEAlphpa Mono Fat Content Source % min 52 36 46 Glycerine % max 1.5 1.0 8-9 Witconol 695 + 11% Propylene Glycol Technical Grade of Witconol 300 Technical Grade of Witconol 695
Product
Comments
Witconol 695/695K Veg. Witconol 816K Veg.
Witconol 300/300K Veg
Witconol 400
Animal
46
8-9
Kemester 2000
Animal
50
1.0
o
H
Amides Uses Based On hydrophobic polar relativily non reactive low solubility in many solvents low volility
C
- N- H
Commerical Products Defined By carbon chain length distribution impurities unreacted acid nitrile color / color stability
Witco Kemamide Product LineEZ E Ultra ELO E-60 OR OR-60 VO O U B BR S P-181 E-180 S-221 S-180 W20 W40 Erucamide - standard grade Erucamide - premium grade Erucamide - high stability - no polyunsaturates Erucamide - small particle size powder Oleamide Oleamide - small particle size powder Oleamide - vegetable source Oleamide - technical grade Oleamide - low polyunsaturates Mixed saturated primary amide Behenamide Stearamide Oleylpalmitamide Stearylerucamide Erucylstearamide Stearylstearamide Ethylenebisoleamide Ethylenebisstearamide
Non Plastics / Ink uses for Amides Stearamide (Kemamide S) coating of thermal transfer type Fax paper Ethylenebisstearamide (Kemamide W40) Raise melt point of asphalt Defoamer in paper processing Lubricant in powdered metal molding Waxes
SLIP and ANTIBLOCK AGENTS for POLYOLEFINS (Amides)
MODE OF OPERATION Incorporated in polymer melt Incompatible with polymer Migrate to surface - through amorphous regions Spread on surface? Crystallize on surface Layer of amide provides surface lubricity
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING AMIDE PERFORMANCEAmide Solubility in Polymer Melting Point Molecular Size Structure
Polymer Melting Point Density Crystallinity Low MW Polymer
PRIMARY AMIDE MIGRATION
Film Surface
Amide Group
Fatty Chain
THREE STRUCTURES OF AMIDE
R
o C
H N H R
o C
H N R
Primary Amide o C
Substituted Amide o C
R
NH
CH CH NH Bisamide
R
Nitrile Formation in Primary AmidesPrimary Amide
o R C N
H R H C N + HOH
Secondary Amide
o R C N
H No Dehydration R
TGA WEIGHT LOSS OF AMIDES*Temperature when Weight Loss begins, oC 195 220 Temperature when Rapid Weight Loss Begins, oC 250 280
Product Type Primary Oleamide Erucamide
Percent Total Weight Loss 99.3 94.8
Secondary
Oleylpalmitamide
11.8
225
300
Bisamide
Ethylenebisoleamide
11.6
220
305
* 20 C/min to 350 C, in air
EFFECT OF PRIMARY AMIDE SATURATION/UNSATURATION ON LDPE COF1000 PPM Day 1 Control Oleamide(one double bond)
Day 14 1.04 0.18 0.31
1.05 0.20 0.33
Stearamide(no double bonds)
EFFECT OF PRIMARY AMIDE MOLE WEIGHT ON LDPE COF1000 PPM Day 1 Control Oleamide(18 carbons)
Day 14 0.57 0.17 0.15
0.58 0.19 0.19
Erucamide(22 carbons)
Effect of Primary Amide Type on Bloom Rate in LDPETime 2 min 7 min 20 min 45 min 90 min 1 day Oleamide (500 ppm) 0.38 0.32 0.27 0.24 0.23 0.23 Erucamide (500 ppm) 0.43 0.37 0.31 0.26 0.23 0.20
EFFECT OF PRIMARY AMIDE CONCENTRATION ON LDPE COF @ 14 DAYSPPM Control 125 500 1000 1250 2000 Oleamide 0.60 0.42 0.22 0.17 0.15 0.15 Erucamide 0.60 0.36 0.19 0.15 0.14 0.13
Oleamide vs. Erucamide+ Faster Migration + Lower Cost + Also Antiblock + Lower Final CoF + Less Volatile + Vegetable Source - Higher Cost - Slower Migration
- Most Volatile - No Antiblock - Animal Source
RATE OF SLIP DEVELOPMENT OF ERUCAMIDE IN CAST POLYPROPYLENE FILM
1.00
1000 ppm Erucamide 0.80 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 3000 ppm Erucamide
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 TIME AFTER EXTRUSION (hours)
EFFECT OF FILM THICKNESS ON COF0.5
0.45 250 ppm Erucamide
0.4
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
0.35
500 ppm Erucamide
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 FILM THICKNESS (mils)
SLIP IN LDPE BLOWN FILMAdditive Level 1000 ppmAmide Type Primary CoF Amide Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Behenamide Oleylpalmitamide Stearylerucamide Ethylenebisoleamide Ethylenebisstearamide 1 day 0.23 0.20 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.33 0.39 0.52 14 days 0.18 0.13 0.50 0.55 0.41 0.29 0.22 0.50
Secondary
Bisamide
SLIP IN OCTENE LLDPE BLOWN FILMADDITIVE LEVEL 1000 ppmCoF Amide Primary Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Stearylerucamide Oleylpalmitamide 1 day 0.19 0.17 0.65 0.26 0.33 14 days 0.17 0.18 0.58 0.33 0.45 0.72 0.90
Secondary
Bisamide
Ethylenebisstearamide 0.70 Control 0.92
Slip in Butene LLDPE Blown Film1500 ppm silica + 1000 ppm amideAMIDE Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Stearylerucamide Oleylpalmitamide Ethylenebisoleamide Etylenebisstearamide Control (silica / no amide) CoF 1 DAY 14DAYS 0.24 0.23 0.14 0.14 0.43 0.46 0.36 0.42 0.85 0.71 0.74 0.46 0.55 0.69 0.38 0.75
Primary
Secondary
Bisamide
SLIP IN 4.5 % VA / PE BLOWN FILM1000 ppm Amide + 1000 ppm SilicaCoF Primary Amide Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Stearylerucamide Oleylpalmitamide Ethylenebisoleamide Control (1000 ppm Silica) 1 Day 0.11 0.11 0.25 0.31 0.25 0.22 0.64 14 Days 0.11 0.11 0.23 0.25 0.26 0.14 0.64
Secondary
Bisamide
SLIP IN CAST POLYPROPYLENE FILMAdditive Level 3000 ppm Amide Type Primary COF Amide Oleamide Erucamide Stearamide Behenamide Oleylpalmitamide Stearylerucamide Ethylene bisoleamide Ethylene bisstearamide Control 2 days 0.20 0.24 0.44 0.37 0.26 0.36 0.77 0.84 1.04 14 days 0.18 0.17 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.50 0.79 1.08
Secondary
Bisamide
EFFECT OF ORIENTATION ON COF CAST vs. BLOWN POLYPROPYLENE FILM*Cast 1.04 0.38 0.32 Blown 0.65 0.31 0.22
Control Oleamide Erucamide
*Amide level 1000 ppm, 14 day measurement
Rapeseed CompositionCHAIN LENGTH C16 C16:1 C18 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20 C20:1 C20:2 C22 C22:1 C22:2 C24 PERCENT 2.9 0.2 1.0 14.3 11.4 6.3 0.7 7.6 0.5 0.7 52.5 0.7 0.8
RATE OF SLIP DEVELOPMENT E-ULTRA vs EZ/E-EXPORT0.80
0.70
1500 KEMAMIDE E ULTRA 1500 KEMAMIDE EZ
0.60
CO EFFICIEN O FR T F ICTIO N
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00 2 4 7 10 20 30 45 60 1440
TIME AFTER EXTRUSION (min.)
Effect of Erucic Content on the Slip Performance of ErucamidesErucamide Type 82 % Erucic 90 % Erucic CoF one day 0.11 0.12 CoF one week 0.09 0.08 CoF two weeks 0.07 0.09
Comparison E-Ultra vs EZ/E-ExportSPECIFICATION Erucic Content, % Iodine Value Melting Point, C Heat Stability, Gardner (1 hr. at 205 C) Color, Gardner Percent Amide Acid Number Moisture, % E-ULTRA 90 min 71 - 76 80 - 85 3 max 2 max 98 min 1 max 0.25 max EZ 80 - 86 70 - 80 76 - 86 4 max 2 max 98 min 1 max 0.25 max
EFFECT OF BLOCKING TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON ANTIBLOCK IN POLYETHYLENE FILMat 50o C 1 psi 2 psi 18.1 12.8 68.2 26.2 19.7 77.5 at 60o C 1 psi 2 psi 28.9 87.5 31.0 91.4
Additive 1000 ppm Behenamide 1000 ppm Erucamide Control (No Additives)
112.8 139.0
LDPE Blown FilmPercent Reduction Blocking Force At 50 Cadditives at 1000 ppm
percent reduction blocking force
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica O E S additive B E-180 P-181 W20
Octene LLDPE Blown Film80 70 percent reduction blocking force 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target E S additive B W40 W20
Percent Reduction in Blocking Force at 50 C additives at 1000 ppm
Butene LLDPE Blown FilmPercent Reduction blocking Force at 50 C100 percent reduction blocking force 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B S-221 W40 W20 additive 3000 ppm 1000 ppm
2% VA / PE Blown FilmPercent Reduction Blocking Force at 50 C100 percent reduction blocking force 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B additive E-180 S-180 W40 W20 1000 ppm amide + 1000 silica 3000 ppm amide
4.5% VA / PE Blown FilmPercent Reduction Blocking Force at 50 C100 p ercen t red u ctio n b lo ckin g fo rce 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B additive E-180 S-180 W40 W20 1000 ppm amide + 1000 silica 3000 ppm amide
Polypropylene Cast FilmPercent Reduction Blocking Force at 50 C100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 target silica E S B additive E-180 P-181 W40 W20 p e rc e n t r e d u c tio n b lo c k in g fo r c e
3000 ppm 1000 ppm
EFFECT OF OTHER ADDITIVESInorganic Antiblocks Reduced block of film requires less amide Absorption of amide by antiblock Synergy with amides in LLDPE
Metal Stearates Stearates cause faster bloom of amide Zinc stearate catalyzes dehydration of amide
Amides Push Sodium Benzoate to Surface
EFFECT OF PROCESSING TEMPERATURE AND STEARATES ON THE LOSS OF ERUCAMIDE IN LDPE MASTERBATCHESProcessing Temperature 175 oC 225 oC 275 oC % Amide % Amide % Amide 5.0 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.1 2.9 4.7 3.5 2.2
Additive 5% Erucamide Erucamide + 5% Calcium Stearate Erucamide + 5% Zinc Stearate
EFFECT OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH AND KEMAMIDE E LEVELS ON COF OF LDPE BLOWN FILM1
0.9 NO AMIDE 0.8 500 ppm Erucamide CO EFFICIENT OF FRICTIO N 0.7 250 ppm Erucamide 0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH LEVEL (ppm)
Two New Needs Identified in the MarketHigh Stability Erucamide for Bottled Water ApplicationsKemamide ELO
Vegetable Sourced Oleamide Without Additional CostKemamide VO
Kemamide ELO for Bottled Water ApplicationsErucamide is well known as an effective slip agent for polyolefins Bottled water is typically sterilised with ozone Taste and odour complaints have occurred with water bottles closed with polyolefin caps containing erucamide Commercial grade erucamide contain mixtures of fatty acids including polyunsaturation (multiple double bonds)
Slip Characteristics of Behenamide vs Erucamide in Polypropylene40 micron non-oriented cast film, amides at 3000 ppm)0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4 Behenamide Erucamide 0.3 CoF 0.2 0.1 0 0 2 4 6 8 Time (days) 10 12 14 16
Ozone Oxidation of DocosadienoamideAmide of a 22 Carbon Fatty Acid Containing 2 Double Bonds
H N H
O C HDocosadienoic Ozone
+ O3
O NH2 C H + +
Slip Performance of High Stability Amide in PolypropyleneAMIDE Kemamide ELO Erucamide Behenamide No Amide CoF 3 Hours 0.31 0.29 0.39 0.46 CoF 1 Day 0.22 0.23 0.36 0.46 Cof 1 Week 0.21 0.21 0.34 0.4
(40 micron non-oriented cast film, amides at 9000 ppm)
Colour Stability of High Stability Amide vs Erucamide
AMIDE
INITIAL COLOUR(Gardner)
Kemamide ELO Erucamide
M (OOCR) 2 + 2H2O Precipitation Reaction NaOH + RCOOH --> NaOOCR + H2O then 2NaOOCR + MSO4 --> M (OOCR) 2 + Na2SO4M = Metal, RCOOH = Fatty acid, M(OOCR) 2 = Metal stearate
Fused StearatesCharacteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. High Production Rate (twice precipitation rate) Low Energy Cost Higher Density (up to 45 lb/ft3) More Controllable Particle Size, e.g. Extra Dense G, Special V/ F Only way to make alkali metal (Na, K) salts due to water solubility Larger Particle Size No water soluble salt impurities Contains impurities from the metal oxide/hydroxide- grit, iron Purer zinc stearate (due to clean oxide)
Precipitated StearatesCharacteristics 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Small Particle Size (average 7-10 microns) Low Bulk Density (average 12-15 lb/ft3) Limited control of density/particle size. Higher Purity for Calcium and Magnesium Slower Production Rate High Energy Cost
Characteristics in Solid State FormAttributes: Small particle size, high surface area Lubricity Water repellency Uses: 1. Lubricationa. Food b. Ceramics c. Metal working d. Cosmetics e. Pharmaceuticals f. Surface Coatings g. Fertilizer h. Textiles
2. Water Repellencya. Concrete b. Surface Coatings
Characteristics in Solution State FormAttributes: Limited solubility Acid neutralization Gelling Uses: 1. Pastesa. PVC b. Polystyrene (crystal, expandable, high impact) c. Polyolefins (polypropylene, polyethylene) d. ABS e. Polyurethane f. Nylon
2. Lubricantsa. Automotive and aircraft greases
3. Cosmeticsa. Antiperspirants b. Mineral oil gels
Metal Stearate Solubility ExampleSolution State
Micelle State
Gelation after heating and cooling cycle
Metal StearatesSolubility vs. Temperature in Organic Solvents
Aluminum Stearate (aluminum tristearate)Grade 132 18 22 EA-Food Grade 30 22 KC Principal Uses Paints, nylon lubricant & defoamer (tri) Paints (di/tri mix) Grease, nylon lubricant, defoamer, plastigels (di) Foods, nylon (22 using food grade stearic) Lubricating grease - special hi gel Water/Oil emulsifier - one customer
Lithium StearateGrade 304 306 PM 90A 90B12- HYDROXYSTEARATE
Principal Uses Automotive greases (low AN 306) Automotive greases, polishing wheel Powder metal lubricant (double screened 306) Silicone based lubricants (mix of fatty acids) Silicone based lubricants (one customer) Specialty lubricants
Magnesium StearateGrade Fused DM Precipitated D NF FG D NF Bulky Food Grade D Veg General use, larger particles Pharmaceuticals (D tested for NF) Pharmaceuticals (smaller particle D-NF) Food, Spices, Tableting Lubricant for ABS, general use Principal Uses
Potassium StearateGrade Regular Principal Uses General Use, Vulcanization Promoter
Food Grade V
Food Emulsifier, cake mixes, & coffee whitener Vegetable
Sodium StearateGrade T-1 Principal Uses Vulcanization Promoter, Room Deodorants, General use Polymers Deodorant Sticks (alcohol base) Deodorant Sticks - custom mix of fatty acids Pharmaceuticals (T1 tested for NF) Food Emulsifier, Pharmaceuticals
C-1 C-7 NF EA-Food Grade
Sodal stearate 41 sodium/aluminium stearate mix - costmetics C = cosmetics grade, T= more of a technical grade
Calcium StearateGrade PrecipitatedFP NF G
Principal UsesGeneral use grade Pharmaceutical and Confections tableting Polypropylene Fiber
FusedRegular FG (fine grind) Disperso D Extra Dense G D Kosher HP-LG ED SG Disperso B F General use, ceramics, technical grade PVC, pipe, siding General use PVC, polyolefins Foods, spices, more granular Polypropylene Fiber, lowest grit Polypropylene Anti-block for SBR crumb PVC lubricant, phenolic resins
Calcium Stearate HPLG Precipitated Quality at Fused Price LevelUses a ground and air classified lime to reduce grit size to levels found in precipitated calcium stearate
Calcium Stearate - Filterability Comparison 100.0% 90.0% 80.0%S c r e e n B lo c k e d
70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% PPT (22) HPLG (22) Fused (22) PPT (13) HPLG (13) Fused (13) Material Type (filter micron size)
Zinc StearateGrade Precipitated#11 Lacquer Grade USP Bulky NB-60 NW #42
Principal UsesRubber Anti-block Sanding sealers Pharmaceuticals Sanding sealers Rubber Anti-block (floatation, non wetting) General use grade, copy toner
FusedLubrazinc W Ed-Heat Stable (pastilles and powder) Regular Pastilles Disperso D OB Pastilles OB Veg Pastilles D Veg General use grade, metal powder Lubricant Polyethylene, Urethanes, Polystyrene General Use / Polymers Rubber Anti-block Polyethylene acid neutralizer Polyethylene (specialty food wrap) Pharmaceutical grade, not USP certified
Stearate Dispersions (water based)Product Zinc Stearate NB 60-MDI ME/ Zinc Stearate Z60 Liquazinc AQ 90 Lubracal 48 Lubracal 48N Stearate Principal Uses
Zn
Release agent for sandpaper
Zn Ca Ca
Metalwork, sanding sealers General use PVC Anti-stat
StearblendStearblend 1010 Stearblend EX ZN Calcium Stearate / Antioxidant Zinc Stearate / Antioxidant
INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE AGENTS
ADVANTAGES OF INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE AGENTS VS. SPRAY-ONS
No mold residue to clean off Amount of mold release can be varied Easier calculation of mold release costs Not necessary to periodically retreat mold surface
EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD RELEASE AGENTS IN NYLONPercent Reduction of Ejection Force 44.8 31.2 43.1 45.2 52.8
Kemamide B Kemamide E-180 MoldPro 759 MoldPro 759 Fluorocarbon Spray-On
Level, ppm 2500 2500 2500 3000 --
EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD FLOW IMPROVERS IN NYLONFlow Improver Kemamide B Kemamide E-180 MoldPro 759 MoldPro 759 Level, ppm 2500 2500 2500 3000 Percent increase in Mold Flow 4.3 16.5 15.7 17.4
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NYLON WITH ADDITIVES PRESENTTensile Strength at Yield, psi 10.514 10.294 10,387 10,496 Percent Elongation at Break 64.9 54.8 56.3 55.2 Izod Impact Strength ft.-lbs./in. 0.80 0.88 0.87 0.91
Additive ( 2500 ppm) No Additive Kemamide B Kemamide E-180 MoldPro 759
EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD RELEASE AGENTS IN ACETALPercent Reduction of Ejection Force 26.0 23.3 15.2 5.3 22.1
Release Agent Kemamide W-40 Kemamide W-40 Kemamide W-40 Kemamide W-40 Flurorocarbon Spray-on
Level, ppm 7,500 5,000 2,500 1,000 ----
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ACETAL WITH KEMAMIDE W-40PPM Kemamide W-40 0 Tensile Strenght at Yield, PSI Percent Elongation at Break Izod Impact, Ft.-Lbs./In. 9,965 36 1..30 2,500 9,883 39 1.32 5,000 9,818 41 1.35
INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE ADDITIVES IN LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENEAdditive Kemamide E Kemamide E Glyceryl monostearate Fluorocarbon Spray-On Level ppm 1,000 5,000 2,000 -Percent Reduction of Mold Release Force 30.2 49.8 26.0 11.7
INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE ADDITIVES IN HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENELevel ppm 5,000 2,500 5,000 5,000 -Percent Reduction of Mold Release Force 30.8 20.2 11.2 14.8 20.7
Additive Kemamide E Kemamide E Kemamide W-40 Glyceryl monostearate Fluorocarbon Spray-On
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HDPE WITH ADDITIVETensile Strength at Yield psi 3,810 3,825
Additive No Additive Kemamide E
Level ppm 0 2,500
% Elongation at Break 551 410
EFFECTIVENESS OF MOLD RELEASE AGENTS IN POLYPROPYLENEPercent Reduction of Ejection Force 23.9 17.9 25.8 7.9 23.1
Release Agent Witconol 150 Kemamide E Kemamide E Calcium Stearate Fluorocardon Spray-On
Level, ppm 2,500 2,500 5,000 2,500 ---
EFFECT OF MONOGLYCERIDE CONTENT OF GMS ON MOLD RELEASE FOR POLYPROPYLENEPercent Monoglyeride Content 12 40 (Witconol 84) 52 (Witconol 150) 90 (Witconol S) Percent Reduction in Mold Release Force 15.9 23.8 23.9 22.4
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE CONTAINING MOLD RELEASE AGENTS
Level, ppm No Additive Witconol 150 Kemamide E 0 2,500 5,000
Strength Percent Izod At Yield, PSI Elongation Impact, ft/16-in 4,848 5,033 4,944 295 175 187 0.65 0.72 0.69
INTERNAL MOLD RELEASE ADDITIVES IN ABSLevel ppm 10,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 10,000 -Percent Reduction of Mold Release Force 11.2 10.5 8.9 3.6 2.3 11.1
MoldPro 702** MoldPro 702 MoldPro 702 MoldPro 702 Kemamide W-40 Flurocarbon Spray-On ** semi-commercial
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ABS WITH MOLDPRO 702 PRESENTPPM Moldpro 702 0 Tensile Strength of Yield, psi Percent Elongation at Break Izod Impact, ft-lbs/in 7,172 3.95 3.99 5,000 6,422 3.28 4.12 10,000 6,234 3.10 4.3